GLOBSEC-2022年全球证券交易委员会趋势：乌克兰战争中的中欧和东欧英

inUkraine

GLOBSEC

Trends

2022

CEEamid

thewar

1

GLOBSECTrends2022

“GLOBSECTrends

showuswhatpeoplethink,

highlightthedifferences

betweencountries,and

providethecontextofhow

thedataevolveovertime.But

mostimportantly,theyraise

awarenessandhelpusdefend

ourdemocraticinformation

space.”

IvanKorčok,

MinisterofForeignandEuropeanAffairs

oftheSlovakRepublic

GLOBSECTrends20225

Forfullcreditsand

methodology

Contents

GLOBSECTrends2022

CEEamidthewarinUkraine

Executive

su&ings

9Countryhighlights

12Howtoproceed?

Geopolitics

14East-West

20EuropeanUnion

26NATO

32Strategicpartners

&leaders

Democracy

72Satisfactionwiththe

governancesystem

78Supportfordemocracy

82Conspiracytheories

&polarisingnarratives

86Mediatrust

Warin

53Whoisresponsible?

56Perceptions

ofUkraine

59ImageofRussia

andVladimirPutin

64Internationalresponse

Authors

DominikaHajdu,PolicyDirectorJanaKazaz,ResearchFellow

pleasesee

page90.

KatarínaKlingová,SeniorResearchFellow

MichalKortiš,JuniorResearchFellow

CentreforDemocracy&Resilience

GLOBSEC

alike.”

BenedettaBerti-Alberti,Head,PolicyPlanning,OfficeoftheSecretaryGeneral,

NATO

Ukraine

“The2022

GLOBSECTrendsreport

snapshotofCentralandEastern

Assuch,itisausefulreference

Europeans’perceptionsonkey

forscholarsandpolicy-makers

offersatimelyandinteresting

defenceandsecuritypolicy.

issuespertainingtoforeign,

Countries

surveyed

Lithuania

Poland

Czechia

Slovakia

Hungary

Bulgaria

Latvia

Estonia

Romania

findings

andEasternEuropeans

Executivesummary

Key

Central

TheinvasionofUkraine,includingits

unsettlingbrutality,hasservedasa

remindertoEuropethatpeaceisarather

fragileaffair.Thedevelopmentshavebeen

particularlydisconcertingforCentraland

EasternEuropeancountriesthatpreviously

experiencedbothRussianoccupationand

aggression.Theconflict,however,hasalso

strengthenedsolidarityintheregionand

elicitedasenseofreliefthatthecountries

arenolonger“stuck”betweendifferent

spheresofinfluence.Thepollingdata

forthisreport,whichwascollectedamid

Russia’songoingatrocitiesinUkraine,

measuredrobustandrisingsupport

fortheWestandtheWesternmodelof

governance.CEEsocietiesbroadlyidentify

Russiaastheaggressorandathreattothe

securityofboththeregionandtheworld.

Whileamajorityintheregionareable

todistinguishbetweenrightandwrong,

therearesomealarminggaps.Thisis

particularlytrueincountriesthathave

seenpervasive(pro-)Kremlinpropaganda

gounchallengedforyears.Thedistorted

viewofcertainsegmentsofpopulations

towardseventsinUkraine,combinedwith

potentialeconomichardshipahead,could

leavethesevulnerablegroupsaspotential

targetsforpopulistandautocraticleaders.

Cynicalpoliticalfigures,inthisvein,may

seektoexploitfearandfrustrationfortheir

ownpoliticalbenefit.

AsthemattersinEuropearebecoming

rather“blackandwhite”,soisthisreport.

Whiletherearenuancesanddifferences

acrosscountries,theseareourkeyfindings.

Executivesummary

6

oftheWest

feelpart

EUandNATObackinghasincreasedslightlyoverthepastyear-4in5CEErespondentsnowwanttobepartofWesternstructuresandperceivethemasguarantorsofsecurityandterritorialintegrity.

Russiato

bethe

consider

aggressor

Russiaisnowconsideredathreattonationalsecuritybyamajorityintheregion–underscoringamajorshiftfrompriorreports.ThefavourabilityratingsofVladimirPutinsimilarlyhavedeclinedtorecordlows.

approve

ofpresidentVolodymyrZelensky

UkrainianPresidentVolodymyrZelensky,perceivedfavourablyby2/3oftheregion’spopulation,isfourtimesmorepopularthan

VladimirPutin.

seethe

USasmore

important

TheperceptionthattheUSisastrategicpartnerhassoaredby10percentagepointssince2021-WashingtonisnowviewedasakeyallyinNATOby3/4ofrespondentsintheCEEregion.

GLOBSECTrends20227

Executivesummary

GLOBSECTrends2022

ofChina

over

integration

with

democracy

economic

overmilitary

conspiracy

theories

lack

awareness

MostCEEsocietiesdemonstrateminimalawarenessconcerningpossiblethreatscomingfromChina.Infivecountries,afifthofthepopulationcouldnotindicatewhethertheChineseregimecouldbeasourceofinspirationfortheircountryornot.

Ukraine’s

CEEcountriesaresplitoverwhetherUkraineshouldbecomepartoftheEUand/orNATOorremainneutral.

aremore

satisfied

Satisfactionwithhowdemocracyworks,slightlyincreasedeverywhereexceptRomania.Opennesstoautocraticleaders,however,remainsstrong.

prefer

response

Whilethereisbroadsupportforsanctionsandeffortstodecreasetheregion’senergydependenceonRussia,amajorityalsoopposesendingNATOtroopstoUkraine.

believe

Keyconspiracytheoriesthatunderminetrustindemocraticgovernancestillresonate,findingsupportfromaround30-50%ofCEErespondents.

disagree

Countryhighlights

Bulgaria

Czechia

Hungary

SupportforstayingintheEUinCzechiahasincreasedby

13percentagepointsoverthepastyearandnowstandsat80%.

RespondentsinHungaryaretheleastsupportiveofUkraine’seffortstojointheEUandNATOfromtheregion.Only23%backUkrainejoiningeitherorbothorganisationswhile63%wouldpreferthatUkrainebecomesaneutralcountry.

Russiaisperceivedasasecuritythreatby45%inHungary.PerceptionsthatRussiaisastrategicpartner,meanwhile,wereunaffectedbythewar-around35%identifyRussiaasastrategicpartner,thesamefigureasin2021.

1/5ofrespondentsseesChinaasastrategicpartnerofHungaryandperceiveXiJinpingpositively.Yet48%ofHungarianshadneverheardofhimorwereunsurehowtorespondtothequestion.

Least

pro-Western

country

intheregion

From

Eurosceptics

toEurofans

BulgariaexhibitstheleastEuro-Atlanticorientationamongsurveyedcountries.ItistheonlycountrywheresupportforleavingtheAlliancehasincreasedoverthepastyear(38%nowwishtoexitNATO).

DespitetheinvasionofUkraine,57%ofBulgariansstilldonotconsiderRussiatobeasecuritythreattothecountryand30%considerRussiatobethemostimportantstrategicpartner.

EmmanuelMacronstandsoutastheonlyworldleaderviewedfavourably,atnearly60%approval,byamajorityofBulgarians.

Bulgariansalsoremainvulnerabletoconspiracytheories–54%ofrespondents,onaverage,believedthreeconspiracynarrativesconcerningdemocracy.

Minor

changes

inattitudes

CzechsalsoremainenthusiasticabouttheirrelationswithGermany-74%perceiveBerlinasastrategicpartner,whileCzechiaistheonlycountryintheregionwhereOlafScholzisviewedfavourablybyamajority.

AwarenessofChineseinfluenceisstronginCzechia.50%ofCzechsperceiveChinaasasecuritythreat,thehighestnumberintheregion.

68%ofrespondentsaresatisfiedwithhowdemocracyworksintheircountry,a21-percentagepointincreasesince2020.Czechiaisfurtheroneofthreesurveyedcountrieswhereamajority(58%)truststhemedia.

Satisfactionwithdemocracy,since2020,hasincreasedby9percentagepointstoreach54%.Thiscomesdespitethedeclineinthequalityofthecountry’sdemocracyaccordingtonumerousinternationalindexes.

8

9

GLOBSECTrends2022

Countryhighlights

Estonia

Estoniaboastsoneofthehighestlevelsofsatisfactionwithdemocracyintheregion,reachingtwothirdsofthepopulation.Thisisalsoreflectedinrelativelyhighlevelsoftrusttowardsthecountry’sarmedforces(76%),president(72%)andmedia(52%).

