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员工管理翻译外语人才在线翻译中国最大的翻译社区译心维生素AD胶丸21、治疗佝偻病和夜盲症。2、治疗小儿手足抽搐症。3、预防感谢阅读和治疗维生素A和D缺乏症。4、每种成分的名称和数量：规格物料名称植物油（kg）滴丸胶（kg）6、生产方法：（见如下生产工艺流程）7、质量控制的管理体制理路径和条件：（见如下生产工艺流程）感谢阅读工艺流程图8、剂型：胶丸剂9、副作用：尚无数据10、禁忌症：慢性肾衰竭、高钙血症、高磷血症伴肾性佝偻病患者禁用。感谢阅读11、不良反应：按推荐剂量服用，无明显不良反应。12、服用过量时所需用的解毒剂：催吐，泻药，弱碱性食品、饮料。精品文档放心下载13、致畸性：维生素A①动物实验：视黄醇对实验动物有致畸性，各类动物的易感性按下列顺序谢谢阅读依次增加：大小鼠、仓鼠、猴和兔。对大鼠、猴和兔的最低致畸剂量分别为感谢阅读350006000和2500μgRE/(kg·d)感谢阅读感谢阅读感谢阅读积水感谢阅读肋骨和肌肉的某些缺陷以及内脏错位。暴露剂量》3000μgRE/(kg·d)时，F344感谢阅读大鼠出现永久性学习能力丧失。维生素A对动物致畸性的研究资料总结如下：Hendrickx等（1997a，bWiegand等人（1998）和Miller等人（1998）感谢阅读报道了一项致畸性研究，在孕早期（孕16-27d）分别给予猕猴口服剂量为0、感谢阅读2250、6000、12000和24000μgRE/(kg·d)的视黄基棕榈酸后发现摄入量与流产精品文档放心下载和畸形的发生率呈剂量相关性递增关系。剂量在6000和24000μgRE/(kg·d)时谢谢阅读畸形的发生率分别为1/21和5/11感谢阅读颅神经嵴的结构产生影响。这些畸形类似于在猴和人体中观察到的由异维甲酸感谢阅读（13-顺-谢谢阅读感谢阅读毒性。精品文档放心下载此发育毒性对维生素AA有关的出生缺陷已有许精品文档放心下载A暴露剂量小于7500μg/d1990感谢阅读有7项流行病学研究（54项未能谢谢阅读发现维生素A3项研究在不同的剂量水平发精品文档放心下载现有致畸作用。维生素D尚未证实维生素D在体内或体外有致畸性。14、每种成分的分析方法：化学本品系取维生素A与维生素D2或维生素D3,感谢阅读0℃左右脱去固体脂肪）溶解并调整浓度后制成。每丸含维生素A应为标示量的精品文档放心下载90.0％～120.0D应为标示量的85.0％以上。标签上应注明本品含感谢阅读维生素D2或维生素D3。【性状】本品内容物为黄色至深黄色油状液。【鉴别】(1)取本品内容物，加三氯甲烷稀释成每1ml中含维生素A10～20谢谢阅读1ml,加25％三氯化锑的三氯甲烷溶液2ml谢谢阅读放置后，色渐消褪。(2)照高效液相色谱法（附录ⅤD）测定。用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；精品文档放心下载以甲醇－乙腈(3:97)254nm。取等量维生素D2、D3混合液感谢阅读各约相当于5～10谢谢阅读度应大于1.0DKB或收集定量分谢谢阅读析柱系统中的维生素D感谢阅读相色谱仪，记录色谱图，供试品溶液中应有与对照品溶液相应的维生素D2或D3谢谢阅读主峰相同保留时间的色谱峰。【检查】应符合胶囊剂项下有关的各项规定（附录ⅠE）。精品文档放心下载检验项目单位限度崩解时限分钟≤60装量差异限度%±10细菌数（个/g）≤1000霉菌，酵母菌数（个/g）≤100大肠埃希菌（个/g）不得检出【含量测定】维生素AA感谢阅读ⅦJ）测定，根据每丸内容物的平均装量计算，即得。维生素D取装量差异项下的内容物，照维生素Ｄ测定法（附录ⅦK）测精品文档放心下载定，即得。采用维生素D2或D3对照品应与标签所注的相符。谢谢阅读16、毒理学数据资料：维生素A①A谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载远大于100000μgRE和10000μgRE6个月的婴儿在一次剂量为7500-15000谢谢阅读μgRE6个月和930000μgRE精品文档放心下载这一剂量。②慢性和亚慢性毒性：慢性毒性的症状包括皮肤干燥、增厚，嘴唇干裂，精品文档放心下载感谢阅读谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载成人的慢性毒性作用发生于数周、数月或数年的补充剂量>7500-15000μgRE/d.感谢阅读但也有病例的毒性作用发生于较低剂量1500-3000μgRE/d.慢性毒性作用的阈精品文档放心下载精品文档放心下载素A严重不耐受有遗传因素的作用，但具体的代谢缺陷尚未阐明。谢谢阅读流行病学资料表明，当膳食视黄醇的摄入量>1500μg/d时,绝经后妇女髋精品文档放心下载(比膳食视黄醇的摄入量为500μg/d)增加了一倍.其他支感谢阅读持这一观点的流行病学研究表明北欧国家,尤其是斯堪的纳维亚地区髋骨骨折的精品文档放心下载发病危险性较高,而这一地区膳食视黄醇的摄入量也较高.瑞典男性髋骨骨折的精品文档放心下载发生率高于英国和瑞士女性.在β-胡萝卜素视黄醇功效研究(CARET)实验中,每天联合补充7500μg视黄精品文档放心下载醇和30000μgβ-胡萝卜素可导致男性吸烟者以及男性石棉行业工人肺癌发生感谢阅读率的增大.这一研究以及ABTC研究表明这一作用是有β-胡萝卜素产生的。一项精品文档放心下载512个每日服用7500μgRE的对象中谢谢阅读有45人因为发生相关的头痛而改变治疗。与异维甲酸组和对照组相比，每天给感谢阅读与7500μg精品文档放心下载日给予肺癌和头颈部癌症患者90000μgRE的视黄基棕榈酸一年后，下一年每天精品文档放心下载给与45000μgRE45%感谢阅读脱落。维生素D过量摄入维生素D可导致高钙血症和高钙尿症。维生素D促使钙的吸收和谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载D感谢阅读结节病患者对维生素D精品文档放心下载D的话会产生潜在危险性。有研究提示，中等剂量的维生素D可增加易感者肾结石的形成。感谢阅读缺少对维生素D2和维生素D3的人体毒性进行比较的资料。谢谢阅读许多补充试验报道维生素D的摄入量在0.010~0.045mg/d时没有不良作用。感谢阅读6360感谢阅读于65岁）补充剂量为0.05mg/d的维生素D（未说明剂量）6个月后，2人发生谢谢阅读Johnson1980561名感谢阅读成年人（平均年龄41岁）补充剂量为0.10mg/d的维生素D3，其血清钙没有显感谢阅读著增加（Vieth等人，2001精品文档放心下载旁腺功能亢进症或维生素D缺乏症。17、临床数据资料：维生素A数百年前，人们已经将夜盲症、干眼病于感染性疾病的发病率和死亡率联感谢阅读20世纪30年代，维生素A作为一种抗感染维生素得到了广泛的研究精品文档放心下载A精品文档放心下载A缺乏不仅使谢谢阅读IgA精品文档放心下载A能显著降低各种谢谢阅读原因导致的疾病发生率和死亡率。1.儿童病毒感染维生素A已被试用于儿童不同种类的病毒感染，例如麻疹、呼吸道合胞病谢谢阅读毒感染（RespiratorySyncytialVirus12精品文档放心下载维生素AA水感谢阅读A可预防和辅助治疗消化道、精品文档放心下载呼吸道感染性疾病。2.糖尿病糖尿病患者易出现维生素A缺乏。有人报道：补充维生素A可改善糖尿病精品文档放心下载患者的血糖控制。糖尿病患者应按遗嘱决定是否补充维生素A制剂。感谢阅读3.皮肤疾病维生素A已被试用于各种皮肤疾病，包括痤疮、牛皮癣、酒糟鼻、脂溢性感谢阅读精品文档放心下载疗效。4.月经过多有人报道：月经过多的女性每日摄入25000IU维生素A可减少月经量。但精品文档放心下载A就可能导感谢阅读致胎儿畸形。5.艾滋病A6~8年可能对艾滋病病人有益，但摄入感谢阅读超过20268IU/d的患者，其降低艾滋病危险性和死亡率的效果反而下降。感谢阅读6．缺铁性贫血最近的研究发现，维生素A缺乏而铁充足的膳食也会导致缺铁性贫血。人精品文档放心下载A精品文档放心下载补充效果最好。7.眼结膜和角膜病维生素A可维持角膜结膜上皮细胞的正常分化和完整性，已广泛应用于临精品文档放心下载床。最近国内有人采用维生素A滴眼液治疗角膜病变，取得了良好的疗效。感谢阅读维生素D1.佝偻病1989年吴光驰和1990D谢谢阅读的需要量相对增加。在我国南方每日提供维生素D350IU可预防婴幼儿佝偻病，感谢阅读而北方需要提供550IU。1995年Guillemant7月份儿童的25-（OH）D3谢谢阅读29.96μg/L±7.46μg/L明显高于3月份的6.61μg/L±2.04μg/L（0.0001）,结感谢阅读果提示：季节会造成维生素D亏空，应注意额外补充。2.骨质疏松症1993年Komar86%的养老院老人血25-（OH）D3低于50mmol/L,85%谢谢阅读老人骨矿含量示骨质疏松。1997年Dawson-Hughes等发现：维生素D缺乏可增精品文档放心下载加髋骨骨折发生率。多项研究表明：适当增加维生素D摄入量（400~800IU/d精品文档放心下载可降低骨质丢失及骨折发生率。1992年Chapuy等给1634例妇女每日服维生素精品文档放心下载D800IU和钙1200mg，对照组1636例服安慰剂，共18个月。结果表明：补充组谢谢阅读的骨密度上升2.6%，而对照组下降4.6%（P<0.001）;补充组髋部骨折数比对照感谢阅读组减少43%（P=0.043）;补充组非脊椎骨折总数比对照组减少32%（P=0.015精品文档放心下载3.骨软化病1981年Brooke等报道：给孕妇补充维生素D400IU/d,可以降低母体骨软化谢谢阅读病、新生儿低钙血病和手足搐搦的发生率。1994年Alexande等调查结果表明：感谢阅读素食者，特别是蔬食者的维生素D摄入明显低于杂食者。1992年Finch等已发感谢阅读现：15例骨软化病人和13例接近骨软化病人中，大部分是印度素食者。1988感谢阅读年Fonseca等认为：素食者，即使无症状，也应该额外补充维生素D。精品文档放心下载4．癌症D可能有助于对乳腺癌、结肠癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌感谢阅读的预防。5.多囊性卵巢综合征D的钙剂可能有益于预防多囊性卵巢谢谢阅读综合征。6、牛皮癣维生素D可能用来治疗牛皮癣。丹麦的一项研究推荐使用维生素D3的衍生精品文档放心下载物calcipotrol用来治疗牛皮癣。7.糖尿病D受体和维生素D依赖性钙结合蛋谢谢阅读DD受体基因多态性与I型糖精品文档放心下载D谢谢阅读I型糖尿病的发生于维生素D缺乏及佝偻病的发生相关。感谢阅读维生素D在某种程度上可抑制针对胰腺β细胞的自身免疫反应。亦有研究发现，感谢阅读大剂量维生素D可能于高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗有关。感谢阅读8.冠心病最近的一项研究结果显示，65岁以上妇女服用维生素D精品文档放心下载性比未服用者低1/3D感谢阅读谢谢阅读感谢阅读谢谢阅读时指出，提倡补充维生素D防治冠心病之前尚有大量工作要做。精品文档放心下载VitaminA&DSoftCapsules感谢阅读2.Indications:1.Forthetreatmentofricketsandnyctalopia谢谢阅读2.Forthetreatmentofchildtetany精品文档放心下载3.ForpreventionofvitaminAandDdeficiencydiseases精品文档放心下载4.Componentsandtheircontents谢谢阅读SpecificationComponentsVegetableoil(kg)Gelfordroppingpills(kg)6.Methodsofproduction(asshowninthefollowingproduction感谢阅读process)7.Pathwayandconditionofqualitymanagementsystem(asshownin感谢阅读thefollowingproductionprocess)谢谢阅读Flowchartofprocess8.Formulation:softcapsules谢谢阅读9.Sideeffect:(Nodataavailable)谢谢阅读10.Contraindications:chronicrenalfailure,hypercalcemia,谢谢阅读hyperphosphatemiaassociatedwithrenalrickets精品文档放心下载11.Adversereactions:Noobviousadversereactionwilloccurifit谢谢阅读istakenaccordingtothesuggesteddose.感谢阅读12.Antidoteforoverdoseapplication:emetic,cathartic,alkalescent谢谢阅读foodsandbeverages.13.TeratogenicityVitaminA①Zoopery:Retinolhasateratogeniceffectonlaboratoryanimals.精品文档放心下载Thesusceptibilityofanimalsinanascendingorderisasfollows:精品文档放心下载ratandmouse,hamster,monkeyandrabbit.Theminimumteratogenic谢谢阅读doseforrat,monkeyandrabbitis35000,6000and2500μgRE/(kg·d)谢谢阅读respectively.Thisteratogeniceffectsonlaboratoryanimalsarevery精品文档放心下载similartothoseonhumanbodycausedbycarotenoid,including谢谢阅读anencephalus,spinabifida,cheiloschisis,cleftpalate,谢谢阅读microphthalmia,malformationofeyes,teeth,salivaryglandsand精品文档放心下载aorticarch,ventricularseptaldefect,analatresia,omphalocele,谢谢阅读renalagenesis,polycystickidney,hydronephrosis,phocomelia,精品文档放心下载abnormalityoffinger(toe),somedefectsofgenitalorgan,pituitary,精品文档放心下载thyroidglands,thymusglands,skull,spondyle,ribandmuscle,and感谢阅读transpositionofviscera.Permanentlearningincapacitationwould谢谢阅读occurtoRatF344exposedtoover3000μgRE/(kg·d).精品文档放心下载TheteratogeniceffectofVAonanimalsissummarizedasfollows:感谢阅读BasedonateratogenicresearchreportedbyHendrickxetal(1997a,感谢阅读b),Wiegandetal(1998)andMilleretal(1998),forRhesusmonkey感谢阅读attheearlystageofpregnancy(16-27d)administeredwith0,2250,谢谢阅读6000,12000and24000μgRE/(kg·d)ofretinoicpalmicacid谢谢阅读respectivelythroughoraltaking,theoccurrencerateofabortionand谢谢阅读abnormalembryosisprogressivelyraisedwiththedoseadministered精品文档放心下载rises.Theoccurrenceratesofabnormalembryosare1/21and5/11谢谢阅读respectivelyatthedoseof6000and24000μgRE/(kg·d)respectively精品文档放心下载(thatatthemediumdoseisnotreported).Ahigherdosewouldexert谢谢阅读aninfluenceonthestructuresdevelopedincranialneuralcrest.谢谢阅读Thesedeformitiesaresimilartothoseobservedinmonkeyandhuman感谢阅读embryoscausedbyisotretinoicacid(13-cis-retinoicacid),butthe精品文档放心下载symptomisslightlydifferent.Inthelatter,theoccurrencerateof感谢阅读faciesdysmorphosisishigher,defectsinthyroidglandandheartare精品文档放心下载notsoseriousandheaddysmorphosiswon’tbecaused;meantime,感谢阅读toxicitytomothersisdetected.