2022年考研专业综合考试真题及答案40

年考研专业综合考试真题及答案

一、Cloze

1、TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2022．Itisthefirstworldwideepidemic【1】bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.

Theheightenedalert【2】anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising【3】inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.

Buttheepidemicis"【4】"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization'sdirectorgeneral,【5】theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe【6】ofanymedicaltreatment.

Theoutbreakcametoglobal【7】inlateApril2022,whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths【8】healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto【9】inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade【10】warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2022,officialsreportedtherewas【11】fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe【12】testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas【13】morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.

Federalhealthofficials【14】Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan【15】ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is【16】aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2022,thoughmostofthose【17】dosewereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot【18】forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother【19】.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups:healthcareworkers,people【20】infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.

(1)

A.criticized

B.appointed

C.commented

D.designated

2、(2)

A.proceeded

B.activated

C.followed

D.prompted

3、(3)

A.digits

B.numbers

C.amounts

D.sums

4、(4)

A.moderate

B.normal

C.unusual

D.extreme

5、(5)

A.with

B.in

C.from

D.by

6、(6)

A.progress

B.absence

C.presence

D.favor

7、(7)

A.reality

B.phenomenon

C.concept

D.notice

8、(8)

A.over

B.for

C.among

D.to

9、(9)

A.stayup

B.cropup

C.fillup

D.coverup

10、(10)

A.as

B.if

C.unless

D.until

11、(11)

A.excessive

B.enormous

C.significant

D.magnificent

12、(12)

A.categories

B.examples

C.patterns

D.samples

13、(13)

A.imparted

B.immersed

C.injected

D.infected

14、(14)

A.released

B.relayed

C.relieved

D.remained

15、(15)

A.placing

B.delivering

C.taking

D.giving

16、(16)

A.feasible

B.available

C.reliable

D.applicable

17、(17)

A.prevalent

B.principal

C.innovative

D.initial

18、(18)

A.presented

B.restricted

C.recommended

D.introduced

19、(19)

A.problems

B.issues

C.agonies

D.sufferings

20、(20)

A.involvedin

B.caringfor

C.concernedwith

D.wardingoff

二、ReadingComprehension

1、Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever,atSotheby'sinLondononSeptember15th,2022．Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrother,filedforbankruptcy.

Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2022．Atitspeakin2022itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofartEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector,theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2022．Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.

ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistattheendof1989．Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schiefexecutive,says:"I'mprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom."

Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs--death,debtanddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas"alastvictory"because______.

A.theartmarkerhadwitnessedasuccessionofvictories

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

C.BeautifulinsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis

2、

Bysaying"spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable"(Lines1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat______.

A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions

B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying

3、

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A．Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2022to2022

B．Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C．Theartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D．Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

4、

ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare______.

A.auctionhouses'favorites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.styXesrepresentingImpressionists

5、

Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe______.

A．FluctuationofArtprices

B．Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C．ArtMarketinDecline

D．ShiftedInterestinArts

6、IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom-awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Towardtheendoftheevening,Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."

ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotaXkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed-butonlyafewofthemen-gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear-avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.

Inmyownresearch,complaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohis,ordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cookingandsocialarrangements.Instead,theyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome.""Hedoesn'ttalktome."Ifound,asHackerobservedyearsbefore,thatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobe,firstandforemost,conversationalpartners,butfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.

Inshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.

Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Sharinghousework.

7、

Judgingfromthecontextthephrase"wreakinghavoc"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans______.

A.generatingmotivation

B.exertinginfluence

C.causingdamage

D.creatingpressure

8、

AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT______.

A．mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthanwomen

B．nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation

C．womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples

D．afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse

9、

Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?

A．Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B．Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.

C．Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.

D．Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

10、

Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson______.

A．avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B．adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon

C．otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheUS

D．abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker

11、Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

"Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowtochangepeople'shabit,"saidDr.Curtis,thedirectortheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygieneTropicalMedicine."Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically."

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-ProcterGamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers'livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you'llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitaminsareresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofshrewdadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

"Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns",saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcterGamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear."Creatingpositivehabitisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers'lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable."

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap______.

A.shouldbefurthercultivated

B.shouldbechangedgradually

C.aredeeplyrootedinhistory

D.arcbasicallyprivateconcern

12、

Bottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto______.

A．revealtheirimpactonpeople'shabits

B．showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

C．indicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower

D．manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

13、

WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople'shabits?

A．Tide

B．Crest

C．Colgate

D．Unilever

14、

Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumers'habitsaredevelopeddueto______.

A．perfectedartofproducts

B．automaticbehavior.creation

C．commercialpromotions

D．scientificexperiments

15、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis______.

A．indifferent

B．negative

C．positive

D．biased

16、ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjulyselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.

FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat______.

A.bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanseveronjuries

B.defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

C.noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

D.judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

17、

Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed______.

A．theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws

B．theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

C．theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

D．thearrogancecommonamongthesupremeCourtjudges

18、

Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause______.

A．theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws

B．theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications

C．theyweresupposedtoperform.domesticduties

D．theytendedtoevadepublicengagement

19、

AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed______.

A．sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished

B．educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors

C．jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity

D．statesoughttoconform.tothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem

20、

IndiscussingtheU.S.jurysystem,thetextcenterson______.

A．itsnatureandproblems

B．itscharacteristicsandtradition

C．itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

D．itstraditionanddevelopment

21、CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuel

BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.

Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation-aV-shape-expandlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird'swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.

Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.Dr.KrooandhisteammodelledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.

Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?Dr.Kroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroup