二语习得终稿

SecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA)Leader:郑潇淼Reporters:王希张雪梅Answerers:张洁刘倩PPTMaker:王海燕PreliminaryRemarks:Leader：Goodafternoon!Ladiesandgentlemen,todayIamveryhappytobeheretosharewithyouourtopic:SecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA).NowIwillintroduceourmemberstoyou!Thefirsttwogirlsare:WangXiandZhangXuemei.Theysay:Wearethereporters.Ideeplybelievethatwewillgiveyouaveryeloquentspeech.Thenexttwogirlsare:ZhangJieandLiuQian.Theysay:Wearetheanswerers.Wewillgiveyouaperfectanswer.Thelastoneis:WangHaiyan.Shesays:IamthePPT-Maker.Forawhileyouwillseeanelegantslide.OK,nowletusbeginourclass.Let'slookatthePPT.Thisisourcontents,includingtwopoints thebriefintroductionofsecondlanguageacquisitionandtheInter-language.TherearemanyaspectsaboutSLAbuttimeislimited.Wewillgiveyoutheaspectsthatwethinkimportant.Youshouldlistencarefullyinordertounderstandthemcompletely.LetuswelcomethefirstreporterWangXi.Thefirstreporter王希：AsEnglishmajor,learningEnglishoccupiesmuchofourtimewhiletheresultisnotsatisfied.Wewonderwhywecannotspeakasgoodasourmothertongueandwhatonearthaffectstheresult?Maybewecangetsomehintsfromthisclass.IwillsharesomeviewsonSLA.First,thedefinition.Beforewelearnit,Iwouldliketoknowyouropiniononthis.orwhatkindoflanguagecanbedescribedassecondlanguage.到底是什么，我们还是来看看语言学家的说法吧。•SecondLanguageacquisition(SLA),formally,referstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage. 戴炜栋•L2acquisition‘canbedefinedasthewayinwhichpeoplelearnalanguageotherthantheirmothertongue,insideoroutsideofaclassroom,and‘SecondLanguageAcquisition'(SLA)asthestudyofthis. RodEllisFromthedefinitionyoucangettwopoints.Firstly,SLcanrefertoanylanguageexceptyournativelanguage.Secondly,SLAisthestudyoftheprocessthathowapersonpickuptheSL.Maybesomeofyounoticethatitissecondlanguageratherthanforeignlanguage.Inordertohavecomprehensiveinformation,wehadbettertoknowtheshadedifferentbetweenthetwo.Secondlanguageandforeignlanguage:Inthecaseofsecondlanguageacquisition,thelanguageplaysaninstitutionalandsocialroleinthecommunity(i.e.itfunctionsasarecognizedmeansofcommunicationamongmemberswhospeaksomeotherlanguageastheirmothertongue).在第二语言习得中，所说的语言在团体中起着规定的和社会性的作用(即它的功能被认为是与说其他语言作为母语的成员进行交往的工具)。例如，中国人在美国或英国学习英语可以算作是第二语言的学习。Foreignlanguagelearningtakesplaceinsettingswherethelanguageplaysnomajorroleinthecommunityandisprimarilylearntonlyintheclassroom.相反，外语学习所发生的情景是此种语言在社会中不起主导作用，而且主要是在课堂中习得的。就如中国人在中国学英语一样(Ellis,1994)在对概念有了一个大体的认识后，我们接下来看看二语习得的发展阶段。今天我们主要把它看成是三个阶段。对比研究，错误研究，中介语研究。这也今天的主要内容.Firstly,letustalkaboutthedefinition.什么是中介语呢Inter-languagereferstotheseparatenessofasecondlanguagelearnersystem,asystemthatbetweenthenativeandtargetlanguage.中介语是第二语言学习者的一种独立的语言系统,既不是学习者的母语也不是目的语,而是介于两者之间的一个系统。虽然还不是目的语但中介语并不都是错误的，我们今天主要是讲错误的中介语。下面我们看看错误的中介语是如何产生语言迁移(Languagetransfer)theremainlytalkaboutthenegativeinfluenceofnativelanguage.母语对二语学习的负迁移。这个比较简单我们也老说。找同学举个例子看看对目的语规则的笼统化(overgeneralization)这点简单说就是讲一定的使用规则扩大化。举个例子名词的复数形式我们知道有规则的不规则的。如果我们不分情况全加's'就是范化了这一规则(三)训练转移(Transferaftertraining)itfocusesontheinfluenceofteacherandthelearningmaterial由教师教学不当或教材内容不当引起。例如,某位教师有些音素发音不准,会导致二语学习者这些音素发音不准;在目的语课堂上过分强调某一结构或规则也会引起迁移如outofquestion(可能)和outofthequestion(不可能)的辨异，反而会使学习者容易混淆(四)学习策略(Learningstrategies)失败的学习策略是学习者对学习的内容没有完全掌握而采取的一些策略。这个策略包括使用简化(simplification),减少(reduction),迁移(transfer),省略(omissions),替换(substitutions),重构(restructuring)回避(Avoidance)等。举个例子说Althoughitishotoutsidebutwehavetowork.那么这就是受到迁移策略的影响。相面的例子叫同学来分析一下错在哪了，怎么改。(五)交际策略(Communicationstrategies)交际策略指二语学习者在交际过程中遇到困难时为了让他人明白自己的表达而运用的一套技巧。Ilostmyroad。（way.）学生可能想不起road就会用way代替。替换原则教室很乱Theclassroomisveryluan（交换语言，借助母语去让别人理解自己）Ok,letushaveareview（提问）。TherestpartwillbefinishedbymypartnerZhangwelcome.Thesecondreporter张雪梅：Now,lwillintroducethefeaturesofInter-languagetoyou.Wefoundthereare4majorfeatures.First,itisPermeable•可渗透性Rulesthatconstitutethelearner'sknowledgeatanyonestagearenotfixed,butareopentoamendment.构成学习者知识的规则在任何一个阶段都不是固定不变的，而是可以修改的。在这种可修改性就是它的可渗透性。中介语可以受到学习者母语和目的语的规则或形式的渗透。来自母语的渗透性,是正负迁移和干扰的结果,来自目的语的渗透则是对已学过的目的语规则或形式过渡泛化的结果。Forexample‘th'（写在黑板上）是一个齿间音,但是大部分中国人，当然也包括我们，都会发成‘s'的音，因为我们普通话中没有咬舌音，这就是来自母语的负迁移的渗透。NextoneisDynamic.动态性.TheL2learner'sinterlanguageisconstantlychanging.中介语是不断变化的。他是怎么变化的呢？Pleaselookattheblackboard.我画个图大家就可明白了。（在黑板上画下图，介绍：如果说这是firstlanguage,这是targetlanguage，刚才王希讲过，中介语就是它们中间的部分，但是中介语不是这其中的某个点火某个阶段，而是随着学习者学习程度的加深逐渐由firstlanguage逐渐向targetlanguage的正确形式靠拢的动态的过程，所以说它是动态的。（互动）NextoneisSystematic.系统性TheL2learnerdoesn'tselecthaphazardlyfromhisstoreofinterlanguagerules,butinpredictableways.第二语言学习者并不是偶然的从他的中介语系统中选择词汇，语法，甚至语音，而是有规则的。其实中介语从其初始态开始就具有一种连贯的内部结构，因此对其进行系统的语言分析。ThelastfeatureisFossilization.石化性Accordingtoitsproperties,fossilizationcanbeclassifiedintotwoTypes:Temporaryfossilization\PermanentFossilization.Temporaryfossilization•暂时性石化：Temporaryfossilizationreferstostabilityoflanguageacquisitionortheplateauphenomenonoflearning,atthemomentlanguageparameterissteadyandstatic,thephenomenonisalterableundercertainconditions.Permanentfossilization・永久性石化：Becausemostofthestudents'interlanguageisinthetemporaryandstablestage,nopermanentfossilization.Becausestablestageisnotrealfossilization.Sothereisnorealpermanentfossilization.Let'swatchavideo()Chinglishisanexampleoffossilization.Pleaselookatsomesentences:First,pleaselookatthefirsttwosentences:Igetsup。Thisismycampuslife,hadhappyandsad,hadsuccessandlose.Xxx,doyouthinkthereareanyproblems?Trytocorrect.Thiskindofchinglishhasgrammaticalerrors,anditiseasytosolve.Butlookatthenexttwo.Hestruckagoodidea.Whetherhecouldcomeisuncertain.XXX,whatdoyouthinkaboutthesetwosentences?Whetherdotheyha