再生能源-可持续能源相关-中英对照-外文文献翻译-毕业设计论文-高质量

AstudyoftheroleplayedbyrenewableenergiesinChina’ssustainableenergysupplyAbstract:ThispaperfirstprovidesanoverviewofthecontextofrenewableenergydevelopmentinChina,includingthecountry’srecentrenewableenergylegislation.Further,itsummarizesthecurrentstatusofrenewableenergydevelopmentandtheroleitplaysinthenationalenergysupply.Nextitintroducesthenationalindicativetargetsforrenewableenergiesin2010and2020,andconductsalongtermscenariooftheroleofrenewableenergiesinChina’senergysystemtransitiontill2050.ItdiscussesthemainrisksinvolvedinChina’srenewableenergydevelopment,andproposessomepolicymeasuresforriskmanagement.Keywords:Renewableenergy,Energysupply,Marketdevelopment,Publicpolicy,ChinaIntroductionChinaisthelargestdevelopingcountryaswellasthesecondlargestenergyconsumerandcarbondioxideemitterintheworld.China’senergyissuehasrecentlybecomeafocusofmanytalksregardingglobalenergy,environment,andsecurity.Domestically,itisthefirsttimethattheChineseCentralGovernmentsetatargetforimprovingenergyefficiencyoftheeconomytogetherwiththeeconomicgrowthtargetinitssocialandeconomicdevelopmentplanduringthe11thFive-Year-Planperiod1,whichwasendorsedbytheCongressinMarch2006.ThefeaturesofChina’senergysystemevolutioninthefuturewillhavesignificantimplicationsonglobalenergyinvestment,energymarketrestructuring,andenvironmentalprotection.IncreasingtheshareofrenewableenergiescouldbeanimportantdimensionofChina’senergysystemtransition.China’sRenewableEnergyLawwaspassedbytheCongressonFebruary28,2005,andtookeffectonJanuary1,2006.TheLawrecognizesthestrategicroleofrenewableenergiesinoptimizingChina’senergysupplymix,mitigatingenvironmentalpollution,improvingenergysupplysecurity,andpromotingruralsocialdevelopment.ItalsodirectlyrelatesrenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationtoChina’senergysystemtransition.Moreimportantly,theLawlargelyshapesanintegratedrenewableenergypolicyframeworkbyprovidingasetofdirectivesencouragingrenewableenergies,includingnationalrenewableenergytargets,afeed-intariff,aspecialfiscalfund,taxrelief,andpublicR&Dsupportaswellaseducationandtraining.ItisacceptedbeyonddoubtthatanenablingenvironmentforrenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationisemerginginChina.WhilerecognizingthenewopportunitiesthattheLawbringsforChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilization,itmustalsobenotedthatthemaintechnological,financial,andinstitutionalrisksassociatedwithChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationstillremain.Thecontextofthecountry’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationhasneverbeenthiscomplex.TowhatextentwillrenewableenergiescontributetoChina’ssustainableenergysystemtransition?WhatarethecharacteristicsofthemainrisksforChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilization?Whatpoliciesandstrategiesshouldbeinplacetomanagetherisks?Althoughthesequestionshavebeenaddressedtosomeextentbyanumberofstudiesinthepast,yetthosestudieswerenotabletotakethecontextofChina’snewcomplexrenewableenergydevelopmentintoaccount.Asaconsequence,itisofsignificanceandrequiredtocarryoutanewstudytogainanswerstothesequestions,whichwouldlargelycontributetoformulatingChina’snewstrategyforrenewableenergydevelopmentandutilization.Thepaperisstructuredasfollows:Section2givesanoverviewofthecontextofrenewableenergydevelopmentinChina,includingthecountry’srecentrenewableenergylegislation.Section3summarizesthecurrentstatusofrenewableenergydevelopmentandtherolethatitplaysinnationalenergysupply.Next,itintroducesthenationalindicativetargetsforrenewableenergiesin2010and2020,andconductsastudyofthelongtermscenariooftherolethatrenewableenergiesplayinChina’senergysystemtransitiontill2050.Itdiscussesthemainrisksinvolvedinthecountry’srenewableenergydevelopment,andproposessomepolicymeasuresforriskmanagement.Contextofrenewableenergydevelopment2.1.RenewableenergyresourcesChinahasabundantrenewableenergyresources.Thecountry’sannualsolarenergyrangesfrom3360to8400MJ/m2,andtwothirdsofherarea’ssolarradiationismorethan5020MJ/m2.China’swindenergyresourceisprettyrich,too.Thedevelopmentpotentialoftheon-shorewindresourceisasmuchas253GWata10mheightwithanannualelectricitygenerationofmorethan50billionkWh.China’shydropowerpotentialamountsto400GW;128GWofwhichisforsmallhydropowerplantswithaninstalledcapacitybelow50MW.Thecountryproduces700milliontonsofagriculturalresidueseachyear,andapproximately350milliontonsofthemcouldbeusedforenergypurposes,equivalentto170milliontonsofcoalequivalent(tce).Thefirewoodproductionamountsto220milliontonseachyear,equivalentto130milliontce.Further,solidwastesandwastewaterdischargedfromlivestockandpoultryfarmsandlightindustrycouldbeusedtoproduce31billionm3ofbiogas,equivalentto26milliontce.Thevolumeofdischargeofcombustiblemunicipalwaste,arenewablesourceforpowergeneration,hasbeengrowinginmostChinesecities.TakingtheaseofBeijingforexample,itdischarged4.5milliontonsofcombustiblemunicipalwastesin2004,andthevolumewillbegrowingat4–5%peryear.2.2.EnergysupplysecurityIngeneralterms,energysecuritymeansthatanation’senergydemandscouldbemetatareasonableprice.ThenewtargetforChina’seconomicdevelopmentsetbythecountry’sgovernmentistoquadruplethegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)accountedforin2000by2020,ensuringChina’sattainmentofawell-offsocietyoverall.Toachievethistarget,thetotalprimaryenergyconsumptionwillreachapproximately3billionstce,oncethesubstantialenergyconservationandeconomicrestructuringeffortsaretakenintoconsideration[1].Underthisscenario,thetotaldemandforoilwillbe0.45billiontonswithmorethan0.2billiontonsrelyingonimports.Naturalgasdemandwillreach160billionm3withadomesticsupplydeficiencyof50–60billionm3.Therefore,therewouldbealargegapbetweenChina’senergydemandandsupplycapacitytoachievethecountry’snewsocialandeconomicdevelopmenttarget,raisingsignificantenergysecurityconcerns.Inadditiontostrengtheningthecountry’senergyconservationefforts,developmentandutilizationofrenewableenergiesseemtobeaninevitablechoicetodiversifyenergysupplyandensureChina’slongtermenergysecurity[2].Fromanevenfar-sightedperspective,China’sdemandforenergywouldreach5.4billiontcein2050tomaintainhersustainableeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopment.Butthedomesticsupplycapacityofcoal,oil,andnaturalgaswouldbe2.5–2.7billiontons,100–200milliontons,and120–140billionm3,respectively[3].TherisksinvolvedinChina’senergysupplywouldbeevenhigherwithouttheincreasingenergysupplyfromrenewableenergies.2.3.EnvironmentalmanagementChina’stotalprimaryenergyconsumptionwasapproximately2032milliontcein2004,ofwhichcoal,oil,andnaturalgasaccountfor68%,22.33%,and2.60%,respectively[4].Theconsumptionofahugeamountoffossilfuelshascausedseverelocal,regional,andglobalenvironmentalpollution.Now,one-thirdofthewholecountryareaissufferingfromacidrain,andthecombustionoffossilfuelscontributes90%ofthesulfurdioxideemissionscausingthisproblem.Theeconomicdamagefromairpollutioncausedbytheburningoffossilfuelswasestimatedat2–3%ofGDP[5].ChinaiscurrentlythesecondlargestCO2emitterintheworld,justaftertheUnitedStates.However,thereisapossibilitythatby2025,China’sCO2emissionwouldexceedthatoftheUnitedStates,andbecomethelargestCO2emittingcountryoftheworld[6].ChinahasbeenunderincreasingpressurefromtheworldtoreduceherCO2emissions.IncreasingtheshareofrenewableenergiesinChina’senergysupplymixisoneofthemostimportantmeasurestocontrolthecountry’slocal,regional,andglobalenvironmentalpollution.2.4.Rural,social,andeconomicdevelopmentApproximately27millionpeoplelivinginremoteandmountainousareasofChinadidnothaveaccesstoelectricitybytheendof2004,andmostofthemareamongthelowestincomeearners.Electricitysupplyplaysaveryimportantroleinpromotingsocialandeconomicdevelopmentinremoteandmountainousareas,andrenewableenergypowergeneratingoptions,suchassmallhydrosystem,small-sizedwindgeneratingsystems,andsolarphotovoltaicsystemsareoftenmorecost-effectivethantheextensionofconventionalpowergrids.Somerenewableenergytechnologiescanalsoincreasetheproductivityofagriculture.Humanwasteandanimaldungafteranaerobicfermentationinbiogasdigestersarequalityorganicfertilizers.Boththeoutputandthequalityofvegetablesandfruitscanbeincreasedmarkedlybyusingsuchfertilizers.Moreover,theuseofthesefertilizerscanalsoleadtoadecreaseintheuseofpesticides.Asaresult,biogasdigesterscannotonlyproducethegastobeusedforcookingandlightinginruralhouseholds,butalsohelpfarmersearnmoremoneyfromagriculture.Geothermaltechnologycanbeappliedtoincreasetheoutputandqualityoffisheriesaswell.Solargreenhousesareacommonproductivityraisingtechnologyintheplantationofvegetables,fruits,andflowers.2.5.TherenewableenergylawRecognizingthestrategicsignificanceofrenewableenergydevelopmentinChina,ChinaRenewableEnergyLawwaspassedbytheCongressonFebruary28,2005,andtookeffectonJanuary1,2006.TheRenewableEnergyLawhasputforwardacomprehensiverenewableenergypolicyframework,andinstitutionalizedanumberofpoliciesandinstrumentsforChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilization.Amongothers,themajorpoliciesand/orinstitutionscoveredbytheLawincludeDirectivesonsettingindicativerenewableenergytargets;Directivesonrenewableenergyplanning;Directivesonfunctionsandresponsibilitiesoftherelevantgovernmentagenciesinrenewableenergymanagement;Directivesonremovalofbarriersofrenewableenergyproductstoentryenergymarket;Directivesongridconnectionofrenewablepowergenerationproject;Directivesonfeed-intariffofrenewablepowergeneration;Directivesontaxationmeasures;Directivesonspecialfiscalfundofrenewableenergydevelopment;andDirectivesonrenewableenergytechnologystandardsandcertification.3.Currentstatusofrenewableenergydevelopment3.1.SmallhydroIn2005,theinstalledcapacityofsmallhydropowerplantswas38GW,about30%oftheestimated128GWsmallhydropotential.Small-scalehydrotechnologiesandturbinesareimproving.Moreover,theperformanceoftheautomatedcontrolsystemshasimproved,too.Over30researchinstitutesareinvolvedinR&Dand160small-scalehydroequipmentmanufacturersexistatpresent.Thismarketgrewby12–15%in2004,and10%annualgrowthin2005.Domesticindustrycanmeetcurrentdevelopmentneeds.Smallhydrotechnologieshavebeenprimarilyusedforruralelectrification,ofteninsmallcounty-sizegrids.However,inrecentyears,thedevelopmenthasbecomemoremulti-dimensional,withsmallhydrotechnologiesservingcentralizedgrids,thesmallercountygridsbecominginterconnected,andalsoreplacingorreducingthegrowthofothersmall-scalepowerplants,likesmallcoalplants.Inthefuture,theelectrificationsupplyinruralareaswillstillbethemajoraimforsmallhydrodevelopment,includingtheestimated7millionruralhouseholdsthatstillfunctionwithoutaccesstoelectricity.Thereareanumberoffactorswhichcouldaccelerateandimprovemarketdevelopmentandpowerplantperformanceinthefuture,includingmarketaggregation,betteroperationandmanagement,improvedtechnology,andstandardizedtariffsandpowerdelivery.3.2.WindfarmTherateofgrowthofwindturbineinstallationsinChinaisimpressive,andthisgrowthcouldlikelycontinueindefinitely.Theinstalledcapacityrosefrom550MWin2003,to760MWin2004,andthenultimatelyto1250MWin2005.Thegrowthratein2004was65%,ontopofa40%growthin2003.Onlyonedomesticmanufacturedominatesthedomesticmarket,constituting20%ofthemarketshare.Importedturbinesconstitute75%ofthemarketshare.China’swindtechnologylevelhasfallenbehindEurope,asmostof1–2MWscaleturbineshavetobeimportedfromEurope.KeyR&Dprioritiesforwindarelarge-capacityturbines,variablespeedtechnologies,variablescrewdistance,andoff-shoreturbinesandwindfarmdesigns.Theproductioncostshavebeendecreasing,inlinewiththeinternationalcosts,overthepastdecade,andthesecostdeclinesneedtocontinueamongChinesemanufacturers.3.3.Solarphotovoltaic(PV)Atotalof65MWsolarPVwasinstalledasof2004,about50%ofthisinrural(off-grid)areas.Communicationsandindustryaccountformostoftheother50%,withconsumerproductsconstitutingasmallshare.Thegrid-connectedPVisstillmarginal,fallingontheorderofafewMW.Thedomesticmarketisgrowingfast,with20MWaddedduring2004.ThesolarPVinstallationinChinaamountedto70MW.China’sPVindustryisgrowingfasterthanperhapsanyothercountryintheworld,butfromasmallinitialbase.Asof2004,Chinahadamoduleproductioncapacityof100MWofPV,comparedtothetotalworldproductioncapacityof1200MW.Chineseproductioncapacitydoubledduring2004,from50MWin2003,andmostproductionisexported.Cellproductioncapacitywas65MWin2004,andwaferproductioncapacitywas15MW.Asproductionincreasesrapidlyinthecomingyears,arapiddecliningshareofproductionwillgotodomesticinstallation,asthedomesticmarketdoesnotkeeppacewiththeproduction.Thisisbecausethegrid-connectedapplications,whicharenowthepredominantmarketglobally,arestillininfancyinChina,andthepricedifferentialbetweensolarPVandconventionalpowerisstillverylarge,ontheorderof3yuan/kWh.Thekeyresearchareasarequalityandcostimprovementsinmaterialsandcomponents,advancedsolarlight–heattransformingmaterial,heatcollectorstructurecomponents,newpatternsolarcellmaterialandgroupwaretechnology,grid-connectedandroofsolarphotovoltaicpowersystemandintegratedsolararchitecture.3.4.SolarhotwaterSolarhotwatersalescontinuetoboom.Theestimationofthetotalsalesvolumein2004is13.5millionm2withthesamegrowthrateof19%asin2003,andabout70%werebelow1500yuan/m2.Thesolarwaterheaterinstallationwas80millionm2asof2005.TheglassvacuumtubesolarwaterheaterwasthemostcommontypeintheChinesemarket.Tenbrandsofsolarwaterheatershadannualsalevolumesofover100millionyuan.Butthemarketisstillhighlydiverse,asthosetop10brandshadacombinedmarketshareofonly20%.Therearemorethan1000manufacturersthroughoutthecountry,andanestimated250,000peopleworkintheChinesesolarhotwaterindustry.Somefamoushouseholdapplianceenterprisesfromoutsidethesectorhavealsorecentlyenteredthesolarhotwatermarket,includingHaier,Ocma,andHuati.Smallertownsandvillages,withalargerooftopareapercapita,arelikelytocontinuetobetheprimarymarket,althoughmultifamilyapartmentbuildingscaneffectivelyusesolarhotwaterifnottootall.Futureprioritiesincludetestandcertificationsystems,betterqualitycontrol,betterintegrationintoarchitecturalpracticeandtheconstructionindustry,standardizationofproducts,consumereducationandawareness,newfinancingmechanisms,andfavorabletaxandtariffpolicies.3.5.BiomasspowergenerationForheatingandpowergeneration,biomass-fueledcombustiontechnologyismatureinChina,andtherearemanybiomassboilermanufacturers.Mostbiomassboilershavesmallormediumcapacity,becausetheirfeedstocksarenotabundantwhicharecollectedfromnearbyareanotfromdistantarea.Theadvancedbiomasspowergenerationefficiencyhasreached40%.BiomassgasificationhasdevelopedstronglyinChina,withgasifiersupto6MWincapacity,andsystemefficienciesreaching28%.Biomasspowergenerationcapacitywasabout2000MWin2005.Currentbiomasspowergenerationisdominatedbybagassefueledpowerplants.In2005,thecapacityofbagassefueledpowerplantswasabout1700MWor85%ofthetotalbiomasspowergenerationcapacity.Powergenerationcapacityfromagriculturalandforestrywastes,biogas,municipalwasteincineration,andlandfillswas60MW,20MW,200MW,and20MW,respectively.Theuncertaintyinvolvedinthebiomass-fueledpowergenerationdevelopmentisstillquitehighinChina.Presumably,withtherenewableenergylawtakingeffect,andfavorabletariffsforbiomass,increaseswillbeseeninpowergeneration.Buttheuseofbiomassatthelocallevelislikelytobeconstrainedbyresourceavailability,includingcompetinguses,pluscollection,andtransportinfrastructureandbusinesses.3.6.BiogasChinaleadstheworldintermsofhouseholdbiogastechnologydevelopmentanddiffusion.Approximately14millionsmall-sizedbiogasdigesterswerebuiltby2004withanannualbiogasproductionof3.5billionm3,equivalentto2.5Mtce.Inadditiontoprovidinggasforcookingandlightingpurposesinruralhouseholds,householdbiogastechnologyisanimportantmeasuretohelpfarmsincreasetheirincome.TheChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetohouseholdbiogastechnology,andgivesspecialfiscalsupportforthedevelopmentanddeploymentofthetechnology.Aremarkableprogresshasalsobeenachievedinthedevelopmentoflarge-andmedium-sizedbiogasplantsinChina.Fifteenhundredlarge-andmedium-sizedbiogasplantswereinoperationinlivestockbreedingfarmsasof2004,producing100millionm3ofbiogas,equivalentto70thousandtce.Alsoapproximately,700large-andmedium-sizedbiogasplantswereinuseinthefood,alcohol,andpaper-makingindustries,producing1.4billionm3ofbiogas,equivalentto1milliontce.Inadditiontoproducingbiogas,theseplantsserveasthemajorfacilityfortreatingwastesfromlivestockfarmsandeffluentsfromalcoholandpaper-makingcompanies.Hence,thebiogastechnologyisnotonlyanenergytechnologybutalsoenvironmentaltechnology.Asof2005,thetotalproductionofbiogasfromhouseholdsystemsandlarge-andmedium-sizebiogasplantsreached8billionm3,equivalentto4Mtce.3.7.BiofuelsChina’sethanolproductionwas1.02milliontonsin2005.Asoflate2004,fiveprovincesHeilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning,Henan,andAnhuirequiredethanoltobemixedwithgasolineina10%ratio(E10).FourotherprovincesHebei,Hubei,Shandong,andJiangsuwereaddedbylate2005.EthanoldistillerieshavealreadybeenestablishedinChinawithaproductioncapacityof1milliontons,touse‘‘deteriorative’’grainsasfeedstocks.MostfuelethanolproductioninChinacurrentlycomesfromthe‘‘deteriorative’’grain.In2005,Chinaproduced50thousandtonsofbiodiesel.Mostbiodieselproductioncurrentlycomesfromwasteoil.SorgoplantationshavebeensetupinHeilongjiang,InnerMongolia,XinjiangUygarA.R.,Liaoning,andShandong.SorgoappearstobeapromisingcropinChinaforbiofuels,asitgrowsincoldernorthernclimatesandisbetterabletoenduredrought.Researchiscontinuingonbiofuelscropsanddistillation/productionprocesses.Researchisprogressinginsouthernprovincesonbio-oils,includingcolzaoil,cottonseedoil,woodoil,Chinesetallowoil,andteaoil.3.8.SummaryIfallrenewableenergiesweretakenintoaccount,China’stotalprimaryenergysupplywas2337Mtcein2005.Renewableenergiescontributedapproximately17.8%ofprimaryenergysupply,ofwhichtraditionalbiomass310.7%,andallnewrenewableenergies4together7.1%(Fig.1).Electricitydominatedtheenergysupplyfromrenewableenergies(Fig.2).In2005,thetotalinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergypowersystemswas119.7GW,accountingapproximatelyfor23.4%oftotalinstalledpowercapacityofChina,ofwhichlargeandsmallhydropowerwas78GWand38GW,respectively(Fig.3).Renewableenergytechnologiescanbecategorizedbyfourphases:R&D,pilotanddemonstration,earlycommercialized5,andcommercialized.Table1relatesChina’smajorrenewableenergytechnologiestothefourphases.AsshowninTable1,onlyasmallnumberofthetechnologieslistedarecommercialized.Theyaresmallhydropowerplants/turbines,solarwaterheater,solarstove,geothermalspaceheating,andbiomassstoves.4.AlongtermscenarioofChina’srenewableenergysupplyThescenarioassumesthattheimplementationoftheRenewableEnergyLawandChina’sMediumandLongTermPlanningforRenewableEnergyDevelopment6willcreateanenablingenvironmentforthedevelopmentofrenewableenergiesinChina.Thescenariolargelyrepresentstheeconomicpotentialofrenewableenergydevelopmentwhichislargerthanthemarketpotentialbutsmallerthanthetechnologicalpotential.ThetrajectoryofrenewableenergysupplyevolutioninChina’sprimaryenergysupplymixunderthescenarioisindicatedinTable5andFig.4.Renewableenergieswillcontributeapproximately21%ofChina’stotalprimaryenergysupplyby2050.Pleasenotethatthecontributionfromtraditionalbiomasswilldeclinefrom10.7%in2005to6.8%in2010,4.0%in2020,and2.3%in2030.By2050,traditionalbiomasswillbecompletelyreplacedbymodernbiomass.Thecontributionfromnewrenewableenergies,however,willgrowfrom7.1%in2005to12.1%in2020,17.3%in2030,and21%in2050,respectively.Mostoftherenewableenergysupplyisintheformofelectricity.Table6andFig.5showthepictureofChina’spowergenerationcapacityinstallationstill2050underthereferencescenario.Theinstalledcapacityofrenewablebasedpowergenerationsystemswillreach141GWin2010,362GWin2020,733GWin2030,and1130GWin2050,respectively.Theshareofrenewablebasedgenerationcapacitywillincreasefrom23.4%in2005to30.8%in2020,40.8%in2030and43.1%in2050,respectively.RenewableenergieswillplayaveryimportantroleindiversifyingChina’spowergenerationsources.5.Risksanduncertainties5.1.FinancialrisksAsshowninTable1,mostrenewableenergytechnologiesfalleitherintheR&Dstage,inthepilotanddemonstrationstage,orintheearlycommercializationstage,andafewofthemhavealsobeenfullycommercialized.Oftenthesubstantiveinputofthefinancialresourceisneededbeforearenewableenergytechnologyisabletocompetewithconventionalfossilenergytechnologies.Privatecompaniesareoftenreluctanttoinvestinthedemonstration,andpreliminarycommercializationstageduetoloweconomicreturn.Furtherprivatecompaniesoftenhavedifficultiesborrowingmoneyfrombanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsduetothehighrisksinvolvedinthesestages.Duetothefree-riderissueprivatecompaniesarealsonotwillingtoinvestintheR&Dstage.Asaresult,financialresourcesareoftenunder-providedduringtheR&D,demonstration,andpreliminarycommercializationstage.FinancialrisksareimportantbarriersthatimpedeChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentinthefuture.5.2.MarketentryrisksConventionalenergyenterprisesdominateChina’scurrentenergyindustry.Theystayinanadvantageouspositionincompetitionwithrenewableenergycompaniesintermsofbothcompanyscaleandmarketpenetration.Thepowergridisoftennotwillingtoacceptelectricitygeneratedfromrenewableenergysources,suchaswind,biomass,solarPV,andsmallhydromainlybecauseofhighercostandsmallerscaleofrenewableelectricitycomparedwiththecoal-firedelectricity.Ontheotherhand,China’soilmarketismonopolizedbythreelargegroups:ChinaNationalPetroleumCorp(CNPC),ChinaPetrochemicalCorp(SinopecGroup),andChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorp(CNOOC).Tosafeguardamarketshareofliquidfuelsfromrenewableenergies,suchasbiodiesel,substantiveinvestmentisneededtobuildorrestructurethecurrentproductionandsaleinfrastructure.Thecooperationfromthethreecompaniesisofcriticalimportanceinthisregard.5.3.TechnologicalrisksChinaholdsaleadingpositionintermsofdevelopmentanddeploymentofhouseholdbiogastechnologyandsmallhydrotechnology.However,thereisalargetechnologicalgapthatChinahastobridgeinthefutureformostotherrenewableenergytechnologies.AlthoughthesizeofmainstreamwindturbinesintheEuropeanmarketisaslargeas1–1.5MWperunit,Chinadoesnotyethavethecapacitytomanufacturewindturbinesofmorethan1MW.ThecountrydoesnotyethavethepropertyrightsofthecoretechnologiesformanufacturingsolarPVcells.SofarChinahasheavilydependedonimportingtechnologiesandsystemstodevelopherbiomass-fuelpowergenerationindustry.Incontextofthelargescalebiogasplants,thetechnologicalgapbetweenChinaandtheworldadvancedlevelisstillbiginsomeaspects.Moreimportantly,thereisalackofqualifiedresearchersandengineerstoconductrenewabletechnologyR&D,design,andmanufactureinChina.

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