Latvia

Lithuania

Lithuaniansareclearonthegeopoliticalorientationoftheircountry-57%wouldprefertheircountrytoalignwiththeWestand88%supportEUandNATOmembership.Thesefiguresputthemamongthetopintheregion.

AwarenessconcerningRussianaggressionisalsorobustinthecountry–83%considerRussiatobeathreattotheirsecurityand89%perceiveVladimirPutinunfavourably.

ThepublicalsoholdsratherscepticalviewstowardsChina.43%believethatChinaposesasecuritythreattotheircountryand46%considerTaiwantobeindependent.Manyarestillundecided,however,concerningwhetherChinaposesathreattothesecurityoftheircountry(22%)ortheirvaluesandidentity(28%).

Poland

Polishrespondents

measuredupasthemostardentsupportersofNATOmembershipintheregion,with95%keentowardsstaying.

Romania

RomaniaistheonlycountryintheregionwherebackingforaWesterngeopoliticalorientationdecreased-from43%to27%overthepastyear.12%wereunsurehowthecountryshouldbegeopoliticallypositioned.

Slovakia

SlovaksupportforNATOsawamodest9%percentagepointuptickto72%.Whilemorethan70%espousebackingforbothNATOandtheEU,51%stillbelievethatgeopoliticallytheircountrybelongs“somewherein-between”theEastandthe

West.

AlthoughRussiaisperceivedasathreatby62%ofrespondents,37%stillseethecountryasoneofthemostimportantstrategicpartnersofSlovakia.

Slovakiaremainsamongthemostvulnerablecountriestoconspiracytheoriesintheregion,with54%subscribingtovariousconspiracytheories.

Trust

inNATO

Moving

totheEast

Satisfiedwith

democracy

Moreof

theUS,less

ofGermany

NATOenjoyswidespreadtrustinLatvia.Supportformembershipincreasedfrom72%to79%overthepastyearand79%alsobelievethatNATOmembershipreducestheriskthataforeignnationwillattackthem.

NegativeperceptionsofXiJinpingincreasedfrom19%ayearagoto31%today.But38%wereunsurewhetherTaiwanshouldbeconsideredanindependentcountry,partofChinaoradisputedterritory.

Satisfactionwithhowdemocracyworkshasincreasedby22percentagepointssince2020to58%todayandisthesecondhighestintheregion.Preferencesforanautocraticleader,meanwhile,declinedfrom54%to35%.

Latviaranksasoneofonlythreecountriesintheregionwheremorepeopletrustthemediathandistrustit.

Analarming22%ofrespondentsbelievethatRussiahadtherighttoinvadeUkraineand26%thinkthattheWestwasresponsibleforthewarbyprovokingRussia.

Romaniaisalsotheonlysurveyedcountrywheresatisfactionwithdemocracydecreased(from30%to23%).Opennesstoanauthoritarianleader,at60%,alsoremainshighestintheregion.

Asfarassecuritythreatsareconcerned,RomaniansgivethebenefitofthedoubttoBeijing,with73%notrecognisingChinaasasecuritythreattotheircountry.Thisrepresentsa37-percentagepointincreasecomparedto2020-51%“didnotknow”orwereundecidedatthattime.

TheUSalsocementeditsstatusasthemostimportantstrategicpartnerforPoles-73%seeWashingtonthisway,a19percentagepointsincreasesince2021.Meanwhile,therelativeimportanceofGermanyintheeyesofthepublicplummetedfrom48%in2021to27%in2022.

PolesalsoindicatethegreatestwillingnessintheregiontosupportUkraine,with88%backingfurthersanctionsagainstRussiaevenatthepriceofhighercostofproducts.

DistrusttowardsthestandardmediainPolandranksamongthehighestintheregion,withonly34%ofPolesdeclaringtrustinthem.

DespitestrongawarenessofRussia’sthreats,only24%perceiveChinaasasecuritythreattotheircountry,with

22%unsure.

Thisambivalencecamethroughonarangeoftopics:25%donotknowifliberaldemocracythreatenstheirvaluesandidentity,15%donotknowiftheircountrygeopoliticallybelongstotheEastorWestand11%declinedtosaywhetherthecountryshouldstayorleavetheEU.

Ontheotherhand,theyweremoreunequivocalregardingUkraine’sfuture–56%wouldwelcomeUkraineintheEUand/

orNATO.

