写作篇 Chapter One Paragragh Writing课件完整版

ProgressiveWritingPartOneParagraphWritingChapterOneTheParagraphIV.UnityV.CoherenceI.IntroductionII.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentenceIII.TheConcludingSentenceI.IntroductionAparagraphisabasicunitoforganizationinwriting,inwhichagroupofrelatedsentencesdevelopsonemainidea.Aparagraphmaystandbyitself.Aparagraphmayalsobeonepartofalongerpieceofwritingsuchasanessayorachapterofabook.ThetopicsentenceAconcludingsentenceThreePartsofaParagraph

Supportingsentencesstatesthemainideaoftheparagraph.developthetopicsentence.signalstheendoftheparagraphandleavesthereaderwithimportantpointstorememberI.IntroductionInadditiontothethreestructuralpartsofaparagraph,agoodparagraphalsohastheelementsofunityandcoherence.UNITYmeansthatyoudiscussonlyonemainideainaparagraph.Themainideaisstatedinthetopicsentence,andtheneachandeverysupportingsentencedevelopsthatidea.I.IntroductionCOHERENCEmeansthatyourparagraphiseasytoreadandunderstandbecause1)yoursupportingsentencesareinsomekindoflogicalorderand2)yourideasareconnectedbytheuseofappropriatetransitionsignals.Insummary,awell-writtenparagraphcontainsfiveelements:atopicsentence,supportingsentences,aconcludingsentence,unity,andcoherence.I.Introduction2.ThreeImportantPointsEverygoodparagraphhas

atopicsentence,whichclearlystatesthetopicandthecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.Itis

usually(butnotalways)thefirstsentence

intheparagraph.Atopicsentenceisthe

mostimportant

sentenceinaparagraph.Itbrieflyindicateswhattheparagraphisgoingtodiscuss.I.Introduction

Therearethreeimportantpointstorememberaboutatopicsentence.

1.Atopicsentenceisa

completesentence.

2.Atopicsentencecontainsbotha

topic

anda

controllingidea.Itnamesthetopicandthenlimitsthetopictoaspecificareatobediscussedinthespaceofasingleparagraph.

3.Atopicsentenceisthemostgeneralstatementintheparagraphbecauseitgivesonlythemainidea.Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails.I.IntroductionPositionofTopicsentencesbethefirstsentenseMediaBias(偏见）

Itisnotpossiblefortelevisionnewstobecompletelyobjective.Foronething,somejudgmentisrequiredeventodeterminewhatthefactsare.Reporterswhoarenoteyewitnessesmustdrawconclusionsfromeyewitnessaccountsaboutwhathappened.Moreover,decidingwhatisnewsworthyrequiresjudgment.Thelimitsoftimemakeitnecessarytoselectonlywhatismostimportanttoviewers.Thatselectionprocessisinevitablyaffectedbythepreferencesandbiasesofeditorsandproducers.topicsentenceFurthermore,televisionlendsitselfbettertoactionscenesthanto“talkingheads,”sowearemorelikelytoseeademonstratorwhogetsviolentthantheorderlyproblemsolvingdiscussionofagroupofexperts.bethelastsentenseMedicalMiraclestoComeBytheyear2009,avaccine（疫苗）againstthecommoncoldwillhavebeendeveloped.Bythesameyear,thefirsthumanwillhavebeensuccessfullycloned.Bythe2014,parentswillbeabletocreatedesignerchildren.Genetictherapy治疗willbeabletomanipulategenesforI.Introductionabilities,intelligence,andhair,eye,andskincolor.By2020,mostdiseaseswillbeabletobediagnosedandtreatedathome,andby2030,cancerandheartdiseasewillhavebeenwipedout.Thesearejustafewexamplesofmedicalmiraclesthatareexpectedinthenextfewdecades.I.Introductionimplied