谢谢阅读②Humanpopulation-basedstudies:Isotretinoicacidisaknown感谢阅读humanteratogenicagent,thereforeitstoxicitytothedevelopmentis精品文档放心下载criticalforassessingtheriskofVA.Manybirthdefectsrelatedto精品文档放心下载VAhavebeenreported,butonlyinonecase,theexposuredoseofVA精品文档放心下载islessthan7500μg/d.Sevenepidemiologicalresearches(5case精品文档放心下载controlresearchesand2prospectiveresearches)havebeendonesince谢谢阅读1990,amongwhich4researchesdidnotrevealtherelationship感谢阅读betweenVAexposuredoseandbirthdefectandother3researches精品文档放心下载revealedtheteratogeniceffectatdifferentdoses.感谢阅读VitaminDTheteratogeniceffectofVDhasn’tbeenverifiedbothinvivoand感谢阅读invitro.14.Analyticalmethodofingredients:chemical谢谢阅读Tomakethisproduct,VAandVD2orVD3aredissolvedincod-liver精品文档放心下载oilorrefinedvegetableoil(solidfatshavebeenremovedataround感谢阅读0℃),andthentheconcentrationismodulated.ThecontentofVAin精品文档放心下载onepillis90.0%~120.0%ofthelabeledquantity,andthatofVDis谢谢阅读morethan85.0%ofthelabeledquantity.Thelabelshouldindicate谢谢阅读whetherthisproductcontainsVD2orVD3.精品文档放心下载[Characters]Thisproductisayellowtodeepyellowoilyliquid.谢谢阅读[Identification](1)Takeoutthecontentofthisproduct,diluteitwithchloroform谢谢阅读togetasolutionwhoseVAconcentrationis10~20U/ml,andthen感谢阅读add2mlof25%antimonychloride(dilutedwithchloroform)to1ml谢谢阅读oftheabovesolution;thecolorofthesolutionbecomesblueto精品文档放心下载blueviolet,andthenfadesafterstanding..精品文档放心下载(2)Highperformanceliquidchromatography(seeappendixVD).谢谢阅读Octadecylsilanebondedsilicagelisusedasfiller,methanol-精品文档放心下载acetonitrile(3:97)asmobilephase,anddetectionwavelengthis感谢阅读setto254nm.InjecttheintermixtureofVD3andVD2(their感谢阅读quantitiesarethesameandeachamountsto5~10unitsinthe感谢阅读controlsolution)intohighperformanceliquidchromatograph,精品文档放心下载modulatetheproportionofmobilephase,andmakesurethatthe谢谢阅读resolutionismorethan1.0.TaketestsolutionBshowninVD精品文档放心下载assaymethod(appendixⅦK)orcollectVDeffluentin谢谢阅读quantitativecolumnsystem,dryitwithnitrogen(freeofoxygen),精品文档放心下载addalittlemobilephasetodissolveit,injectittotheliquid精品文档放心下载chromatograph,andthenrecordthechromatogram.Atthesame谢谢阅读retentiontime,inthesamplesolutionthereshouldbe精品文档放心下载chromatographicpeaksofVD2orVD3correspondingtothepeakof精品文档放心下载VD2orVD3inthecontrolsolution.