高考英语基础词汇复习及专题讲练

精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义讲义编号-----------学员编号：年级：高三课时数：学员姓名：辅导科目：英语学科教师：学科组长签名及日期教务长签名及日期课题基础词汇复习及专题讲练习10授课时间：备课时间：教学目标基础词汇的掌握及运用,专题的方法技巧指导重点、难点词汇及解题方法的掌握及灵活运用考点及考试要求语言的综合运用能力的考查教学内容PartI检查上一节课的复习效果PartII基础词汇复习1.expand/extend/spread/stretch【解释】 expand指向四面八方的扩大扩张extend强调向某一方向的延长spread指消息，疾病，瘟疫等的传播、蔓延，也指把某物铺开，把胳膊张开stretch指手掌，手臂，腰，腿，颈由曲变直，由短变长的伸展或伸出，多与out连用【练习】用expand，extend，spread，stretch的适当形式填空。1).Theman_______theinformationaround.2).Theempire_______itscountryinthe16thcentury.3).Theroadbuildersworkedhardto_______thehighway.4).She_______outherhandstomeetme.5).Theprojectwill_______thecity’stelephonenetworktocover1000000users.2.occupation/job/work/employment/career/profession【解释】occupation指一个人经常担任的工作，不论是否领取工资。job非正式用语，指一份固定的赚钱工作，不论是否需要技术和特殊训练。work多用来指工作本身，平常我们每做一件事无论大小，都可以称为work。employment指受雇于他人，领取工资谋生计，并且比较固定的工作。career指职业、事业；指某种经过特殊训练而又为之献身的终身事业，带有崇高色彩。profession指那些必须受到特殊教育及训练才可胜任，带有专业性质的工作，多为创造性的脑力劳动。【练习】用occupation，job，work，employment，career，profession的适当形式填空。1).Shehasagood________inthebank.2).Sheisanarchitectby________.3).Sheabandonedherstage________.4).Graduatesarefindingitmoreandmoredifficulttofind________.5).Pleasewritedownyourname,________andaddresshereintheform.1.specially/especially/particularly【解释】 specially=onpurpose故意地；专门地(不是为了别的，而只是为了某一目的而专门采用的某种方式。如：Icameherespeciallytoseeyou.我特地到这儿来看你。especially=particularly=inparticular=inespecial特别地；尤其是；特别是，通常用来对前面所叙述的事情作进一步说明或补充，是有意突出到显眼或例外的程度，强调“超过其他，与众不同”，在介词或连词前用得较多。如：IlikeHarbin,especiallyinsummer.我喜爱哈尔滨，尤其是哈尔滨的夏天。【练习】用specially，especially，particularly填空。1).Ilikemyhometown,_______inspring.2).Theseshoeswere_______madeforyou.3).Acommitteehasbeen_______appointedtolookintothematter.4).Wedidverywellinthisexam,_______mon/usual/ordinary【解释】common意为“普通的，平常的”，指常见的，常发生的，不足为奇的。usual意为“通常的，习惯性的”，可用于一切频繁发生的事情。ordinary意为“通常的，普通的，日常的，随时都可以碰到的”，与common意思接近。【练习】用common，usual，ordinary填空。1).Hearrivedlaterthan_______.2).Rabbitsandfoxesare_______inBritain.3).TomSawyerwasa/an_______Americanboywhokeptgettingintotrouble.4).Our_______workdayiseighthours.5).He’snotanofficer,buta/an________soldier.3.convince/persuade【解释】convince“说服”，着重理智方面的“辩论，证明”。persuade“说服”，着重情感上的“劝告”或“说服某人做/不做某事”。【练习】用convince，persuade填空。1).He_______methatIshouldstudylaw.2).He_______menottostay.3).Theofficialswereeagerto_______usofthesafetyofthenuclearreactors.4).I_______(convince)Isawyouthere,butitmusthavebeensomeoneelse.5).Howcanwepersuadehiminto_______(join)us?1.hungern.[u]饥饿；欲望hungryadj.饥饿的2.expandv.使变大；伸展expansionn.[u,c]扩大；扩展3.satisfyvt.使某人满意达到要求；满足需要satisfiedadj.对……表示满意satisfactory/sarisfyingadj.令人满意的satisfactionn.满意4.freeadj.&adv.自由的(地)免费的(地)vt.解放freedomn.自由5.equipvt.&vi.配备；装备equipmentn.[u]装备；设备6.discovervt.发现，找到discoveryn.被发现的事物，发现discoverern.发现者【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。1).InsomepoorAfricanareas,manychildrendiedof________(hungry)everyyear.2).Thebasicneedsoftheworldpopulationshould________(satisfy)first.3).Thesurveyfoundthatmengotgreater________(satisfy)fromcaringfortheirfamiliesthantheydidfromwork.4).Therapid________(expand)ofcitiescancausesocialandeconomicproblems.5).Weweretoldtokeepalloursports________(equip)inthelockersdownstairs.6).Thepeoplethereenjoycomplete________(free)ofspeech.7).The________(discover)ofelectricitywasFranklin.8).Likemany________(discover),atomicpowercanbeusedforgoodorevil.1.humourn.幽默，诙谐humorousadj.幽默的，诙谐的2.fortunen.(大量)财产，大笔的钱；运气，命运fortunateadj.幸运的，侥幸的fortunatelyadv.幸运地，幸亏3.borevt.使厌烦；n.