21考研英语（一）真题及解析

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It1inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1HowcanBritain’strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’sriseanaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceInd-er(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetwork.Shouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincoln-shirehavetosubscribethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromsurvey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersinthesouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativitypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthetestwaveofstrikesrestsonthewines.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirement,sothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldfrompartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservicesinterruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Theythreatofnationalizationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengerfares.[A]haskeptpacewithinflation.[B]isabigsurprisetocommuters.[C]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.[D]willeasetrainoperatorsburden.22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor.[A]railtravelers.[B]cardrivers.[C]localinvestors.[D]ordinarytaxpayers.23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators.[A]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.[B]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.[C]areofferingcompensationtocommuters.[D]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface.[A]thelossofinvestment.[B]thecollapseofoperations.[C]areductionofrevenue.[D]achangeofownership.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork[C]CanNationalizationBringHope?[D]Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainableText2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia’sbleakratedeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.Theyarealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogrammehasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButtheCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces.“Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Farrowsays.That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvest.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.FarrowsuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn’treducepoverty.Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts”26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,CCTprogrammesaimto____.[A]Facilitatehealth-carereform[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff[C]Improvelocaleducationsystems[D]lowerdeforestationrates27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoexcitedtoshowthat____.[A]cattleraisinghasbeenamajorlivelihoodforthepoor[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Farrowintendstofindout____.[A]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs[B]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation[C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss[D]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaisvaluableinthat____.[A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries[B]itwillreduceregionalinequality[C]itcanprotecttheenvironment[D]itcanbenefitgrainproduction30.Whatisthetextcentredon?[A]Theeffectsofaprogram.[B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.[C]Theprocessofastudy.[D]Thetransfer-abilityofastudy.Text3Asahistorianwho’salwayssearchingforthetestortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast.I’vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquitestir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianhadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenothingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians’makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850sintheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretiesweremuchquickerbythe1880sandtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday’sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890ssowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightmustbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth.”ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistrymouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular“pearlywhites”wasararesightinVictoriansocietythepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll’sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartlylaugh,saidthatwhenitcamephotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.31.Accordingtoparagraph1,theauthor’spostsonTwitter____.A.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyB.highlightedsocialmedia’stoleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictorian’snotionofpublicimageD.changedpeople’simpressionoftheVictorians.32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.TheyarerareamongphotographofthatageB.TheyshoweffectofdifferentexposuretimesC.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventionsD.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingpicturesinthe1890s?A.TheirinherentsocialsensitivenessB.TheirtensionbeforethecameraC.TheirunhealthydentalconditionD.Theirdistrustofnewinventions34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas_____.A.athought-provokingideaB.amisguideattitudeC.acontroversialviesD.adeep-rottedbelief35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographdifferently?C.WhatmadephotographdevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4FromtheearlydaysofbroadbandadvocatesforconsumersandWeb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationfromwhathavebeenthelifebloodoftheInternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseofpush-backfrombroadbandprovidersanti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.Afederalappealscourtunchangedinagain.Tuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution.Itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsforthedirtinessofColumbiaCourtwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunications(FCC.)