【高三英语复习备考】构词法对语法填空的解题帮助

英语构词法对语法填空的解题帮助英语词汇的构成有一定的规律和法则，这种造词的方法我们叫做，构词法”。掌握一定的构词法知识，可以降低阅读中的生词量，使阅读更流畅。当然，构词法也能对我们的高考新题型语法填空产生极大的帮助，所以小编就为同学们整理了一些对我们答题有所帮助的常用构词法及解题技巧，希望能够对同学们有所帮助。1三种主要构词法英语主要有三种构词法，即转化法、合成法和派生法。.转化法就是把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种词类。如：Youcanwatertheflowerswithdirtywater.你可以用脏水浇花。说明：第一个water是动词（浇水），第二个water是名词（水）.合成法就是把两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词。如：Fewpeoplerealizedthatdustmenweredoinganimportantjob.很少有人意识到清洁工人的工作非常重要。说明：dustman（清洁工）由dust和man两个单词合成，dustmen是其复数形式。.派生法就是将一个单词附加前缀或后缀，变为一个新单词。前缀附加在单词前面，一般不改变原词的词类，但会引起词义的变化。后缀附加在单词后面，一般不改变原词的基本含义，但会引起词类的变化。如：Wethinkitimpossibletofinishtheworkontime.我们认为不可能按时完成这个任务。说明：impossible就是在词根possible前面加上前缀im-后构成的一个派生词。词根possible（可能的）和派生词impossible（不可能的）都是形容词，词类没变，词义变了。Mygrandpalooksveryhealthy.我爷爷看起来很健康。说明：healthy就是在词根health后加上后缀-y构成的派生词。health（健康）是名词，healthy（健康的）是形容词，词义不变，词类变了。2重要考点提示在语法填空中，经常会用到构词法，且考查的重点是派生词。如：（1）Wedranktogetherandtalked38（merry）tillfarintothenight1

(2)Thisproverbissayingwehavetoletthingsgointheir39 (nature)course.以上两题都是考查考生对派生法的掌握情况的，第(1)题中的drank和talked都是动词，修饰谓语动词作状语，应用副词，所以填merrily；(2)中的course是名词，在名词前作定语用形容词，所以填naturalo3常见前缀与后缀.常见前缀前缀含义例词en-使可能enrich丰富enable使能够，使有机会enlarge扩大dis-不，否定dissatisfy使不;满意disappear消失disagree不同意dishonesty不诚实disadvantage不利条件un-不unable不能够unlucky不幸的unhappy不开心的un+v.做相反动作undress脱衣服unload卸货uncover揭开inim-ir-il-不，非inactive不活跃的incorrect不正确的impolite不礼貌的impossible不可能的immoral不道德的irregular不规则的irresponsible不负责任的illogical不合逻辑的illegal非法的non-不，非non-existent不存在的non-stop直达的，连续不断的mis-错误的，坏的misunderstand误解mislead误导misfortune厄运,不幸re-重复，再rewrite重写,remarry再婚super-在上面，超级supermarket超市supermodel超级名模superstar超级明星under-在……之下underestimate低估underground地下的inter-相互，之间international国际的interact交流，合作，相互作用semi-半semifinal半决赛semicircle半圆

semi-conscious半昏迷半清醒的multi-多，多种multi-national多国的multi-colored多种颜色的multi-cultural多文化的kilo-千kilometer千米,公里kilogram十克tele-远telephone电话television电视a-在……上俚向 aboard在船/火车/飞机上ahead在前面aside向旁边abroad在国外.名词后缀后缀含义例词n.+er相关的人farmer农夫officer官员v.+er从事某种职业、进行某种活动的人teacher教师worker工人reader读者writer作豕地点名词+er住在某处的人Londoner伦敦人villager村民-ess女……actress女演员hostess女主人-or同er-conductor售票员visitor游客inventor发明豕actor演员survivor幸存者editor编辑-ar同er-beggar乞丐-ese某国人，某国语Chinese中国人，汉语Japanese日本人，日语-ian从事某职业的人musician音乐豕physician医师，内科医生-ist从事某职业的人scientist科学豕dentist才医pianist钢琴豕artist艺术豕communist共产主乂者socialist社会主乂者-ment行为的结果argument争论judgment判断-ness状态，情况，特征happiness幸福illness疾病-tion动作彳亍为dictation听写preparation准备

