托福语法讲义(教师版)

一、题型概述（一）填空：1-15个题，考句法句法包括简单句，并列句，主从复合句和一些常见错误用法等。（二）挑错：16-40个题，考词法好下面我们就一些特殊热点问题给大家做一个概述性介绍。二、基础语法规则（一）词法第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、 正确选择可数名词单复数、 名词之前的限定词与名词数 （单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是 TOEFL中常考的内容1．重要的名詞（1）重要的可數名詞discovery,cloud,mineral,metal,material,substance,population,efforts,effect,animal,plant,mammal,insect,tree,herb,shrub,element,function,feature,picture,result,clue,star,reason,audience,device,structure,human,humanbeing,system,fashion,resource,source,origin,pioneer,automobile,purpose,style,response,number,amount,variety,quantity,type,kind,influence,emotion,change2）常见的不可数名词①流体：air,smoke,coffee,oil②自然现象：thunder,weather,darkness,[aheavyrain,raindrops]③微粒：sugar,salt,rice,powder,dust④抽象名词：intelligence（情报）,evidence,wisdom,advice⑤学科：mathematics,economics,statistics （统计学，作统计数据讲时可数） ,physics,politics,1mechanics,genetics遗传学,geology，geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history⑥医学疾病：measles（麻疹）,mumps（腮腺炎）,diabetes（糖尿病）⑦总称名词：furniture,luggage,clothing,equipment,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,scenery,information,knowledge,homework,evidence,foliage,advertising（广告业）,health例题:交易Historians(believethat)some(forms)of(anadvertising)mustbeasold(as barter)andtrade.答案:C anadvertising advertising（3）常见不规则单复数，一般考复数man/men,woman/women,tooth/teeth,foot/feet,goose/geese,basis/bases,analysis/analyses,crisis/crises,hypothesis/hypotheses,axis/axes,alga/algae,larva/larvae,fungus/fungi,stimulus/stimuli,datum/data,bacterium/bacteria,medium/media,spectrum/spectra,mouse/mice,child/children,phenomenon/phenomena（4）常见的单复数同形的名词（注意鱼！好多鱼 ~）aircraft,spacecraft,series,species,means,（sheep,deer,bison,salmon,trout,carp, fish）·-craft后缀单复数相同（5）只能用复数的名词：clothes,fireworks,riches,wages,ashes,thanks,sweets,scissors,spectacles,trousers集合名词：people（人们，作民族时可数）,folk（人们）,cattle（牛）,police,livestock（牲畜）（6）单复数意义不同的名词air-airs（气派）good（好处，利益）（货物）part-parts（才能，划线永远对）-goodsmean（均值/中间）-means（手段/财富）arm-arms（武器）custom（习俗）-customs（海关）letter-letters（文学）spectacle（光景）-spectacles（眼镜）force-forces（武装部队）water-waters（水域，划线永远对） sky-skies（气候）（7）既有可数又有不可数 ]的名词（注意有无数的概念，具体还是抽象）sugar,cloth,detail,light,science,form,interest,color,disease,illness,rock,stone,matter,food,culture,noise,liquid,solid,gas,climate,film,material,population,temperature,experience,speech,use,life,actionwork（工作，作品）-works（工厂，工程，工事，著作）（面积）（区域，领域）area-areastime（时间）-times（倍数，此书，时代） paper（纸）-papers（报告，文件）collection（不同种收藏品组成的集） -collections（同种藏品的集） room（空间）-rooms（房间）18piecesofnewspaper/18newspapers（报纸种类）art/inart/.bedescribedasanart/allartsland（面积）-lands（区域）注意：*当不可数名词与种类相关时可转化为可数名词：avacuum,aliquid,foods,beverages（饮料）（8）同源近形词义区别bank/banking,advertisement/advertising,architect/architecture,reason/reasoning,2author/authority/authorization,poem/poet/poetry,cloth/clothes/clothing,human/humanity/humanities,produce/product/production/productivity,editor/edit/edition/editorial,variable/variety/variation,critic/critical/criticize,chemical/chemistry,management/manager,weapon/weaponry,logic/logical,measure/measurement,publish/publication,weighing/weight,nourishment/nutrition/nutritious/nutrient,machine/machinery总规律：–ing动作抽象化，不可数（一般）sugar,fish,cloth,作物质名词，不可数；表种类，则可数(3)–or/er/ee 具体，tion/sion/ment/ness/ship/ing 抽象2．重要的限定詞与名词单复数1）many+复数可数n.；much+不可數n.例题:Since(the)1950’s,folkmusic(hashad)a(significant)influenceon(many)popularvocalandinstrumentalmusic.答案:D many muchInthepracticeofGestalttherapy,(many)attentionis(given)tononverbal(aspects)of(behavior).答案:A many much※看到many,various,diverse,numerous往后找[C]，看到much往后找[UC]many..music×Asmanyas50percentoftheincome×Asmuchas2,000kilometers √（一个距离是整体，不可数）例题：Theasphalt(deposits)ofLaBreaTarPitinCalifornia(haveyielded)fossilsofnumerous(animal)ofthePleistoceneepoch,including(thegiant)groundsloth.答案：CanimalanimalsRodents(dwell)invarious(habitat),somespecies(being)aquatic,(someterrestrial).答案:B habitat habitatsEvenashe(wrote)copiouslyonsuch(diversetopic)aseducation,politics,andreligion,LewisMumford(remained)active(incity)andregionalplanning.答案：Bdiversetopictopicsmuch和many可以做代词： Manyare....bymany.Muchoftheinformation..（2）some和any，二者都可加单复数，都可加可数和不可数，都可做代词（同 few/little代词的作用）somekinds某些种somekind某一种例题：3Forthousandsofyears,people(haveused)some(kind)ofrefrigeration(cooling)beveragesandpreserve(edibles).答案:C cooling tocool3）fewlittle否定afew,alittle 肯定+複數可數n.+不可數n.fewequipment ×tofewextent ×可做代詞：afew/fewofthebooks例题：TheDinee,aNativeAmerican(people)ofthesouthwesternUnitedStates,were(once)semi-nomadichunterswho(practiced)a(few)agriculture.答案:D few little（4）數詞/several/oneof/among+ 複數可數n.※看到several,oneof,among 往后找複數[C]eg:fiveaircraft ×severalsetting× severalsettings√oneofthephilosophers √amongtheschools√例题：TheUnitedStatescensus人口普查Louisiana(were)oneofthecountry答案:Dminorityminorities

(for)1970(showedthat)theFrench-speakingresidentsof’smostcompactregionallinguistic(minority)39.BeverlySillswas(achild)radiostar(who)becameoneoftheworld callygifted’smostdramatiopera(singer),makingherdebut初演(at)seventeen.答案:C singer singers40.InthepracticeofGestalttherapy,(many)attentionis(given)tononverbal(aspects)of(behavior).答案:A many muchTheGuggenheimMuseuminNewYorkCityisoneofthemajor(center)for(thecollection)anddisplayof(works)of(abstractart)intheUnitedStates.答案:A center centersGeraldineFarrar,(who)debutedas(an)operasingerin1901,laterappeared(both)onstageandinseveralsilent(film).答案：D film filmsSeveral(comet)彗星arediscoveredeachyear,butveryfewof(them)are(bright)enough(tobeseen)withouttheaidofmagnification.放大答案:A comet comets4（5）every/each直接加單數可數n.或者加数词和复数名词(every/all常考，almostall加复数)eg:eachmajorstyles×eachtenboys√everyfouryears √（every/each 修飾數詞）例题：7.Almost(every)fruitsandvegetablescontainriboflavin核黄素;the(richest)sourcesare(leafy)greenvegetables(such)asspinach菠菜,kale甘蓝,orturnipgreens.另一种甘蓝答案: A。every all8.Almost(everythe)he ’遗reditary传的(material)of(anindividual)organismresides(inthe)chromosomes.染色体答案：A everythe every（6）first/only/single+单/复均可eg:thefirstschool第一所学校thefirstschools第一批学校asingle/nosingle+单數twosinglerooms两个单人间only表示排他性，只有，而不是表示“一个” theonlyuniversity/universities例题：Mercury水星andVenus金星(are)the(onlyplanets)inthesolarsystem(where)donothave(moons).卫星答案:C where which（7）数量词=数词+量词hundred,thousand,million,billion ：有数词时，量词一定不加 s；无数词时，量词一定加 s+ofeg:fivehundredboys √hundredsofboys √（are）hundredmillionboys √这是多少？亿hundredthousand十万8）another+單數可數n例外anothertwoboys相当于twomoreboysanyother+ 單數可數n. eg:anyotherstate=anyoftheotherstates other+複數可數n.otherpart(s) 除外例题：Whencanned）(using)propermethods,foodsuffers(no)lossinvitaminsor(another)nutritiveelements.答案：D another other using表达方式状语时，相当于 byusing9）anumberof+复noun.+复谓语thenumberof+复noun.+单谓语例题：(At)birth,aninfant(exhibits)a(remarkable)numberofmotor(response).答案:D response responses3．名詞做定語的單複數問題5（1）名词做定语。即 n1修饰n2,n1必须为单数。coloreffects,employmentagencies,sentenceform,treetrunks,tomatocrops,Sisterlotus例外：asalesgirl,asalestax,agreetingscard,asportscar（賽車）,asavingsbank（儲蓄銀行）,acommunicationssatellite,asystemsengineering例题：IntheUnitedStates,(about)75percentof(thetotal)(tomatoes)crop(isprocessed)intojuice,cannedtomatoes,causes,pastes,andketchup.答案:Ctomatoes—〉tomatoIthasbeenreportedthat(during)anytwenty-four(hour)period,(aminimalof)threehundredNorthAmericanwomen(start)theirownbusinesses.形容词答案:Cminimalminimum（2）man或woman修饰noun.时，其单复数应该同时变： awomanboxer womenboxers例题：SarahandAngelinaGrimke(wereamong)thefirst(womandoctors)(tolecture)in(public)intheUnitedStates.答案:B womandoctors womendoctors(Thesuperintendent)ofwomen(nurse)fortheUnionArmy(during)theCivilWar(was)DorotheaDix.答案:B nurse nurses3）表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室等與教學相關名詞时，只能用学科名本身修饰eg:aphysicsstudents,amathematicsprofessorthehighestscientificaward thehighestscienceawardthebiologicaltextbook thebiologytextbookachemicallab achemistrylab例题：Becausetheyare(generally)takensimplytoobtaina(recognizable)andrelatively(clear)image,mostnon-professionalphotographsdemand(few)equipment.答案:D few little10.Winterbroccoli椰菜 haslarge,whiteheads(similarto)(those)ofcauliflower 花椰菜,(whereas)sprouting发芽的 broccoliproducesnumeroussmallpurplish,green,orwhite(clump).丛生答案:D clump clumps6第二章冠词1．不定冠詞（a/an划线，80%都是错误的）（1）a/an的區別(元音而非元音字母 )an:hour,undergraduate,understanding,oyster 牡蛎,honest,emotion,atoma:unique,university,unite,yawnTheEverglades湿地,alargeswamp(area),is(an)unique(wilderness)extendingover(much)ofsouthernFlorida.答案:B an a（2）a/an与复数名词的混用a/an+adj.+单数名词the+adj.+複數n 不一定例题：JimThorpe,(afootball),track,andbaseball(stars)fromPennsylvania,isconsidered(bymanyto)bethe(greatest)all-aroundathleteofmoderntimes.答案:B stars star C中bymanyto=bymanypeople16.(For)aseagoing,cargo-carryingsailing(vessels),theclippershipwas(remarkably)(fast).答案:B vessels vessel(The)planetMarsisa(freezing),barren(deserts)withhuge,drycanyons(and)toweringvolcanoes.答案:C deserts desertTheRockyMountains(were)explored(by)furtradersduringtheearly1800’s,in(a)decades(preceding)theUnitedStatesCivilWar.答案:C a the3）不定冠词的遗漏①固定短语中a的遗漏asetof/avarietyof/aseriesof/acollectionof/awiderangeof/agroupof+[C]apieceof/awealthof很多的+[UC]例题：Amarchis(highly)rhythmicpieceofmusic(first)used(bymilitary)bands(toaccompany)marching.答案:A highly ahighlyAnoaktrunk(extended)familyconsists(ofcore)groupofmales,their(wives),(and)theirunmarrieddaughters.答案:B ofcore ofacore7(Becauseofits)maneuverability可操作性andability(toland)andtakeoffin(smallareas),thehelicopterisused(inwide)rangeofservices.答案:D inwide inawide②单数可数名词前必须有限定词（指示代词，人称代词，不定代词，冠词，所有格），不能裸体限定词：冠词；形容词性物主代词；所有格；指示代词；不定代词eg:itisa/his/Tom t/some’s/thaverygoodbook.Ihavebook(×)/books(√)/time(√)复数和不可数可以※prep+单数可数名词错例题：18.(Today),fifty(yearsafter)itsconstruction,theAlaskaHighway(conveys)40,000vehicles(innormal)year.答案:D innormal inanormal19.(Thehardness)(ofmineral)often(gives)aclueto(its)identity.答案:B ofmineral ofamineral36.The(actor)JamesEarlJones(gained)Broadwaystardomin “TheGreatWhiteHope ”forh(powerful)portrayal(ofprizefighter).答案:D ofprizefighter ofaprizefighter职业拳击手Large,multicoloredinsects(with)fourwings,dragonflies(play)averyimportantroleintheecosystemofhumid(area)by(controlling)thepopulationofmosquitoes.答案:C area areas40.In1889JaneAddams,asocialworkerinChicago,foundedHullHouse,an(institution)(devoted)tothe(improvement)ofcommunitylifeinpoor(neighborhood).答案:D neighborhood neighborhoodsBy(identifying)similarwordsorstructuresindifferentlanguages,wefindevidence(thatthose)languagesarerelated(andmaybe)derived(fromsame)ancestor.答案:D fromsame fromthesame※v+单数可数名词错缺限定词Inthe1930’s(few)majororchestrasintheUnitedStateshired(woman),somanychose(toperform)in‘amateurmusicalgroups(asanalternative).答案:B woman women19.(Meridians)oflongitudeandparallelsoflatitude(formgrid 格子)thatcanbeused(tolocate)thepositionof(any)pointontheEarth ’ssurface.答案:B formgrid formgrids815.Electricmotors(range)insizefrom(thetiny)mechanismsthatoperate(sewingmachine)tothegreatenginesin(heavylocomotives).答案:C sewingmachine sewingmachines※例外：a. apartof=partof （part永远对）例题：Canadianscarlet-clad(guards)andMounties(with)horsebackare(part)ofthe(summerscene)inOttawa.答案:B with onb.表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用（ afounder 的a可省略，也可加 the）eg:LittleBush,sonofGeorgeBush,isrunningfortheofficeofpresident. √ischiefoftheMiamitribe √AllanPinkerton,(founder)of(thefamous)detectiveagencythatbears(him)name,directedaCivilWarespionage间谍system(behind)Confederatelines.答案:C him hisc.in+单数名词“在某一方面，领域”infunction,insize,incolor,inshape,instage,inmedicalscienced.表示“种类”名词后所接 noun可单独使用eg:eachtypeof/kindof/sortof/categoryofshoeeachcategoryofshoes复数也对，但单数更好e.固定词组中的名词不要改变： inhonor/dangerof,inresponseto2．定冠词（the）1）表示“独一无二”的事物theGreatWall,theSun,theMoon,(the)Earth2）序数词只有作前置定语修饰noun，才必须加the年代：inseventeenthcentury intheseventeenthcentury排序：theeightelement--> theeighthelement·陷阱：序数词的考点：加不加 the，是eight或eighth*Utahranksthefirstamong Utahranksfirstamong..