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.ThepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadopted.Whenithadademocraticmajorityin2015.Butrejectedthecommission'sauthority.Torequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.TheCommissionarguethatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomerablelikeATRTfavorsitsownvide0-stressingserviceattheexpenseofNotfishandAppieTOcapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourt.Unanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingvidescitingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatingmore.ButJudge.PatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice”,andsaidCongressontheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappingInternetregulationsintechnological.Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC’sattempttoblockallstaterules.Onnotneutrality,whilepreservingtheCommission'spowertopromptindividualgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCaliforniawhenenactedatoughnetneutrallylawsintheworldoftheFCC’sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswould.A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolB.showpartialityintreatingclientsC.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkD.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC.A.takesananti-regulatorystanceB.stickstoanout-of-dateorderC.hasissuedaspecialresolutionD.hasallowedthestatestointervene38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?A.Itengagesinanti-competitivepracticesB.ItprotectsagainstunfaircompetitionC.ItisundertheFCC’sinvestigationD.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt’sdecision.A.focusesontrivialitiesB.conveysanambiguousmessage.C.isoutoftouchwithrealityD.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotectedB.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervisionC.RulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservicesD.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon’tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.Inaddition,“(41)”Onecompanythat’sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.ItusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocessMoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyassessrisk.Domingossays,“(43)”Improvedaccuracy“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,”saysWinston.It"helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”(44)ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it’sveryexpensive,”saysDomingos.“(45)”A.AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou’redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn’thavetimefor.B.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.C.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.D.We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.E.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’susefulforemployeestogoto.F.AIlooksatrésumésingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.G.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldWarⅡwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight,or10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake.Forexample,ahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,(49)andwhenthenewstaffpredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompostgraduatestudy,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty,Andifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution-thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.(50)Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation;theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.Inthe1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions：AforeignfriendofyourshasrecentlygraduatedfromcollegeandintendstofindajobinChina.Writehim/heranemailtomakesomesuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownnameintheemail.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethepicturebriefly,explainitsintendedmeaningandgiveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（20points）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points).1.根据句意“It”指的是前文的“fluidintelligence”,“fluidintelligence”在人年轻的时候.....,后文第2空之后又说随着我们年龄增长开始慢慢下降，因此第1空应该是一个表示上升的词，比较选项，[A]pauses终止，[B]return归还；返回，[D]fades凋零；衰退，都不符合文意，只有[C]peaks达到巅峰，符合文意，故正确答案为C。2.这里表示开始下降，需要一个副词来修饰starts,比较选项[A]alternatively交替地，[B]formally正式地，[C]accidentally突然地，[D]generally总体上，故正确答案为D。3.本句逗号前后意思相反，存在明显转折关系，故正确答案为A。4.第4空处所填词与and之前的loss属于并列关系，那么本空所填词前说的是肌肉减少，比较选项[A]detection侦察；探测，[C]项consumption消耗，[D]separation分开，都不符合文意，只有[B]accumulation积累用来指脂肪时，可以表示脂肪增加，故正确答案为B。5.定位原文“这表明.....,生活方式因素有助于阻止或______这种下降。”很明显本题是同位语从句，that引导的从句表示的只是一种可能性，不是[B]决定，[C]goal目标，[D]requirement要求，故正确答案为A。6.本空所填词与or之前的prevent是并列关系，因此也是表示阻止、抑制的意思。对比选项[B]ensure确保，[C]seek寻求，[D]utilize利用都不符合文意，只有[A]delay延迟，延缓，符合，故正确答案为A。7.本空所需的是从句谓语动词，关系词that指代的是前面的data,data与其后的measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan...之间是包含关系，数据包含了对肌肉和脂肪的测量数据。后面讲到４０００多男性和女性研究对象，所以只能是[C]included.8.前文讲到什么这些数据，因为是实验文章，所以是比对数据，进行分析。选[B]。[A]devoted投身于，[B]compared与...相比，[C]converted使改变，[D]applied适用于。9.此题考察介词搭配，此处为伴随动作，所用介词为ｗｉｔｈ，所以选[A]选项。10.此处属于动词和名词的匹配关系，什么与measure进行搭配，表示获得什么标准。因此选择[C]选项。11.此题非常简单，句子的意思为：“随着时间的……”，[D]wentby表示“时光流逝；过去；经过”的意思。[A]ranout用完，耗尽；[B]setoff出发，动身，启程；[C]drewin吸引，拉入，都不符合文意。故正确答案为D。12.第12个选项和第13个选项在一个句子中。Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.此句的意思是：“对于女性来说，这种关系可能与腹部脂肪过多导致的免疫力变化12；在男性中，免疫系统似乎没有13。”[A]superior更高级的，优良的；[B]attributable可归因于……的；[C]parallel平行的，相同的；[D]resistant反对的，抵制的。故正确答案为B。13.根据第12题，此句的意思是：“对于女性来说，这种关系可能与腹部脂肪过多导致的免疫力变化12；在男性中，免疫系统似乎没有13。”[A]restored恢复，康复；[B]isolated使隔离，孤立；[C]involved包含，涉及，加入；[D]controlled统治，控制。根据分号前后的关系，我们可知C为正确答案。14.第14个选项和第15个选项在一个句子中。此句的意思是：Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.希望未来的研究能够14这些差异，并可能导致对男性和女性不同的15。[A]alter改变，更改；[B]spread开展，传播；[C]remove移动，取消；[D]explain解释。根据句子的意思，我们可知D项为正确答案。15.第14个选项和第15个选项在一个句子中。此句的意思是：Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.希望未来的研究能够14这些差异，并可能导致对男性和女性不同的15。[A]compensations补偿；[B]symptoms症状，征兆；[C]demands要求；[D]treatments治疗，对待，处理。根据句子的意思，我们可知D项为正确答案。16.第16个选项、第17个选项和第18个选项在一个句子中。此句的意思是：“16随着年龄的增长，你可以17一些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪，保持身体清瘦，从而保护你的身心18。”[A]Likewise同样，也；[B]Meanwhile同时，在此期间；[C]Therefore因此；[D]Instead替代，反而。这里没有并列、转折和因果关系，根据句子的意思，我们可知B项为正确答案。17.根据第16题的分析，我们可以得知这