TheroomislocatedonthethirdflooroftheSouthBuilding.Onethirdofitstotalfloorspaceistakenupbyadoublebed.Facingit,inthecornerbehindthedoor,standsacupboardloadedwithpots,bowls,dishes,bottles,andbagsofriceandflour.Adeskcompletelyfillsthegapbetweenthebedandthewallwiththewindow.Behindthedeskisachair,theonlyoneintheroom;anditalmosttouchestheboxesandtrunkspiledagainstthewallontheoppositeside.Thoughwithoutatopicsentence,theparagraphisunified.I.IntroductionII.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentenceFormationTopic

tonamethesubject,ormainideaControllingidea(s)tomakeaspecificcommentaboutthetopic,whichindicateswhattherestoftheparagraphwillsayaboutthetopicConveniencefoodsareeasytoprepare.ThenativefoodsofAmerica’simmigrantpopulationarereflectedinAmericancookingtopiccontrollingideatopicControllingideasII.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentenceEXERCISES1.Circlethetopicandunderlinethecontrollingideaineachofthefollowingsentences.Drivingonfreewaysrequiresnervesofsteel.(2)Drivingonfreewaysrequiresanaggressiveattitude.(3)TheCaribbean(加勒比海的

)islandofTrinidad特立尼达岛

attractstouristsbecauseofitscalypso（荷马《奥德赛》中的海中女神)music.II.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentence(4)SpectacularbeachesmakePuertoRicoatouristparadise.(5)LivinginanAmericancollegedormitorycanbeastressfulexperiencefornewlyarrivedinternationalstudents.(6)Manyreligiousrulesdevelopedfromthehealthneedsofancienttimes.II.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentenceWritingtopicsentence1.Atopicsentenceshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.Toogeneral:

Americanfood

isterrible.Toospecific:

Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy

becauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoods

and

becauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.Good:

Americanfood

istastelessandgreasy.(油腻的

)II.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentence2.Donotinclude

toomanyunrelatedideas

inyourtopicsentence;ifyoudo,yourparagraphwillnotbeunified.Toomanyideas:SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itsmanytouristattractions,anditscosmopolitan世界性的

atmosphere.

(Thethreepartsofthiscontrollingideaaretoounrelatedforaparagraph.Theywouldrequirethreeseparateparagraphs.)Good:SanFranciscoisfamousforitscosmopolitanatmosphere.II.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentenceIII.TheConcludingSentenceItsignalstheendoftheparagraph.Itsummarizesthemainpointsoftheparagraph.3.Itgivesafinalcommentonthetopicandleavesthereaderwiththemostimportantideastothinkabout.

Usetheend-of-paragraphsignaltointroduceyourconcludingsentence.Aconcludingsentenceisnotabsolutelynecessary;infact,aconcludingsentenceisnotcustomaryforeveryparagraphinamulti-paragraphessay.However,forsingleparagraphs,especiallylongones,aconcludingsentenceishelpfulbecause

Synonyms,wordsthathavethesamebasicmeaning,donotalwayshavethesameemotionalmeaning.Forexample,thewordsstingyandfrugalbothmean“carefulwithmoney.”However,tocallapersonstingyisaninsult,whilethewordfrugalhasamuchmorepositiveconnotation.Similarly,apersonwantstobeslenderbutnotskinny,andaggressivebutnotpushy.Therefore,youshouldbecarefulinchoosingwordsbecausemanysocalledsynonymsarenotreallysynonymousatall.Model1:Theconcludingsentencerepeatsthemainideaofthetopicsentenceindifferentwords.TopicSentenceConcludingSentenceIII.TheConcludingSentenceModel2:theconcludingsentencesummarizesthetwomainpointsoftheparagraphGold

Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasminted铸币

twenty-threecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedTopicSentenceinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.ConcludingSentenceIII.TheConcludingSentence1.Pretest Readthefollowingparagraphsanddeterminewhethertheyaregoodparagraphsornot.Locatethetopicsentenceofeachparagraphandfindoutthesentence(s)irrelevanttothetopicIV.Unity