Vulnerable

and

threatened

position

Strong

onChina

TheSlovakpubliccontinuestoseethreatsallaroundthem.Anaverageof48%ofrespondentsconsidertheUS,Westernsocieties,liberaldemocracyand/ormigrantstobethreatstotheirsecurityand/orvaluesandidentity.

Lithuaniaalsomarkedthehighestincreaseinsupportfordemocracyasasystemofgovernmentoverthepastyear–from70%to79%.

10

Countryhighlights

11

13

12Recommendations

GLOBSECTrends2022

againstRussian

propaganda

yourmistakes

communication

asthefirstlineof

defence

accurateimage

ofRussia

incritical

thinking

5Stepupfight

MostEUstates,amidtheconflict,haveadoptedmeasurestocombatRussianinformationoperations.Buttheeffectivenessoftheseactionsmustbeconstantlyre-evaluatedandthemeasuresadjustedaccordinglyinacontextwherebuy-intotheKremlin’snarrativesisrampantthroughoutsignificantsubsetsofthepopulation.Thereisafurtherneedtoexperimentwithnovelmoresystematicandoffensivemeasures.ThesestepsshouldincludeadditionalEU-wideactionsandsupportofindependentjournalismintheCEEregionandRussia.

8Learnfrom

HavingpermittedtheRussianmaligninfluencetoflourishwithoutappropriatecountermeasuresforyears,EuropemustnowdobetterwithChina.Intensivestrategiccommunication,thedelineationofredlinesoncriticalinfrastructure,andopencommunicationonChineseinfluenceintheregionandhumanrightsviolationsinChinaareallintegral.

9Usestrategic

MaligndomesticandforeignactorsarefillingthevoidleftbycommunicationshortcomingsofbothnationalpublicinstitutionsandinternationalorganisationssuchastheEUandNATO.Theeffectivestrategiccommunicationofpublicinstitutionswillrequireanincreaseinbothpersonalandtechnicalcapabilitiesasafirststep.Successwillalsobecontingentonsocietiesbecomingbetterinformedandresilient.

6Promotemore

Incountrieswithtraditionallystrongerpro-Russiansentiment,thecurrentshiftinperceptionsregardingRussiashouldbeutilisedtoridcertainsegmentsofthepopulationoftheirromanticandnostalgicfeelingstowardsRussia,thebeliefsthathadpreviouslybenefittedRussiannarrativesinpublicdiscussions.Russia’sactionsandinternalissuesshouldbedepictedinamoreaccurate

manner.

10Keepinvesting

Despitepublicopinionshifts,theacceptanceofdisinformationandconspiracytheoriesremainshigh.Investintocriticalthinkinganddigitalskillsacrossallagegroupsand,aswellasintodebunkingandpre-bunkingactivitiesthroughoutsociety.Forthattohappen,inmanycountries,educationneedstoundergoreform.

7Donotlose

CEE,Germany

GermanleadershipneedstotakeamoredecisiveandassertivestancethroughbothitsrhetoricandactionstoresumeitsroleasoneoftheEU’sleaders.ThisapproachwouldalsoenhancetherecognitionandfavourabilityofGermanChancellorOlafScholzwhoisstillratherunknownintheregion.

proceed

now?

Howto

socialpolicy

2Address

concerns

SoaringinflationacrossEuropemustbeaddressedtosustainsupportforsanctions.Socialpoliciesshouldcomplementsanctionsandeffortstobuildresiliencetowardsforeignmaligninfluence,includingcynicaleffortsaimedatexploitingEurope’senergydependence.

Ukrainetofade

supportfor

1Donotallow

away

WhileamajorityofrespondentsnowespousebroadsupportforUkraine,itisparamountthatsocietiesnotforgetthelessonslearnedandreverttopriorbeliefs.Itisimportant,therefore,thatintensivecommunicationeffortsaboutthewar,includingitscausesandconsequences,continueuntiltheconflictreachesafinalresolution.

andunitedEU

3Keepupstrong

TherisingsupportoftheCEEregionforEUmembershipisaresponse,tosomeextent,tothebloc’sunityandactionvis-à-visRussianaggression.TheEUshoulduseitsrenewedstatusasanormativepowertopursueamoreprincipled,tougherstancetowardsdemocraticbacksliding,bothinsideandoutsideofitsborders,alongsideassertivestrategiccommunication.

