语法与词汇备考策课件

语法与词汇备考策略代词名词数词

1在使用两个以上的人称代词时顺序是:第二人称第三人称第一人称

2everyone后面不可以跟of短语everyone就可以4物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示‘各种不同品种’时几乎都可做可数名词如：differentteas5当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示‘某一种’或‘某一方面’的抽象概念时其前可加a/an

名词所有格要点：

必须用’s的场合

1’s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后2作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加’s3人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加’s4当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略必须用of的场合

1名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时2以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of表示顺序的两种方式：1‘名词+基数词’，不用冠词，如Chapterfour2’the+序数词+名词‘如theFourthChapter

分数分子为基数词，分母为序数词分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数

百分比后接名词时加of

形容词副词

1前置修饰语的排列顺序可以置于冠词前的形容词（allbothsuch)-----冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词（aanthethisyourhisanysome)-----------基数词（one)序数词（first)------------表示性质，状态，质量的形容词（gooduseful)--------------表示大小，长短，形状的形容词----------------表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词------------表示颜色的形容词---------------------表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词-----------表示材料，用做形容词的名词----------动名词，分词3．形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置

4．enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置5．有些形容词本身就有‘比....年长’，‘比..........优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词to而不用than7．more不能用来修饰比较级8．与名词连用的moreofa.../asmuchofa.../moreofa....意为更像....9．asmuchofa...意为称得上，lessofa意为算不上11．any/some/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数情态动词

1．can用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不带to的动词不定式）2．must表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustn’t当它表示有把握的推断时意为一定准是时它的否定形式为can’t3．needdoing=needtobedone这个句型表示被动意味4．neednothavedonesth表示本来没有必要做某事（经常考）非谓语动词的其他考点

接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法meantodo想要(做某事)

proposetodo打算(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)

proposedoing建议(做某事)forgettodo忘记(要做的事)

remembertodo记得(要做某事)forgetdoing忘记(已做的事)

rememberdoing记得(已做过的事)goontodo继而(做另一件事)

stoptodo停下来去做另一件事goondoing继续(做原来的事)

stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾

regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔不定式的习惯用法

句型：cannothelpbutdo

cannotbutdocannotchoosebutdo

candonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。

动名词的习惯用法

bebusy/activedoingsth.

havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.

haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.

Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.

Thereisnodoingsth.therebe非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe，做其他状语用therebeing。如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent. (fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因状语)(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought..含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式

含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.常用虚拟形式的句型

(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldrather

wouldassoon

asthough

suppose…hadrather

wouldsooner

asif

supposing…Ifonly…

Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(与现在事实相反)

Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.几个情态动词常考的句型

(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.有关比较级的特殊句型

(1)notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…两者一样都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.倒装下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless

以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.

以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.

以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on。如：Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Nowisyourturn.

Theregoesthebell.

让步从句的倒装

(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。如：Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I’llbeonyourside.

比较从句的倒装

as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.as与which用作关系代词的区别

(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如：Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not,that…not这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.复合句——名词性从句

1.what/whatever的用法what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)

2.whoever和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语)有关同位语从句的问题

引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别

(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。让步状语从句的常考知识点

(1)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引导让步从句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.时间状语从句的常考知识点

(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。如:Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于assoonas。如:Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.原因状语从句的常考知识点

(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。while,whereas引导对比从句

如:WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句

如:Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句如:Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”如:InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：

(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.动名词做介词短语时

下列短语中的to是介词objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome可以接不定式或动名词做宾语，但在意思上有区别的动词

meantodo想要(做某事)

meandoing意味(做某事)

forgettodo忘记(要做某事)

forgetdoing忘记(已做的某事)goontodo继而(做另一件事)goondoing继续(做原来的事)

proposetodo打算(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)rememberdoing记得(已做过的事)stoptodo停下来去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾

regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔

动名词的习惯用法

bebusy/activedoing