-ship身份，状态leadership领导friendship友谊citizenship国籍；公民权-anceacceptance接受appearance外表；出现-enceconfidence信息reference参考n.+ful以该名词容量为单位的量glassful一杯mouthful一口plateful一盘spoonful一羹匙-alrefusal拒绝denial抵赖arrival到达approval赞成；批准burial埋葬；葬礼survival幸存-ydifficulty困难possibility可能性-ismsocialism社会主乂materialism唯物主乂.形容词后缀后缀例词-alindustrial工业的national国家的,民族的-anEuropean欧洲的American美国的，美洲的-erneastern东方的northern北方的southern南方的-ablereasonable合理的believable可相信的unbearable难以忍受的-fulcareful仔细的,小心的cheerful兴高采烈的beautiful美丽的-ishchildish孩子般的selfish自私的foolish愚蠢的-iveactive活跃的积极的creative创造性的destructive破坏的；毁灭性的-ythirsty口渴的dirty脏的windy有风的-engolden金色的，金的wooden木的,木质的woolen羊毛的-ouscontinuous持续的various各种各样的-aryimaginary幻想的revolutionary革命的

-ic i“ealistic现实的historic历史的-some t:roublesome麻烦的lonesome孤独的,寂寞的-like (childlike孩子般的,单纯的womanlike女人般的-ly 1triendly友好的lovely可爱的(-lessicareless粗心的harmless无害的homeless尢家可归的useless尢用的4.动词后缀后缀含义例词-en使……成为，使……具有widen加宽sharpen削尖deepen加深strengthen加强shorten缩短soften软化quicken加快adj.+ize使……变成，使……化Americanize美国化civilize使开化modernize现代化nationalize国有化-y使……化beautify美化simplify简化5.副词后缀-ly是最常见的副词后缀,可以附加在形容词后，构成与原形容词意义相同的副词。如：slowly缓慢地,happily高兴地,truly真实地,wholly全部地,simply纯粹地4解题技巧解答这类试题，首先要结合不同词类的不同用法来分析判断用哪种词类的词，然后再根据构词法将括号中的词改为所需要的词类。具体来说，须注意以下四点。.动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词后一般接名词或动名词，如果所给单词是其它词类,就要将其改为名词,并注意名词数的变化。(1)Doyouknowthe(deep)oftheriver?(2)His(careful)resultedintheterribleaccident(3)Heisoneofthe(science)whosupportthistheory.答案：(1)depth(2)carelessness(3)scientists.动词、介词后一般接名词或动名闻如果所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式，如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式；如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词。如：(1)Pleasepay(attend)toyourhandwriting.2)His(arrive)madethesituationworse.(3)Theteacherwasangryatmy(come)late.答案：(1)attention(2)arrival(3)coming.动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时还要考虑副词级的变化。如：(1)Theboyran(quick)toschool.(2)“What’sthat?”Fathershouted(angry).(3)Thelittlegirlis(extreme)eagertoknowtheresultoftheexam。4).Hewasverytiredafterdoingthisforawholeday,buthefeltveryhappysincethecropdid“grow”(height).答案：(1)quickly(2)angrily(3)extremely(4)higher.在名词前作定语，在系动词后做表语，以及作主语或宾语的补足语时，通常要用形容词如果所需询为形容词时,还要考虑形容同级的变化。What,sthe(width)riverintheworld?The(strength)webecome,themoremodestweshouldbe.答案：(1)widest(2)stronger5即时训练单句填空：用所给单词的适当形式填空。Marywasveryatthenews,soshelookedatherhusband,hereyesfullof(sad).Hefootballverywellandhewasoneofthebestinyesterday,sfootballmatch.(play)Look!HowKateislaughing!Sheseemstobethegirlintheworld(happy).Toour,theheadmasterwasverywithourreport.(satisfy)Edisonwasagreat.Duringhislifehehadmany.(invent)Ishouldmytaskandmakeittofinishit.