令人讨厌的人(或事)boredadj.感到无趣的或单调的boringadj.令人厌烦的，乏味的4.mouthn.嘴，口mouthfuln.一口；少量5.directadj.直接的；坦率的adv.直接地vt.对准；指导directionn.方向[pl.]说明书；指引；指导directorn.指导者，主管；董事；导演6.explainv.讲解，解释explanationn.解释，说明，阐述【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。1).________(fortune),thedrowningchildwassaved.2).Hegavea________(humor)accountoftheirtriptoSpainfirst.3).Tomwentoffinone________(direct)andHarryinanother.4).Henowfeltreadytotakeontheroleof________(direct).5).Theearthquakeleftthousandsofpeople________(home).6).I’mstuffed.Icouldn’teatanother________(mouth).7).Notonlyaremothersnotpaidbutalsomostoftheir________(bore)ordifficultworkisunnoticed.8).Thereisnoconvincing________(explain)oftheoverallstructureoftheuniverse.PartIII专题讲练题型归纳──阅读理解的解题要决三──推理判断题本题型主要对短文的结论、隐含意义(寓意)、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，或对原文中没有提及的情况进行推理和想象。我们要在理解原文的基础上纵观全文，汇集短文提供的各项信息，严格按照作者陈述的观点或描述的事实，进行正确地、合乎逻辑地推论和引申，从而选出符合原文信息或作者意图而不是我们主观认为合理的最佳答案。1.写作意图题。有些文章作者不点明自己的写作意图，而是让读者自己去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章中。例：ALBANY,NewYork----Studentswhorelyonworkingatnighttoimprovetheirgradesmightwanttosleeponthatstrategy:anewsurveyintheU.S.saysthosewhoneverstudyallnighthaveslightlyhighergradesthanthosewhodo. Asurveyof120studentsatSt.LawrenceUniversityfoundthatstudentswhohaveneverpulledanall-nighteronaveragehavehighergradesthanthosewhohave.Thesurveyfoundthosewhodonotstudythroughthenighthaveagradepointaverageof3.2comparedto2.95forthosewhohave.Q:Thepurposeofthepassageistotellus____.thebadeffectsofpullinganall-nighterpullinganall-nighterleadstosleepproblemsdoubtsaboutall-nightersall-nightershurtstudents’grades[分析]这是一段科普阅读材料。主要介绍了一项研究──晚上突击学习的人成绩非但没有提高，反而受到了影响，因此D项是作者的写作目的。A项意义范围过大；B项偏离了文章说明的中心内容；C项意义过于模糊。2.态度倾向题。作者的态度倾向往往隐含在文章中，而不会明确说明，因此态度倾向题也是比较有难度的推理判断题型。这类题目一般分为两类：一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法；另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价。议论文或记叙文往往考查作者的态度倾向。如果是议论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意作者总结性的文字。例：TheNBAnowhasaseriousimageproblem;morethananyothersport,it’spulledintwooppositedirections.Asit’sbeenforyears,whitesmakeupamajorityofthefans;blacksmakeupamajorityoftheplayers.Andasthoseplayershavebenefitedfromever-upward-spiraling(不断上升的)paychecks,they’veexercisedtheirinfluencetoshapethesightofthegamearoundthemintheirownimage.… TheNBAhasthepotentialtobeabridgebetweencultures,awaytobringbothsidestogetherincheeringsomeofthebestathletesofanycolor.Butit’safragilebridgeindeed,whereeveryblackorwhiteelementapparentlyforcesoutitsethnic(种族的)opposite.Andit’snothardtoimagineatimewhennobodywillbeinterestedincrossingover.Q:Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheNBAculturecouldbedescribedas____.A.supportive B.doubtful C.critical D.neutral[分析]本文是议论文。分析全文，作者认为在NBA文化中，黑人文化与白人文化之间互相冲突，不利于NBA的发展，因此作者实际上是在对NBA文化进行批判。A项是支持，B项是怀疑，D项是中立。3.细节推断题。细节推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而复出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。此类题要求我们根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、具体信息等。解答此类题要从文章提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维、哲学原理，并借助一定的常识，进行分析、推理、判断。进行细节推断，必须吃透相关文段的意思。例：Inmanycountriesthestandardoflivingenjoyedbytheirpeoplehadincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears.Sadly,noteveryoneinthesecountriesissofortunateandmanypeopleinrichcountriesarehomeless. Thereasonsforhomelessnessarevarious,butpovertyisundoubtedlyoneofthemaincauses.Thehomelesspeoplemayhavebecomejoblessandthenunabletopaytheirrentandsonolongerhavearoofovertheirheads.Often,thefactthatunemployedpeoplegethelpfromthegovernmentpreventsthisfromhappening,butnotalways.