谢谢阅读[Examination]TherequirementunderInspectionitemshouldbemet谢谢阅读(appendixⅠE).InspectionitemUnitLimit精品文档放心下载Disintegrationtimeminute≤60谢谢阅读Contentuniformity%±10Bacterialcount(Number/g)≤1000谢谢阅读Moldandyeastcount(Number/g)≤100感谢阅读Escherichiacoli(Number/g)Shouldnotbe感谢阅读detected[Contentdetermination]VitaminATakeoutthecontentundertheitemofContentuniformity,determine精品文档放心下载itaccordingtoVAassaymethod(appendixⅦJ),andtheaverageof精品文档放心下载contentsineachpillisregardedasitscontent.感谢阅读VitaminDTakeoutthecontentundertheitemofContentuniformity,and感谢阅读determineitaccordingtoVDassaymethod(appendixⅦK).VD2orVD3精品文档放心下载usedinthecontrolshouldcoincidewiththatlabeledonthetag.精品文档放心下载16.Toxicologicalinformation感谢阅读VitaminA①Acutetoxicity:symptomsofacuteVAtoxicityincludebellyache,感谢阅读anorexia,vomiting,blurringofvision,fussiness,headache,and精品文档放心下载fontanelprotuberanceofneonateandbaby.Thedosethatmaycause感谢阅读theacutetoxicityismuchmorethan100000μgREand10000μgREfor感谢阅读adultandchildrespectively.Singledoseof7500-15000μgREmaylead精品文档放心下载toacutetoxicitytobabiesundersixmonths.Alittleelderbaby谢谢阅读(sixorninemonthsold)maytoleratethedoseof30000μgRE.精品文档放心下载②Chronicandsubchronictoxicity:Thesymptomsofchronictoxicity感谢阅读includedryskin,skinthickening,chappedlips,conjunctivitis,red谢谢阅读maculae,hairloss,declineofbonedensity,arthrodynia,chronic谢谢阅读headache,intracranialhypertensionandlivertoxicity.精品文档放心下载Occurrenceandseverityofthepoisoningsymptomdependondosage,谢谢阅读lengthoftimeandsymptomitself.Thedestructiveeffectsoneye,谢谢阅读skeletonandliverarepermanent,whereasmanyothersymptomsare感谢阅读reversible.Toxicactionoccursinadultsaftertakingareplenishing精品文档放心下载doseofmorethan7500-15000μgRE/dforseveralweeks,monthsor谢谢阅读years.Butthetoxicactionisdetectedalsoinsomecasesatadose感谢阅读lessthan1500-3000μgRE/d.Thethresholdvalueisinfluencedby精品文档放心下载existingillness,excessivedrinking,therapeuticmedicationsand精品文档放心下载dietaryintakes.SeriousintolerancetoVAisalsoinfluencedby精品文档放心下载geneticfactors,butdetailsofthismetabolicdefecthaven’tbeen感谢阅读clarified.Epidemiologicdatashowsthatwhendietaryretinolintakeismore谢谢阅读than1500μg/d,hipbonefractureattackrateinpostmenopausalwomen精品文档放心下载willbedoubledascomparedwiththeintakedoseof500μg/d.Other感谢阅读epidemiologicresearchessupportingthisviewshowthathipbone感谢阅读fractureattackrateishigherinNordiccountries,especiallyin精品文档放心下载ScandinavianPeninsulawheremoredietaryintakesofretinolare谢谢阅读observed.HipbonefractureattackrateofSwedishmenishigher精品文档放心下载thanthatofBritishandSwedishwomen.