ofNATO

intheregiontoengageinmoreintensivecommunicationwithcitizensofCEEmemberstates,especiallythosewhoprofessedlowerpro-NATOsentimentinthepast.ThepresenceofNATOsoldiersonthegroundandmilitarycooperationcouldbothrevivediscussionsconcerningsecurityandthevalueofNATOinpromotingpeaceandprosperity.Peer-to-peerstoriescanparticularlyhumanisetheAllianceandunderlinethevalueofmembership.

popularity

4Leverage

NATOshouldleverageitsimprovedimage

44%

inCEEwantto

bepartofthe

West.

inprogress

14East-West

15

GLOBSECTrends2022

partners

East

-West

ofstrategic

Re-evaluation

ThenotionthatCentralandEasternEuropestands

asa“bridge”betweenEastandWesthaslongbeen

aprevailingidentitytropeintheregion.Thewar

inUkraine,however,hascompelledsocietiesto

re-evaluatetheirstrategicpartnersandeventheir

generalgeopoliticalorientation.Inallanalysed

countries,apartfromRomania,thereisadiscernible

shiftinopinionawayfromthepreferenceof

being“somewhere-in-between”toarathermore

unequivocalbackingofaWesterngeopolitical

orientation.CEEcountries,amidthewarinUkraine,

havealsobecomeleadingvoicesincallingforboth

EUandNATOaction.

GLOBSECTrends2022

Thesupport

Therehasrecentlybeenconsiderablediscussion

fortheWest

aboutthegeopoliticalandcivilisationalpositioning

inCzechiahas

ofyourcountry.Wouldyoulikeyourcountrytobe

increasedby

partoftheWest,partoftheEast,orsomewherein

23%.

East

between?

Somwhereinbetween

West

2022

2021

2022

2021

2021

2022

47%

57%

3%*

28%

39%

Lithuania

56%

2%*

38%

58%

33%

Czechia

2%*

29%

54%

36%

44%

Estonia

*Percentages

51%

havenotchanged

overthepastyear

bymorethan2

percentage

points.

1%*

35%

43%

46%

Poland

2%*

49%

43%

53%

39%

Latvia

2%*

53%

38%

59%

32%

Hungary

11%

13%

Slovakia34%26%51%55%

47%

12%*

34%

54%

27%

Bulgaria

37%

27%

24%

6%

43%

46%

Romania

16East-West17

Outliers

Romaniaisaclearregionaloutlier–almost1/4ofrespondentsfavouranEasterngeopoliticalorientation-almostthesamepercentageasthepreferencefortheWesternone.Meanwhile,12%inRomania“donotknow”where

theystandonRomania’spreferredgeopoliticalandcivilisationposition.

backdrop

Ukraine,

SimilarlevelsofindecisivenessareapparentamongEstonians(15%)andLithuaniansandPoles(12%).

and12%of

In4of9

countries

Polesand

amajoritywants

tobepartof

theWest.

Wearethe

wherethey

Westnow

geopolitical

44%ofCentralandEasternEuropeansexpresssupportfortheircountriesadoptingaWesterngeopoliticalorientation.Thesevenpercentagepointsincreaseacrosstheregionmeasuredoverthepastyearmarksthelargestsinceourpollingbeganonthisquestionin2016.In5of9countriesnow,morerespondentspreferaWesterngeopoliticalorientationthanthe“in-between”“Central-Western”approachofneedingtodefineone’sownpath.1

civilisation

oftheir

countries.

ofwarin

Againstthe

15%of

Romanians

areunsure

Estonians

Lithuanians,

standonthe

and

orientations

19

18East-West

region

80%

inCEEwould

votetostay

intheEU.

20EuropeanUnion

21

EuropeanUnion

Continued

TheEUgarnerscontinuedrobust

supportacrosstheCentralandEastern

Europeanregion.Onaverage,80%

ofrespondentswouldvotetostay

intheEU,underscoringthefactthat

EUmembershiphasbecomerather

entrenchedintheregion.Thisfervent

backingisundergirdedbyarenewed

unitedfrontagainstthebackdropof

theRussianinvasionofUkraine.The

EUhasstooduptotheaggressor-

unanimouslyadoptingsanctionsand

othermeasurestoweakentheRussian

economyandhinderpropaganda

efforts.

acrossthe

robustsupport

GLOBSECTrends2022

Imagine,thatthefollowingweekend,therewillbea

referenduminyourcountryonitsmembershipinthe

EU.Howwouldyouvote–foryourcountrytostayin

theEUorleavetheEU?