*AisthesecondonlytoB AissecondonlytoB A仅次于B（3）adj.最高级作前置定语修饰 noun,才必须加theeg:themostdesolate荒凉的 region(s)themosthandsometeacher(s)例题：Proteinsform(themost)ofthe(structureof)the(body)andalso(actas)enzymes.9答案:A themost most不是最高级*most的非最高級用法一定不加 the：eg:themostofthestructure ×（4）海洋，河流，湖泊前必须加 the eg:windsfromAtlanticOcean × windsfromtheAtlanticOcean5）表示“人体”thehumanbody(习惯用法)例题：More(and)90percentofthecalciuminthe(human)body(is)in(the)skeleton答案:Aandmorethanmorethan修饰数量词=over表示“普通人”eg:theaverage/commonperson,theordinaryperson例题：(Smalldistinctions)amongstamps,unimportantto(thepersonaverage),would(mean)agreatdeal(to)thestampcollector.答案:B thepersonaverage theaverageperson6）表示“开始”与“结束”，必须加theeg:thebeginning(s),theendGreat(technical)advancesinaerialand(satellite)photography(have)beenmade(sinceend)oftheSecondWorldWar.答案:D sinceend sincetheend（7）乐器前通常加 the eg:playthepiano √*playerhu 二胡8）nature前通常不加thea.泛指在自然界innatureb....ofnature 本质上的 faithofnature 发自内心的信仰9）historya.泛指“在历史上”， inhistory例题：Archeologicalstudies(haveprovided)evidence(that)the(useof)plantsfordecorationaswellasforfooddevelopedearlyin(thehistory).答案:D thehistory historyb.特指在某种历史上， inthehistoryofNeworientalschool（10）氣體前通常不加 the,当后有定语时加 theeg:thenitrogen氮×thenitrogeninthebottle √例题：(Thenitrogen)makesup(over)78(percentof)theEarthatmosphere,thegaseousmass(surrounding)theplanet.答案:A Thenitrogen nitrogen学科前通常不加 theeg:theastronomy ×10(Theastronomy)istheoldest(science),butit(continues)tobe(at)theforefrontofscientificthought.答案:A Theastronomy astronomy元素前通常不加 the eg:theiron × themoteliron √（11）城市名，州名，国家名前不加 the eg:inBeijing,inthecityofBeijing,inchina联合名词除外： theUnitedStates,theUnitedkingdom*aUnitedStatesboy. （用作形容词）例题：TheYukon育空River,which(flows)intotheBeringSea,gives(its)nametoaregionofAlaska(anda)territory(ofthe)Canada.答案:D ofthe ofSurveysshowthatthemajorityofpassengers(arepleasing)thatanagreementhasbeenreached(toforbid)smokingon(commercial)flights(within)thecontinentalUnitedStates.答案：A pleased12）most的用法a.作为adv.修饰adj./adv，表示最高级 eg:themostbeautifulteacherb.作爲adv.（=very）修饰adj/adv，eg:mostoften,mostfrequently,amostbeautifulgirlmost前不加the，例外：themostperfectc.作爲adj.“大多数的”，不加 the，most+泛指名詞（不可數 /複數可數）eg:mostanimals例题：Proteinsform(themost)ofthe(structureof)the(body)andalso(actas)enzymes.答案:A themost mostd.作爲介词.“大多数”， mostof+特指名詞（不可數 /單複數可數）eg:mostoftheanimal,mostofWillan ’sbookse.most/mostlymost作爲adv./adj.時只修飾名詞、形容詞、副詞； mostly只作爲adv.修飾動詞和介詞themostlyintenseof. ×.becomposedmostofwater. ×例题：In____people,theareasofthebrainthatcontrolspeecharelocatedinthelefthemisphereA.mostlyofB.mostC.almosttheD.themostof答案:B介词+名词+of+n×名词前加the就对例题：26.Femalehorsefliestransmit(afew)diseases,(but)theirmain(significance)aspestsis(insting)oftheirbite.答案:D insting inthestingAstronautsreceive(extensive)trainingtoprepare(themselves)(both)physicallyandpsychologically(forcomplexity)andrigorofaspacemission.11答案:D forcomplexity forthecomplexity及物动词+the+n+of+n finishtherestofthetask例题：Amutation突变(isresult)ofadefinitebiochemical(changein)agenethatcausestheoffspringtocaryin(some)characteristic(from)theparents.