感谢阅读Inβ-caroteneandretinolefficacytest(CARET),occurrenceof精品文档放心下载lungcancerinmalesmokersandmaleasbestosworkerswouldincrease谢谢阅读whentheyingestjointly7500μgofretinoland30000μgof精品文档放心下载β-carotene.ThistestandABTCresearchindicatethatthiseffectis感谢阅读causedbyβ-carotene.Aresearchaboutthechemicalprotectionfor精品文档放心下载workersexposedtoblueasbestosrevealedthat45of512subjectswho感谢阅读takeadoseof7500μgREeverydaychangedtheirtreatmentbecauseof谢谢阅读associatedheadachecaused.Comparedwithisotretinoicacidtreatment谢谢阅读andthecontrol,occurrenceofskincancerinsubjectswhotakea精品文档放心下载doseof7500μgretinoleverydaywasincreasedmoderately.Inthe精品文档放心下载chemicalprotectionresearch,sideeffectsarefoundin45%of感谢阅读patientswithlungcancerandcancersofheadandneckwhohadbeen感谢阅读injectedwithadailydoseof90000μgREforoneyear,andthen精品文档放心下载45000μgREforthenextyearafterobservation.Thesesideeffects精品文档放心下载includedryskin,pruritus,hemorrhage,andtrichomadesis.感谢阅读VitaminDExcessiveintakeofvitaminDcouldresultinhypercalcemiaand谢谢阅读hypercalciuria.VitaminDpromotescalciumabsorptionandskeletal精品文档放心下载re-absorption,andcausescalciumdepositioninsofttissues,diffuse谢谢阅读boneminerallossaswellasirreversiblerenalandcardiovascular精品文档放心下载toxicity.VitaminDingranulomatoustissuescouldbeunlimitedly谢谢阅读transformedintoitsactiveform,sopatientswithsarcoidosisare谢谢阅读exceptionallysensitivetoVitaminD.Sarcoidosisisuncommon,butif谢谢阅读patientstakeadditionalvitaminD,therewillbeapotentialdanger.谢谢阅读IthasbeensuggestedthatmoderatedoseofvitaminDcould谢谢阅读enhancetheformationofrenalcalculiinsusceptibleindividuals.谢谢阅读Thereisnoinformationforthecomparisonoftoxicitytothe感谢阅读humanbodybetweenvitaminD2andvitaminD3.精品文档放心下载Alotofsupplementaltestsshowedthattherewerenoadverse感谢阅读effectswitha0.010~0.045mg/dvitaminDintake.Theeffectsof感谢阅读higherdosesweregreatlydifferent.Forexample,among63aged谢谢阅读persons(thefemalewasmorethan60yearsold,themalemorethan65谢谢阅读yearsold)providedwithareplenishingdoseof0.05mg/dvitaminD感谢阅读(unspecifieddose)for6months,twopersonsdeveloped感谢阅读hypercalcinemia(Johnsonetal,1980).However,inanotherstudy感谢阅读lastedforfivemonths,61adults(theaverageagewas41yearsold)精品文档放心下载weregivenareplenishingdoseof0.10mg/dvitaminD3,andtheir谢谢阅读serumcalciumleveldidnotincreasesignificantly(Viethetal,谢谢阅读2001).Thisdifferencemayreflectthattheagedhasdeveloped谢谢阅读hyperparathyroidismorvitaminDdeficiencybeforetheintervention.