Stay2022Stay2021Leave2022Leave2021

Thegraphonly

visualiseschanges

incountriesthat

experiencedshifts

over5%inpublic

opinion.

Lithuania

88%

85%

Hungary

80%

Czechia

Slovakia

Romania

80%

88%

Poland

78%

84%

Latvia

66%

77%

75%

Estonia

74%

70%

Bulgaria

6%

9%

18%

17%

Stayorleave?

8%

15%

SupportforEUmembershiphasreachedhistoricalhighsintheregion.ThebackingforstayingintheEUhasincreased,since2021,by14percentagepointsinCzechia,8percentagepointsinLithuaniaand7percentagepointsinHungary.

10%

TheincreasedsupportforstayingintheEUinthepastyearcanbeviewedasareactiontotwocrisesofthepastcoupleyears–COVID-19pandemicandthewarinUkraine-whentheEU

27%

membershipprovedtoberatheradvantageous.

20%

21%

16%

23%

Czechs,thoughconventionallymoreEurosceptic,haveexpressedrecordsupportforEUmembership.Thisdevelopmentisperhapsalsoconnectedtothenew,stronglypro-EuropeangovernmentatthehelmandtheupcomingsecondCzechPresidencyoftheCounciloftheEuropeanUnion.Czechia’sshiftleavesBulgariaasthenowmostEuroscepticcountry.Hungary,foritspart,alsosawhighersupportforEUmembershipfollowingadeclinetheprioryearanddespiteOrbán’scontinuedpropagationofnarrativesagainsttheEU.2

Shiftsin

supportforEU

membership

overtheyears

Czechia

80%

66%

69%68%

54%

20182019202020212022

Hungary

81%82%85%

75%78%

20182019202020212022

22EuropeanUnion

GLOBSECTrends202223

whattothink

ThosewhoconsidertheEuropeanUniontobe

athreattotheiridentityandvalues:

20222020

22%

24%

Thegraphvisualises

incountriesexperienced

over5%inopinion

15%

26%

Poland

Romania

Slovakia

Bulgaria

Czechia

only

changesthatshifts

public

30%

Hungary

Lithuania

Estonia

Latvia

31%

20%

17%

45%

9%

9%

35%

22%

16%

17%

.

”

“[TheEU]hasbeentryingtohelpus,butwefailtoappreciatethis.”

(landscapearchitect,42years,Romania)

ResponsecollectedduringthefocusgroupdiscussionsinMarch2021inRomaniatothefollowingprompt:“WhatisthefirstyouimaginewhenwesaytheEU?”

24EuropeanUnion

EUlessofathreat

Alongsideincreasingsupportfor

EUmembership,therehasbeenacorrespondingdropacrossCEEinthenumberofpeoplelabellingtheEUasathreattotheiridentityandvalues-from26%in2020to19%in2022.Themostpronounceddeclineof23percentagepointsoccurredinCzechia,whichdovetailswithgrowingCzechsupportfortheEUmoregenerally.

Weseeyou,MadamPresident

WhileUrsulavonderLeyenremainsoneoftheleastknownleadersacrossresearchedcountries(surpassedonlybyChinesePresidentXiJinpingandGermanChancellorOlafScholz),hernamerecognitionhasimprovedoverthepastyearbyanotable13percentagepoints.ItappearsthatherleadershipduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,pushforanambitiousrecoveryplan,andrecentunifyingroleinrespondingtoRussiahasmadeherbothmorerecognisableandpopular.

ThegreaterawarenessoftheCommissionPresident,thatsaid,hastranslatedintoariseinbothpositiveandnegativeopinionsofher.Theaverageincreaseinfavourableattitudes,however,outpacenegativeperceptionsbytwotoone.PositivesentimenttowardsvonderLeyenincreasedinallsurveyedcountries(by8percentagepointscomparedto2021),withthemostpronouncedupwardmovementobservedinCzechia.

ThosewhoperceiveUrsula

vonderLeyen,thePresident

oftheEuropeanCommission,

positively:

20222021

Bulgaria