答案:A isresult istheresult(Sincebeginning)ofphotography,inventorshave(tried)(tomake)photographsthatduplicate(natural)colors.答案:A sincebeginning sincebeginningsHenryDavidThoreauwas(an)Americanwriterwho(is)remembered(for)hisfaithinthereligioussignificanceof(thenature).答案:D thenature nature第三章代词1．反身代詞（一般錯，改爲賓格）必須與所在句子（主對主，從對從）的主語一致，代主語eg:Hekilledhim. 他杀Hekilledhimself 自杀·self,是名词，“自我”，只用于哲学，出现永远错eg:(Researchers)attheUniversityofColorado(areinvestigating)aseriesofindicatorsthat(could)help(themselves)topredictearthquakes.答案:D themselves them2．代詞單複數的混用：it/those,its/their,that/those,one/those,it/they,himself/themselves例题：ThecontinentaldividereferstoanimaginarylineintheNorthAmericanRockiesthat(divides)(thewaters)flowing(into)theAtlanticOceanfrom(it)flowingintothePacific.答案:D it those33.In1920thepresidentialcandidateWarrenHarding(coined)theword 常态 (to “normalcy”express)socialand(economic)conditions(they)promisedthenation.答案:D they he3．them/it與those/one的區別在於前者特指，後者泛指，注意比較中比較對象要泛指例题1234.The(sounds)ofjazzarenot(similarto)(them)of(traditionalorchestra)答案:C them those35.Duringthepre-Revolutionaryperiod,the(press)inBritain ’sNorthAmericancolonieswas(subjectto)licensinglaws(similar)to(them)ofGreatBritainitself.答案:D them those4．代词性別混用 his/her,himself/herself例题Manycritics(believe)thatAmyLwell ’smostimportant(work)isnotpoetry,but(his)biography,JohnKeats,(published)theyearofherdeath.答案:C his herBydistinguishing(himself)asa(judge)inArizona,SandraDayO ’Connor(caught)PresidentReagan’sattentionand(wasappointed)thefirstwomanjusticeontheSupremeCourt.答案:A himself herself5．名词前面应该使用所有格 eg:makeshedebut makeherdebut双宾语结构例外 eg:HisstudiesingenetwonhimamedalMarthaGraham,(a)leadingfigureinmoderndance,made(she)debut(in)1920(with)theDenishawnSchool.答案:B she her6．代詞的人與物混用 it/heeg:讲P14-37Although(heis)employedinthescientificand(technical)fields,themetric(system)isnotgenerally(utilized)intheUnitedstates.答案:A heis itis(According)tomodernastronomers,thespacebetweenthe(planets)andstarsisnotempty;rather(he)isfilledwithsomething(called)darkmatter.答案:C he it7．關係代詞間的的混用 who/which,who/whosewho+noun.错whose+V错who代人 that人，物都可代 which指代物homer,cattlewho代人，主格 whom代人，宾格 whose指人/物，所有格例题：Thehumanbodycontains(morethan)sixhundredmuscles(who)(accountfor)approximatelyfortypercentofthe(bodyweight).答案:B who whichCharleston,WestVirginia,wasnamed(for)CharlesClendenin,(who)sonGeorge(acquired)landatthejunctionoftheElkandKanawha(rivers)in1787.13答案:B who whoseManybirdshavefeathers____withtheirsurroundings.A.colorsblendB.thatcolorstoblendC.whosecolorsblendD.ofwhichthecolorsthatblend答案:C第四章介词1．between/among，between不一定只是兩者之間， among一定是兩者以上Thedistance/reactionbetweenthestars/trees. 兩兩之間amongthetwoseparaterealms.领域×2．in/for/since(与时态有关)（1）in +时刻点 eg:in1979用於一般過去時in+一段时间 eg:inrecentyears用於完成时态 ,intwodays用於将来时态（2）for 作爲conj.