感谢阅读17.ClinicaldataVitaminAAfewhundredyearsago,Nightblindnessandxerophthalmiawere感谢阅读associatedwiththeincidenceandmortalityofinfectiousdisease.In感谢阅读1930s,vitaminAasananti-infectivevitaminhasbeenwidely谢谢阅读researchedandapplied.WithalackofvitaminA,thewayto精品文档放心下载constituteligandofnuclearreceptorischangedindifferenttissues,谢谢阅读andthedamageofimmunefunctionatmultiplelevelsisshown.Asfor感谢阅读mucosalimmunity,vitaminAdeficiencynotonlydamagestheintegrity感谢阅读ofmucosalepitheliaofeyes,respiratorytract,gastrointestinal精品文档放心下载tractandgenitourinarytract,butalsolowersthelocalsecretionof感谢阅读IgA.Inrecentyears,clinicalandhumanpopulationtestshaveshown精品文档放心下载thatforinfantssupplementedwithvitaminA,incidenceandmortality感谢阅读ofdiseasesofvariouscausescouldbesignificantlyreduced.感谢阅读1.ChildviralinfectionVitaminAhasbeentestedindifferentkindsofchildviral感谢阅读infectiousdiseases,suchasmeasles,respiratorysyncytialvirus,感谢阅读chickenpoxandAIDS.TwelveresearcheshaveshownthatVitaminA感谢阅读couldpreventchildrenwithabovediseasesfromdeath,andtherefore感谢阅读itshouldbewidelyused.Itisreportedthatlowlevelofserum感谢阅读vitaminAwasrelatedtopredispositionofchildpneumonia,diarrhea精品文档放心下载andotherdiseases,andsupplementofVAcanpreventinfectious精品文档放心下载diseasesindigestivetract,respiratorytractandcouldbeusedas谢谢阅读anauxiliarytherapyfortheseinfectiousdiseases.感谢阅读2.DiabetesDiabeticsarepronetovitaminAshortage.Itwasreportedthat精品文档放心下载VitaminAsupplementcouldimprovethebloodglucosecontrolof感谢阅读diabetics.Diabeticsshoulddecidewhethertheywouldtakeadditional感谢阅读vitaminApreparationsbasedonthemedicaladvice谢谢阅读3.SkindiseasesVitaminAhasbeentestedinvariouskindsofskindiseases,谢谢阅读includingacne,psoriasis,brandynose,seborrheicdermatitis,eczema,谢谢阅读butthecurativeeffectwasnotsonoticeable.Ingeneral,thedoes感谢阅读closetothepoisoningdosemayobtainagoodcurativeeffect.精品文档放心下载4.MenorrhagiaItwasreportedthatforthefemalewithmenorrhagia,theamount感谢阅读ofmenstrualflowmaybereducedthroughdailyintakeof25000IU感谢阅读vitaminA.Itcouldnotbeusedasalong-termtherapy,becauseonce精品文档放心下载amenorrheicwomenwerepregnant,high-dosevitaminAmayleadto谢谢阅读fetalanomaly.5.AIDSIt’sreportedthattheintakeofhigher-doseofvitaminAfor6~感谢阅读8yearsmaybebeneficialforpatientswithAIDS,butiftheintake精品文档放心下载isover20268IU/d,theeffecttoreducerisksandmortalityofAIDS谢谢阅读willbedecreasedinstead.感谢阅读6.IrondeficiencyanemiaRecentstudieshavefoundthatdietshortofvitaminAandiron谢谢阅读couldalsoleadtoirondeficiencyanemia.Populationintervention精品文档放心下载trialsalsoconfirmthatthesupplementationofsinglevitaminAor谢谢阅读ironmayimproveanemia,butthejointedsupplementationofvitaminA精品文档放心下载andironmaygainthebesteffect.