(simple)Theboyhavingtheofbeinghalfstarved,nevertobeseenagain.(appear)ThepolicethepotandaplotagainstthePresident.(cover)Youaresotohelpme.Thankyouforyour.(kindly)Everythingisbecomingthanbeforeandmanycollegestudentshadtoworktomakesomemoneyfortheircollege.(expend)语篇填空：用所给词的适当形式填空ARaftingisan1_(excite)adventure.Araftisasmallboatthatyoucanusetopaddledownriversandstreams.Raftingisagoodwaytoexperience2 (natural).Ifyouwantanormalraftingtrip,chooseaquietstreamorriverthatiswideandhasfewfallentreesorrocks.Ifyouarelookingformore3(excite),youmaywanttotrywhitewaterrafting.Whitewaterraftingis4(adventure)and5(difficulty)thannormalrafting.Itisdoneonriversandstreamswherethewatermoves6 (quick).Youhavetobe7 (care)nottohitrocks,treesandother8 (dangerous).Thename“Whitewater”comesfromthefactthatthewaterinthesestreamsandriverslookswhitewhenitmovesquickly.BSteveJonesisan1 (environment)expertwhotriestokeepanimalsandplantsfrom2 (become)endangered.Ifweknowmoreaboutwhatcauses3 (danger),wemaybeabletotakemeasuresbeforeitistoolate.Aspeciescanbecome4 (endanger)for5(differ)reasons.Animalsandplantsmusthaveahabitatorhome,whichis6 (comfort)andclean,andwherethereisenoughfoodandotherresources.Otherwisetheycannotlive7 (comfortable).Theyareallusedtotheirenvironment;thatis,theyhavelearnthowtolive8 (succeed)intheirhabitat.【参考答案】一、单句填空1.sad,sadly,sadness2.played,players3.happily,happiest4.satisfaction,satisfied5.inventor;inventions6.simplify,simpler/simple7.appearance,disappeared8.discovered,uncoveredkind,kindness10.moreexpensive,expenses二、语篇填空1.fortably8.successfully语法填空专项训练(1)Ajoblessmanappliedforthepositionof“officeboy”atabigfirm.TheHRmanager_1__(interview)him,thenatest:cleanthefloor.“Youarehired,”hesaid,“givemeyouremailaddress,2__I'llsendyoutheapplicationtofill.”Themanreplied“Idon'thaveacomputer,__ 3anemail”.“I'msorry,”saidtheHRmanager,“thatmeansyoudonotexist.And__4doesn'texistcannothavethejob.”Themanleft_5_nohopeatall.Hedidn'tknowwhattodo,withonly$10inhispocket.Hethendecidedtogotothesupermarketandbuya10KGtomatocrate.Hethensoldthetomatoesinadoortodoorround.Inlessthantwohours,he_6—(success)indoublinghiscapital.Herepeatedtheoperation3times,andreturnedhomewith$60.5yearslater,themanisoneofthe_7―(big)foodretailers(零售商)intheUS.Hestartedtoplanhisfamily'sfuture,anddecidedtohavealifeinsurance.Hecalled_8__insurancebroker,andchoseaprotectionplan.Whentheconversationwasconcluded,thebrokeraskedhimhisemail.Themanreplied:“Idon'thaveanemail”.Thebrokerreplied__9__(curious),“Youdon'thaveanemail,andyethaveestablishedanempire!Doyouimagine_10__youcouldhavebeenifyouhadanemail?”Themanthoughtforawhile,andreplied:“Anofficeboy!.interviewed这里应填谓语动词的过去时，HRmanager:人力资源部经理。.and“Dosth.,andsb./sth.will.1是一个常见句型，例如：Useyourhead,andyou'llfindaway..neither/nor/or若上句是否定句，则后一句常用neither或nor表示“也不，也没有”。