Adventuretravelisthehottrendinthetourismindustry.OrdinarypeoplearenolongercontenttospendtheirtwoweeksawayfromtheofficerestingonasunnybeachinHawaii.Moreandmoreoften,theyarechoosingtospendtheirvacationsraftingdownwildrivers,hikingthroughsteamyrainforests,climbingtheworld’shighestmountains,ortraversingslipperyglaciers冰河

.Peopleofallagesarechoosingeducationalstudytoursfortheirvacations.IV.UnityUnitymeansthatonlyonemainideaisdiscussedinaparagraph.Forexample,ifyourparagraphisaboutthe

advantagesofowningacompactcar,discussonlythat.Donotdiscussthedisadvantages.Furthermore,itisagoodideaforbeginningacademicwriterstodiscussonlyoneadvantage,suchasgaseconomy,ineachparagraph.Ifyoubegintodiscussanotheradvantage,startanewparagraph.Sometimesitispossibletodiscusstwooreventhreeaspectsofthesameideainoneparagraphiftheyarecloselyrelatedtoeachother.IV.Unity2.ImportantPointsofUnityThesecondpartofunityisthateverysupportingsentencemustdirectlyexplainorprovethemainideathatisstatedinthetopicsentence.Donotincludeanyinformationthatdoesnotdirectlysupportthetopicsentence.Sometimesstudentswritesupportingsentencesthatare“offthetopic”.Thesearecalledirrelevantsentences.IV.UnityCoherencemeansbeingconnectednaturallyandlogicallybyacommonprinciple.Agoodparagraphmustbecoherent,thatis,themovementfromonesentencetothenextmustbelogicalandsmooth.Englishismainlyasyntheticlanguage,whichemphasizesthecoherenceinformbyusingtransitionsignals,whileChineseismainlyananalyticallanguage,inwhichcoherenceisachievedmainlybymeaningthroughthecontextratherthanbytransitionsignals.Therefore,acoherentChineseparagraph,iftranslatedliterallyintoEnglish,wouldseemquiteincoherent.V.Coherencethreewaystoachievecoherence1.Repeatingkeynouns.2.Usingpronounsthatreferbacktokeynouns.3.Usingtransitionsignals.V.Coherence3.RepetitionofKeyNounsAcommonwaytoachievecoherenceistorepeatkeynounsfrequentlyinyourparagraph.Thereisgenerallynofixedruleabouthowoftentorepeatkeynounsorwhentosubstitutepronouns.Attheveryleast,youneedtorepeatakeynouninsteadofusingapronounwhenthemeaningisnotclear.Lookatthemodelparagraphabouthowitusesthistechniquetoachievecoherence.Thekeynouninthefollowingparagraphisgold.Circletheword“gold”andallpronounsthatrefertoit.V.CoherenceModel1:ParagraphwithCoherence

Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasminted23centuriesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’ssuits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasminted23centuriesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’ssuits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.model2:

Gold

(withoutcoherence)itItofitsmadefromitit1.Inthefollowingparagraph,thekeynounisneverrepeated.Replacethepronoun

it

withthekeynoun

Englishwhereveryouthinkdoingsowouldmaketheparagraphmorecoherent.

English

Englishhasalmostbecomeaninternationallanguage.ExceptforChinese,morepeoplespeakitthananyotherlanguage.English?V.CoherenceEXERCISESSpanishistheofficiallanguageofmorecountriesintheworld,butmorecountrieshaveitastheirofficialorunofficialsecondlanguage.Morethan70percentoftheworld’smailiswritteninit.ItistheprimarylanguageontheInternet.Ininternationalbusiness,itisusedmorethananyotherlanguage,anditisthelanguageofairlinepilotsandairtrafficcontrollersallovertheworld.Moreover,althoughFrenchusedtobethelanguageofdiplomacy,ithasdisplaceditthroughouttheworld.Therefore,unlessyouplantospendyourlifealoneonadesertislandinthemiddleofthePacificOcean,itisausefullanguagetoknow.????English?4.UseofConsistentPronounsEXERCISES

Inthefollowingparagraph,thepronounsarenotconsistent.Correctthemtomakethisparagraphmorecoherent.OlympicAthletes

Whenyouusepronounsinsteadofkeynouns,makesurethatyouusethesamepersonandnumberthroughoutyourparagraph.