“因为”，引导原因状语从句，并列连词 ,不能位于句首只能位于句中for 作爲prep. for+一段时间 forthreeyears 可用于各種过去時態或完成時態例题：AdellaPrentissHrghes(served)(as)(manager)oftheClevelandOrchestra(since)fifteenyears.答案:D since for（3）since作爲conj.,“因为”“自从”，引导原因状语从句，句首居多， Since+句子，句子。等于because作爲prep.,“自从”＋时刻点， eg:since1949用於完成時態（“自從” +句子，出現較少）作爲adv.A.与完成时连用，表示过去某个时间某个事件到现在 sincehavedoneB.与过去时連用時 =ago例题：50.Tomwaselected(president)lastsemester,(but)he(sincehasdevoted)(few)ofhistimetohisjob.答案:D few littleThe(oldest)publicedificeinWashingtonD.C.,theWhiteHousewas(originally)constructedinthe1790’s,(also)hasbeenrebuiltorextensivelyremodeled(threetimessince).答案:C also andEleanorRoosevelt(set)thestandardagainstwhichthe(wives)of(all)UnitedStatesPresidentssincehave(evaluated).答案:D evaluated beenevaluated3．through/throughout14（1）through: “穿過”（某一具體物體） eg:throughtheearth“通過”（某一具體方式） =by eg:throughX-rayanalyses例题：(Although)fluorine氟(tests)andx-rayanalyses,archaeologists(canprove)the(validity)合理性ofartifacts.答案:A although though（2）throughout+時間，“貫穿” eg:throughouthislifetime(Throughout)the1930’s,UnitedStatesgovernment(patronagethe)arts(wasconcentrated)inthesectionoftheWorksProgressAdministration(knownas)FederalOne.答案:B patronagethe patronagetothethoughout+地點，“遍佈” eg:throughouttheworld例题：(Serving)aschiefoftheUnitedStatesChildren’Bureausfrom1921to1934,GraceAbBott(fought)forthe(rights)ofwomenandchildren(through)theworld.答案:D through throughout4．in,inside/intoin,inside表示靜態，強調一種狀態 eg:airinsideahouseinto 表示動態，強調一種動作和過程 eg:shotarrowsintothesky(Thereis)evidencethatthecaribouoriginated(into)NorthAmericaandcrossed(over)alandbridgeintoAsiaand(evolved)intotheOldWorld ’sreindeer.答案:B into in5．of的考點1）遺漏n1.+n2n1+of+n2两个名词不见面例题：46.(Anumberof)thePacificIslandsarevolcanoesthathave(pushedupfrom)theoceanfloor;othersarethe(topssunken)mountain(ranges).答案:Ctopssunkentopsofsunken53.ChristopherPlummerisaCanadian(actor)(who)hasstarred(instage),television,andfilmproductionsonboth(sidesthe)AtlanticOcean.答案:D sidesthe sidesofthe（2）多餘eg:Whenshewas(fortyyearsofold),MaryMorrisVaux(became)thefirstwoman(toclimb)MountStephen(inBritishColumbia).答案:A fortyyearsofold fortyyearsold（3）誤用 eg:acommonusewithgold acommonuseofgold(with有使用意義，與use重復)eg:43.IntheUnitedStates,(the)attorneygeneralisacabinet 内阁 (member)incharge(with)the15(administration)oftheDepartmentofJustice.答案:C with of44.(Toward)theendofhislife,JohnSingerSargent(returned)tothepaintingoflandscapesand(theuse)ofwatercolors,(of)whichheexcelled.擅长答案:D of at（4）of+抽象名詞eg:anobjectofvalue=avaluableobject,itisofgreatvalue=itisveryvaluable其它如：ofinterest/value/importance/necessity/help/nouse,etc.6．by的考法（1）bedoneby只要不是固定词组，被動一定是bedonebyeg:berelatedto√54.(Theceremony)ofmarriage(inthe)UnitedStates(canbe)(performedfrom)ajusticeofthepeace.答案:D performedfrom performedby55.Algebra代数isthe(branch)ofmathematicsconcernedwithoperationson(sets)ofnumbersofother(elements)thatareoftenrepresented(atsymbols).