精品文档放心下载7.Palpebralconjunctivaandkeratonosus精品文档放心下载VitaminAmaymaintainthenormaldifferentiationandintegrity感谢阅读ofcornealandconjunctivalepithelialcells,andithasbeenwidely感谢阅读appliedclinically.Recently,InChinasomeonetreatedthe谢谢阅读keratopathywithvitaminAeyedropsandachievedsatisfactory感谢阅读therapeuticeffect.VitaminD1.RicketsIthasbeenreportedthatthedemandofvitaminDwouldbe谢谢阅读increasedrelativelyforinfantsbecauseoftheirrapidphysical感谢阅读growth(WuGuangchi,1989;LiTong,1990).Thedailyintakeof350IU精品文档放心下载vitaminDmaypreventinfantricketsinsouthChina,and550IUinthe谢谢阅读northChinawouldbeneededdaily.In1995,Guillemantetalfound谢谢阅读thatthelevelof25-(OH)D3inchildreninJuly(29.96μg/L±谢谢阅读7.46μg/L)wassignificantlyhigherthanthatinMarch(6.61μg/L谢谢阅读±2.04μg/L(0.0001)),suggestingthattheseasonwouldcause感谢阅读VitaminDdeficitandthedueattentionshouldbepaidtotheextra谢谢阅读supplementationofit.2.OsteoporosisItwasreportedthatthelevelof25-(OH)D3in86%oftheaged精品文档放心下载inRestHomewasbelow50mmol/L,andthebonemineralcontentin85%谢谢阅读oftheagedsuggestedosteoporosis(Komaretal,1993).Itisfound精品文档放心下载thatalackofvitaminDcouldincreasetheincidenceofhipbone谢谢阅读fracture(Dawson-Hughesetal,1997).Anumberofstudieshaveshown谢谢阅读thatappropriatevitaminDintake(400~800IU/d)couldreducethe感谢阅读lossofbonematerialandtheincidenceofbonefracture.1634women谢谢阅读weresupplementedwith800IUvitaminDand1200mgcalciumeveryday精品文档放心下载for18months;meanwhile1636womeninthecontrolgroupweregiven谢谢阅读placebos(Chapuyetal,1992).Theresultsshowedthatbonedensity感谢阅读inthegroupsupplementedwithVDandcalciumwasincreasedby2.6%,感谢阅读meanwhileitwasreducedby4.6%inthecontrolgroup(P<0.001).精品文档放心下载Comparedwiththecontrolgroup,thenumberofcaseswithhipbone感谢阅读fractureinthegroupsupplementedwithVDandcalciumwasreducedby感谢阅读43%(P=0.043),andthetotalnumberofcaseswithnon-vertebral精品文档放心下载fractureswasreducedby32%(P=0.015).谢谢阅读3.OsteomalaciaItwasreportedthatoffering400IU/dvitaminDtopregnantwomen精品文档放心下载couldreducetheincidenceofmaternalosteomalacia,neonatal精品文档放心下载hypocalcemiaandtetanyofextremities(Brookeetal,1981).The感谢阅读investigationresultsindicatedthatvitaminDintakeforvegetarians谢谢阅读wassignificantlylowerthanthatforomnivorouspersons(Alexander精品文档放心下载etal,1994).Ithasbeenfoundthatin15casesofosteomalaciaand精品文档放心下载13casesofquasi-osteomalacia,mostpatientswereIndiavegetarians谢谢阅读(Finchetal,1992).Itwasbelievedthatvegetarians,though谢谢阅读asymptomati