… Somecynics(愤世嫉俗的人)declarethathomelesspeoplechoosetolivethelifewhichtheylead.Butwhowouldwillinglychoosetoliveinashopdoorway,underabridgeorinacardboardbox?Q:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat____.A.youwillnotfindhomelesspeopleincountrieswithahighstandardofliving.B.thementalillliveonthestreetbecausetheywantthecompanyofotherhomelesspeopleC.heunemployedwhoreceivehelpmaystillbeamongthehomelessD.thehomelessarewillingtoliveunderabridgeorinacardboadbox[分析]根据第二段最后一句“Often,thefactthatunemployedpeoplegethelpfromthegovernmentpreventsthisfromhappening,butnotalways”可知，政府会(偶尔)帮助失业人员，但不是经常的所以失业人员仍然可能无家可归。4.逻辑结论题。逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查我们的逻辑思维及判断能力，要求我们根据文章提供的细节，推断出合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题我们首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。例：…Chapmanfeelsithisdutytohelptheruralareasthatgetleftbehind.Askhimaboutthesatisfactionofsettingupthecommunitywirelessnetworkandhe’llmentiontwowomenwhoareattendingonlineuniversities----orgrandparentseasilye-mailingtheirgrandchildrenfaraway. “Whenthemembersofthecommunitycontributetheireffortlikethis,theyfeelasenseofownership,”Chapmansays,“Wemayoperatethenetwork,butit’sownedbythecitizensofthecommunity.It’sforthepublicgood.”Q:Fromthelasttwoparagraphsweknowthat____.WestVirginiaBroadhandonlydoesgoodtooldcitizensWestVirginiaBroadhandisoperatedbythecommunityChapmanisamanofsocialresponsibilitiesChapmanisn’tverymuchsatisfiedwithhiswork[分析]从文中对Chapman的描述及他的话中，可以感受到他是一个有着强烈社会责任感的人，他感到帮助偏远地区是他的责任，他这样做是为了公众的利益。5.预测想象题。预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文意中没有明确说明，因此我们要根据语篇，把握作者的写作思路，对事件可能出现的结局后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。例：…Completingacollegeapplicationcantakesometime.Butansweringallthequestionsisnotenough.Anotherimportantstepistakingadmissionstests.TheSATisthecollegeentrytestthatAmericanhighschoolstudentsmostcommonlytake.AnotheroneistheACT. CollegesanduniversitiesmayalsorequireinternationalstudentstotaketheTOEFL(theTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage). IfyouhaveageneralquestionforourForeignStudentsSeries,writetospecial@Q:Whatwilltheauthormostprobablytalkaboutnext/A.SAT B.ACT C.FSS D.TOEFL[分析]第一段介绍了美国高中生的大学入学考试，最后两段提到外国考生要参加TOEFL考试，下文极有可能要对此加以说明。题型归纳──阅读理解解题要决四──词义猜测题利用文章所提供的语境去推测生词是阅读的必备技能之一。词义猜测题是高考必考的题型，所考词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是人称代词的指代内容。1.根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义。这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出。因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义，生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。在做这类题时，要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语，在句中多用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号等来连接。例：…Inanothersurvey,79%ofteensagreedthatpeopleattheiragearen’tcarefulenoughwhengivingoutinformationaboutthemselvesonline.Besides,carelessbloggingcanalsoaffectblogviewers.Whenyouareangryorfrustrated,yourblogisthefirstplaceyouturnto.Thewordsyoupostthenmaynotberationalwhichyoumayregretlater.Tominimizethenegativeeffect,changethepermissionsettingandmakesuchposts“private”sothatonlyyoucanreadthem. Aslongasyouarecarefulwithwhatyoupost,bloggingisagreatmeansofstayingintouchwithfriendsanddisplayingone’screativeworks.Q:Theunderlinedword“rational”probablymeans____.A.strange B.perfect C.helpful D.reasonable[分析]通过本句中的定语从句“whichyoumayregretlater”可知，令人后悔的话肯定是不理智的、欠思考的，是不太合理的发泄或表达，所以D选项最贴近于“rational”的意思：合理的，有道理的。