答案:D atsymbols bysymbolsXantheneshaveboth(goodandbad)effectsonthebody,andtheseeffectsare(generally)(determinedon)thesizeand(regularity)ofdosage.答案:C determinedon determinedby（2）bydoing通过某种方法eg:(Alongthe)eastcoast,AmericanIndianwomen ’scouncils(couldveto)(adeclaration)ofwar(atrefusing)tosupplymoccasinsandfieldrations.答案:D arrefusing byrefusing（3）作品by作者eg:studiesbyresearchers,publicationsbyFranklin7．固定詞組及搭配 adv+prep=prepasidefrom,becauseof,onaccountof,accordingto,regardlessof,inspiteof,inhonorof,contraryto,onthecontrary,bymeansof,dueto,owingto,thanksto,onthebasisof,indangerof,inviewof,insteadof,inadditionto,forthesakeof,forthemostpart,inresponseto第三次课16第五章动词謂語動詞1．主謂一致（1）主谓的分隔原则主谓之间可以用定语从句及省略形式的定从分隔S,,VO eg:TheHopi,霍皮人 thetribe,havelived..Sisterlotus，themostbeautifulwomaninChina,feelsverylonely.主谓一致与主语同位语无关，主语可以与插入语无关，主语和同位语二者是主语和表语的关系（2）謂語随后一致 就近not单n(A).but复n.(B)+复V+are notonly 单n(A).butalso 复n(B).+复V+are还有。。。。由B决定谓语（3）謂語随前一致 就远單n.+with,of,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,including,accompaniedwith/by+ 复n.+單V（4）就近一致单n.or复n. eg:isheorwe...对heorweare... 对either 单n.or复n.+are neither 单n.nor复n.+areneithernoreg:Thestructure(or)behavior(ofmany)protozoans 原生动物 are(amazingly)complexforsingle-celled(animals).答案:A or and（5）the+adj.a.表示“一类人”用复数 V eg:Therichareridiculousb.表示某一抽象概念用單数 V eg:Thegoodisattractive./thebadisattractive.eg:Pollen花粉 (canbe)transferredbythewindorbybirds(thatcomes)into(contact)(with)flowers.答案:B thatcomes thatcome（6）定语从句中的主谓一致 eg:.applethatis.. applesthataren.+that/which+V：that和which並不體現單複數，谓语动词的单复数由所限定的名詞决定与that无关eg:Aliquidthatmight(be)apoorconductor(whenpure)isoftenused(to)makesolutionsthatreadily容易的(transmit)electricity.答案:D transmits transmit注意：oneofthe 复n+that/which+ 复Vtheonlyoneofthe 复n+that/which+ 单V17n1+of+n2+that+V 谓语单复数由动作发出者决定eg:The(athlete),together(with)(hiscoach)andseveralrelatives,(are)travelingtotheOlymipicGames.刘翔答案：D are is7）倒装句的主谓一致，后决定前①therebe句型There+be+n.表係主由主決定係eg:(Thereare)no(known)society(inwhich)(left-handed)peoplepredominate.答案:A thereare thereisbetween,among等介词位于句首引起的倒装Between/Among...+be+n.表係主由主決定係eg:65.Betweenthefoothillsof(the)Andesand(the)PacificOcean(are)adrycoastalstrip带averagingabout30miles(inwidth).答案:C are is66.(Among)the(favorite)attractions(atthe)NationalAirandSpaceMuseuminWashingtonD.C.arethe(film)presentedonthefive-story-tallscreen.答案:D film films（8）百分比結構most/half/rest/majority/some/onepercent/one-third/three-quarters+of+Noun.+V （V單複數由Noun.定）n1+of+n2+v谓语由n1决定eg:Approximatelyfiftypercentofthe(package)(utilized)intheUnitedStatesarefor(foods)and(beverages)答案:A package packages72.Amajorityofthereportsreceivedfrompeople(claiming)(tohaveseen)thelegendaryLochNessMonster(haveproventobe)mistakes,misconceptions,or(theywerebeingtricked)答案:D theywerebeingtricked tricks9）可数名词and可数名词+复数謂語不可数名词and不可数名词+复数謂語*當兩個名詞表示一個整體或同一人時用單數謂語：eg:warandpeaceis,lawandorder,breadandbutter,toloveandtobeloved,alawyerandateacherare,alawyerandteacheris1810）·oneof+复数n.+单Vmanya+单.+单V·不定式/動名詞/主語從句 +单Vmorethanone单数n.+单数