另外，在否定句中的并列连词不用and多用or。.whoever在这里作主语引导主语从句，整句意思是“凡是不存在的人都不能拥有这份工作。”.withwithnohopeatall二withoutanyhope:不怀任何希望。.succeeded此处缺少谓语动词。.biggest这里应该用形容词的最高级形式，在oneofthe+形容词+名词的结构里，形容词应是最高级形式，例如：Sheisoneofthemostdiligentstudentsinourclass..ananinsurancebroker：一个保险经纪人.curiously这里应填副词作状语修饰动词replied。.what引导宾语从句，在从句中作havebeen的表语。整个宾语从句用了虚拟语气，意思是：“要是你有email,那你又该成了什么样的人哪？”(2)Therewasonceaboywhohadatemper.Hisfathergavehimabagofnailsandtoldhimthateverytimehelosthistemper,he1hammeranailintothebackofthefence.Thefirstdaytheboy_2一(drive)37nailsintothefence.Overthenextfewweeksashelearnedtocontrolhisanger,thenumberofnailshammered3(gradual)decreased.Hediscovered4waseasiertoholdhistemperthantodrivenailsintothefence.Finallythedaycame5hedidn'tlosehistemper.Hetoldhisfatherandhisfathersuggestedthattheboynow6(pull)outonenailforeachdaysothathewasabletoholdhisanger.Thedayspassedandtheboytoldhisfatherthatallthenailsweregone.Thefathertooktheboy_7__thehandandledhimtothefence.Hesaid,“Lookattheholesinthefence.Thefencewillneverbethesame.Whenyousaythingsinanger;theyleaveascar(疤痕)justlikethe_8___onthefence.Itwon'tmatterhowmanytimesyousayIamsorry,_9_woundisstillthere.Averbalwoundisasbadasaphysicalone.Friendsareveryrare.Theymakeyousmileandencourageyou10(success).Theylendanear,andalwayswanttoopentheirheartstous.”.must根据上下文，这里应该填意为“必须”的情态动词.drove此处应该是谓语动词的过去式。.gradually这里需要副词修饰动词decreased，意为“逐渐减少”。.it这里作形式主语指代后面的不定式短语。.when引导定语从句修饰主语theday，因谓语动词太短仅came一个词，故将从句后置。全句意思是：他不发脾气的那一天终于到来了。.(should)pullsuggest(建议)后的宾语从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气，即should+V-原形，should可省略。.bytakesb.bythehand是习惯搭配，凡表示“拉、拖、握、揪、牵”等意思的英语动词都是这个搭配，即take/seize/pull/lead...sb.bythesleeve/hair/arm/nose/ear...。.ones指代上文的scar，这里用复数指代篱笆上被钉子顶过的洞痕。.thewound在这里是特指前面提到的疤痕scar，故应该加定冠词。.tosucceed鼓励某人做某事：encouragesb.todosth.。AnoldmanwholivedinasmallstreetinthecityofMumbaihadtoputup1 thenuisance(烦心事)ofhavingboysplaycricketoutsidehishouseatnight.Oneeveningwhentheboyswere_2__(particular)noisy,hewentouttotalktothem.Heexplainedthathewashappiest3—hecouldseeorhearboysplayinghisfavouritegame,cricket.Hesaidhewouldgivethem25rupees(卢比)eachweektoplayinthestreetatnight.Theboyswerethrilled.Theywerebeingpaidtodosomethingtheyenjoyed!Attheendofthefirstweekthey_4__(knock)attheoldman'sdoorandaskedhimtopaythem,andsohedid.Thesecondweekwhentheyaskedfor_5—(pay)hesaidhehadrunoutofmoneyandsentthemawaywithonly15rupees.Thethirdweekthemansaidhehadnot6receivedhispensionandgavethemonly10rupees.Theboyswerevery_7__(disappoint)buttherewasnotmuchtheycoulddoabout_8—.Thefourthweekthemansaidhecouldnotaffordtopaythem25rupees_9__hehadpromised,butwouldgivethem5rupeeseachweekwithoutfail.Thiswastoomuchfortheboys.