Don’tchangefrom

you

to

he

or

she

(changeofperson),

orfrom

hetothey

(changeofnumber).V.CoherenceOlympicathletesmustbestrongbothphysicallyandmentally.Firstofall,ifyouhopetocompeteinanOlympicsport,youmustbephysicallystrong.Furthermore,anaspiringOlympian

musttrainrigorouslyformanyyears.Forthemostdemandingsports,theytrainseveralhoursaday,fiveorsixdaysaweek,fortenormoreyears.Inadditiontobeingphysicallystrong,heorshemustalsobementallytough.Thismeansthatyouhavetobetotallydedicatedtoyoursport,oftengivingupanormalschool,family,andsociallife.Beingmentallystrongalsomeansthatheorshemustbeabletowithstandtheintensepressureofinternationalcompetitionwithitsattendantmediacoverage.Finally,noteveryonecanwinamedal,sotheymustpossesstheinnerstrengthtolivewithdefeat.peopletheytheytheytheirtheyV.Coherence5.TransitionTransitionsaresignalsusedtoshowthepreciserelationshipbetweenideas.GoSlowStopsimilarideasimilarly,moreoverfurthermoreinadditionoppositeideaontheotherhandhoweverincontrastexampleresultconclusionforexampleasaresultinconclusionconclusion

:inconclusionYoushouldnotuseatransitionsignalinfrontofeverysentenceinaparagraph.Usingtoomanytransitionsignalscanbejustasconfusingasusingtoofew.However,goodwritingrequiresthatyouuseenoughtransitionsignalstomakecleartherelationshipsamongyourideas.V.Coherence6.TypesofTransitionSignalsTransitionalsignalscanbecategorizedintothreegroupsbygrammaticalfunction.Thethreegroupsare:

SentenceConnectorsTransitionPhrasesConjunctiveAdverbsOthersClauseConnectorsCoordinatingConjunctionsSubordinatingConjunctionsAmixedgroupV.CoherenceV.Coherence6-1SentenceConnectors6-1-1TransitionPhrasesUsuallyappearatthebeginningofsentences.Alsoappearinthemiddleorattheendofsentences.Alwaysbeseparatedfromtherestbycommas.Forexample,theBalticSeainNorthernEuropeisonlyone-fourthassalineastheRedSeaintheMiddleEast.TheBalticSeainNorthernEurope,forexample,isonlyone-fourthassalineastheRedSeaintheMiddleEast.TheBalticSeainNorthernEuropeisonlyone-fourthassalineastheRedSeaintheMiddleEast,forexample.V.Coherence6-1-2ConjunctiveAdverbsAppearatthebeginning,inthemiddleorattheendofsentences,separatedbycommas(excepttoo).Furthermore,therunoffcreatedbymeltingsnowaddsaconsiderableamountoffreshwatertodilutethesalineseawater.Therunoffcreatedbymeltingsnow,furthermore,addsaconsiderableamountoffreshwatertodilutethesalineseawater.Myparentswantmetobecomeanengineer,however.V.CoherenceConjunctiveAdverbsAlsousedwithasemicolonandacommatojointwoindependentclausestoformacompoundsentence.Inwarmclimates,waterevaporatesrapidly;

therefore,

theconcentrationofsaltisgreater.Thecompany’ssalesincreasedlastyear;