2.根据因果关系猜测词义。因果关系总是同时出现在文章中，有时原因在前，结果在后；有时结果在前，原因在后，因此我们可以根据这一特定的逻辑关系来推测生词的含义。例：…Technologygreatlyinfluencesourstandpointonhowfastwethinkeverythingneedstobedone.Ifyouputadollarinthesodamachine,youexpectthebottletomoveforwardandfalldowntothebottom.Youcan’tcounthowmanytimesyou’vesmackedthemachineifitwenttooslowforyourexpectations.Youwantedinstantresults,immediatefulfillment.…Q:Theunderlinedword“smacked”intheparagraphprobablymeans____.A.clapped B.hit C.kicked D.pushed[分析]从本句后半部分“ifitwenttooslowforyourexpectations”可知，带来的后果显然是你对机器不满意，不知道拍打了它多少次。四个选项中只有B符合。A：鼓掌，轻拍；C：踢；D：推，均不合适。3.根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义。有时分析句子结构，辨别句子成分，分清搭配关系，是判断词义的前提，通过搭配关系得以确定划线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外，转折词but、让步条件状语从句以及unlike,inspiteof,despite,however等一些介词和副词都可以构成意义上的对比关系。例：FinearttreasuresfrommanycountriesarekeptinanartmuseumcalledtheLouvreinParis,France.TheworksofarthavebeencollectedbythepeopleofFranceovermanycenturies.TheLouvrehasnotalwaysbeenamuseum.Thefirstbuildingwasafort.In1190,itwastheking’scastlewithhighwallsandaroundtower.Ithadamoattokeepouthisenemies.Overtheyears,thenumberofbuildingsaroundthecastlegrew.By1350,thecastlewasnolongerneededasafort.Q:Theunderlinedword“moat”probablymeans____.ahightowerbuiltinformertimeswheresoldierswatchedoutforenemiesalonganddeepditchdugroundacastleandwasusuallyfilledwithwateracartpulledbyhorsesonwhichsoldiersfoughtalongandhighwallaroundcastle[分析]从上一句中可知，它是国王的城堡，有着高高的围墙和圆形的塔楼，接下来提到的用来抵御敌人的moat不可能还是围墙或塔楼，故可以排除A、D，也不可能是马车。最符合逻辑的应该是“护城河，壕沟”，故选B。PartIVPractice1完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21—30各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。字数：158完成时间：13分钟难度：***Inrecentyearsscientists'investigationofcometshasincreasedbecauseofagrowinginterestintheoriginofthesunandplanets.Scientistswanttolearnhowcometsare21.Theythinkthatsuchinformationwillhelp22theoriginofthesolarsystem.Theword"comet"comesfromGreekandmeans"hairyobject".Inhistorycometshaveaspecial23.Peoplebelievedthattheybrought24ofdeath,destructionormilitaryvictories.Thetailsofcometsprovide25withspectacularsightsatnight.Comettailsaremillionsofkilometerslong.Thetails26reachlengthsof250millionkilometersand27.ThemostfamouscometofhistoryiscalledHalley'sComet,whichappearsevery76years.ItwasnamedforEdwardHalley,aBritishastronomer.He28theappearanceofthecometin1758,16yearsafterhisdeath.Halley'sCometis29brightandhastwotails.Inthe20thcenturyit30in1910and1986.21.A.constructed B.formedC.created D.composed22.A.explain B.solve C.answer D.demonstrate23.A.site B.place C.spot D.mark24.A.tales B.performances C.news D.stories25.A.viewers B.observers C.astronauts D.pilots26.A.finally B.frequently C.easily D.eventually27.A.more B.much C.farther D.extra28.A.guessed B.predicted C.felt D.promised29.A.equally B.entirely C.extremely D.unnaturally30.A.returned B.recycledC.recreated D.recrossed2.语法填空阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31-40的相应位置上。字数：175完成时间：9分钟难度：**Inordertoknowaforeignlanguagethoroughly,fourthingsarenecessary.Firstly,wemustunderstandthelanguagewhenwehear31spoken.Secondly,wemustbeabletospeakitourselvescorrectlywithconfidenceandwithouthesitation.32,wemustbeabletoreadthelanguage,andfourthly,wemustbeabletowriteit.Wemustbeabletomakesentencesthataregrammaticallycorrect.Thereisnoeasywaytosuccess33languagelearning.34goodmemoryisagreathelp,butitisnotenoughonly35(memorize)rulesfromagrammarbook.Itisnotmuchuselearningbyheartlonglistsofwordsand36meanings,studyingthedictionaryandsoon.Wemustlearnbyusingthelanguage.37wearesatisfiedwithonlyafewruleswehavememorized,wearenotreallylearningthelanguage.