nevertheless,itsnetprofitdeclined.Mosttransitionphrasesfollowthispattern.SomeEnglishwordsdonothaveexactequivalentsinotherlanguages;

forexample,thereisnoGermanwordfortheadjectivefair,asinfairplay.YetandButAnoppositeideaiscoming.yet=nevertheless

anunexpectedorsurprisingcontrastbut=howeveradirectoppositeThomasEdisondroppedoutofschoolatagetwelve,

yethebecameafamousinventor.Iwanttostudyart,

butmyparentswantmetobecomeanengineer.V.Coherence6-2ClauseConnectors6-2-1CoordinatingConjunctions:

For,

And

,Nor,But,Or,Yet,

So

(FANBOYS)Usedwithacommatojointwoindependentclausestoformacompoundsentence.Inwarmclimates,waterevaporatesrapidly,

sotheconcentrationofsaltisgreater.Thecompany’ssalesincreasedlastyear,

yetitsnetprofitdeclined.V.CoherenceV.Coherence6-2-2SubordinatingConjunctions:

although,

though,

even

though,whereas,while,

if

,

unless,because,when,

sothatIntroduceadependentclause,whichisjoinedtoanindependentclausetoformacomplexsentence.Useacommaifthedependentclausecomesbeforetheindependentone.Althoughthecompany’ssalesincreasedlastyear,

itsnetprofitdeclined.Iftheindependentclausecomesfirst,donotuseacomma.Thecompany’snetprofitdeclinedlastyearalthoughitssalesincreased.V.CoherenceEXERCISES1.Recognizetransitionsignalsinthefollowingparagraphs,underlineallthetransitionsignalsandpunctuatethetransitionsignalsifnecessary.GeneticEngineeringGeneticresearchhasproducedbothexcitingandfrighteningPossibilities.Scientistsarenowabletocreatenewformsoflifeinthelaboratoryduetothedevelopmentofgenesplicing.Ontheonehand,theabilitytocreatelifeinthelaboratorycouldgreatlybenefithumankind.Forexample,itisveryexpensivetoobtaininsulinfromnaturalsources,butthroughgeneticresearch,scientistshavenowdevelopedawaytomanufactureitinexpensivelyinthelaboratory.Anotherbeneficialapplicationofgenesplicingisinagriculture.Geneticengineershavecreatedanewtomatothatdoesn’tspoilquickly.Consequently,tomatofarmerscannowletthetomatoesripenontheplantandV.Coherencedevelopfullflavorandcolorbeforetheyarepicked—nomoregreen,flavorlesstomatoesingrocerystores!Inaddition,geneticengineershavecreatedlargerfish,frost-resistantstrawberries,andmoreproductivecows.Ontheotherhand,noteveryoneispositiveaboutgene-splicingtechnology.Somepeoplefeelthatitcouldhaveterribleconsequences.Alaboratoryaccident,forexample,mightcauseanepidemicofanunknowndiseasethatcouldwipeouthumanity.Furthermore,theabilitytoclonehumanbeingsisapossibilitythatfrightensmanypeople.In1993,aresearcheratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityMedicalCenterclonedhumanembryosbysplittingsingleembryosintotwinsandtriplets.TheseembryosdidnotV.Coherencedevelopintobabiesbutitispossiblethattheycoulddosointhefuture.Becausehumanembryoscanbefrozenandusedatalaterdate,itcouldbepossibleforparentstohaveachild,andthen,yearslater,touseacloned,frozen,embryotogivebirthtoitsidenticaltwin.V.CoherenceV.Coherence2.Choosetherighttransitionsignalthatbestshowstherelationshipbetweenthesentencesineachgroupfromthechoicesgiveninparentheses.Writethesignalinthespaceandaddpunctuationandchangecapitalletterstosmalllettersifnecessary.V.CoherenceThesamearticlesaidthatthecausesofinflationwereeasytofind___________thecureforinflationwasnotsoe