“Learnthroughuse”isagoodpieceof38(advise)forthose39arestudyinganewlanguage.Practiceisimportant.Wemustpractisespeakingand40(write)thelanguagewheneverwecan.3.阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。词数：349完成时间：6分钟难度：**Anearthquakeisliterallyanearth-shatteringexperience!Thereyouareenjoyinganafternoonnap,havingacupofcoffeeinthemorning,orevensleepingonacoldwinternightwhen--WHAM!--theentirecrockery(陶器)shelfcollapses,andalltheplatesandcupsbreakintopieces.Apaintingonthewallnearlyknocksyoudownasitfalls.Whatshouldonedoinanearthquake?Theprime-time(黄金时间的)newsgivesnowarning,noristhereatimeofyear,likethemonsoon(季风)season,whenanearthquakealwaysoccurs.Unlikeatornadoorhurricane,thereisnoknownwayofpredictinganearthquake.Thoughabout500,000earthquakesoccureachyear,only100ofthemcausedamage!However,anearthquakecanstrikeanytimeofthedayornight,soitneedstobepreparedforwhenyouhavethemisfortuneofbeingcaughtinthemiddleofone.Ifyou'reindoors,stayindoors,unlessyou'reonthegroundfloor,whereyoucaneasilyrunoutside.Thebestthingtodoifyou’reindoorsistohideunderastrongpieceoffurniturelikeabedordesk.Donotheadforthestairwayifyou'relivingonanupperstorey,becausestairwayscancollapse.Ifyou'redriving,getoutoftrafficandstoponawideandopenroad.Donotstoponabridge,orinanothercase,underone.Stayinsideyourcaruntiltheshakingstops.Beforeyourestartdriving,lookoutforfissures(裂缝),breaksintheroad,andbumpsorcracks.Insideyourhome,becarefulnottommonthegasuntilyou'resurethecylinder(煤气罐)issafe,andthereisnoleak.Avoidusingyourtelephoneunlessthere’sanemergency.Youcouldbeoccupyinglinesthatareneededbyotherpeople.Lastly,ifyou’renottrappedorseriouslyhurt,donotexpectfirefighters,armyorpolicetohelpyou.Theymaybebusyrescuingpeopleingreaterneedthanyou!41.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellusabout?A.Howtopredictearthquakes.B.Whattododuringanearthquake.C.Thedamageanearthquakecancause.D.Thefactorsthatcauseanearthquake.42.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat__A.monsoonsusuallycomeatcertaintimesoftheyearB.therearenoknownwaystopredicthurricanesC.therearewarningsignsbeforeearthquakesstrikeD.atornadocancomeatanytime,andishardtopredict43.Whatshouldyoudoifyouareonthefirstfloorofabuilding?A.Stayinside.B.Headforastairway.C.Hideunderastrongpieceoffurniture.D.Runoutsideimmediately.44.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"collapses"meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Breaksout. B.Fallsdown. C.Cutsdown. D.Dropsout.45.Whatshouldyoudoifyou'redrivingonabridgeduringanearthquake?A.Stopwhereyouareandgetoutofthecar.B.Leavethecarandnmaway.C.Keepondrivinguntilyou’reoffit.D.Stopunderthebridgeandstayinsideyourcar.4.基础写作假设你是一位心理辅导老师，你的一位学生因为考试成绩不好而向你求助。针对他的情况，请你以MarksDoNotMeanEverything为题，写一篇短文开导他。要点：1．成绩好坏并不意味着一个学生的优劣；2．成绩是可以通过自身的努力提高的；3．要学会调整心态，争取进步；4．只要自己付出了，就没有什么可后悔的。(写作要求)1．必须使用5个句子介绍全部所给的内容。2．将5个句子组织成连贯的一篇短文，使用必要的连接词。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.PartVHomework巩固本节课的内容Keys:1).spread2).expanded3).extend4).stretch5).ExpandKeys:1).job2).profession/occupation3).career4).employment5).occupationKey:1).especially/particularly2).specially3).specially4).EspeciallyKey:1).usual2).common3).ordinary4).ordinary5).common/ordi