“Youexpectustoplaysevendays10weekforamerely5rupees!”theyyelled.“Gotoblazes.”Theystormedawayandneverplayedonthestreetagain..withputupwith是一个词组，意为“忍耐，忍受”。.particularly修饰形容词noisy应该用副词。.when在这里引导一个时间状语从句。.knocked此处应该是谓语动词的过去式。.payment介词后面应该用名词，askforpayment:索要报酬。.yet在否定句式中用yet，表示“尚未”。.disappointed感到失望的。Disappointing是“令人失望的”。.it指代“要钱”这件事。.as在这里引导一个方式状语从句，意思是：按照先前承诺的那样。.aaweek二perweek,everyweekManyyearsago,whenIworkedasavolunteeratStanfordHospital,Igottoknowalittlegirl_1一(name)Lizwhowassufferingfromarareandseriousdisease.Heronlychanceofrecoveryappearedtobeabloodtransfusion(输血)_2__her5-year-oldbrother,—3__hadmiraculouslysurvivedthesamediseaseandhaddevelopedtheantibodiesneededtofightthe__4_(ill).Thedoctorexplainedthesituationtoherlittlebrother,andaskedtheboyifhewouldbewillingtogivehisbloodtohissister.Isawhimhesitateforamoment_5__takingadeepbreathandsaying,“Yes,I'lldoit__6_itcansaveLiz.”7thetransfusionprogressed,helayinbednexttohissisterandsmiled,aswealldid,—8_(see)thecolorreturningtohercheeks.Then_9―facegrewpaleandhissmilefaded.Helookedupatthedoctorandaskedwithatremblingvoice,“WillIstarttodierightaway?”Beingyoung,theboyhad10(understand)thedoctor;hethoughthewasgoingtohavetogivehissisterallofhisblood.答案：.named过去分词作定语，相当于定语从句：whowasnamedo10.from根据上下文应填介词from:从她弟弟身体输血给她。.who引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。.illness填名词作fight的宾语。.before根据上下文应填before。全句意思是：“我看见他犹豫了片刻才深吸一口气说……”。Before可以根据上下文译成汉语的“才 ”或者"就 ”。例如：ItwasonlyhalfanhourbeforeIfinishedallmyhomework.仅半个小时我就完成了所有的作业。.if全句意思是：“如果（输血）能够挽救莉紫，我愿意这样做。”.As在这里是“随着”的意思。.seeing现在分词作主要动作lay（躺着）的伴随状语。.his他姐姐的脸上慢慢有了颜色（thecolorreturningtohercheeks），而他自己的脸却变得苍白起来，因为把血输给了姐姐。.misunderstood根据后文“他以为(hethought…)”，证明小男孩是误解了医生。(5)NobelPrizeinLiteraturefor2013isawardedtotheCanadianauthorAliceMunro,“masterofthecontemporaryshortstory”.Canada'sAliceMunro- 1(call)the“masterofthecontemporaryshortstory”-wonthe2013NobelPrizeinLiterature,theSwedishRoyalAcademyofSciencesannouncedThursday.Theprizecommitteecomparedthe82-year-oldauthor2AntonChekhov,the19thcenturyRussian3isconsideredoneofthegreatestshortstorywritersinhistory.She'sthefirstCanadian-basedwriter4(win)theliteratureaward.SaulBellow,whowonitin1976,wasborninQuebecbutmovedtotheUnitedStatesasachildandisregardedas__5_U.S.author.Munroisthe13thwomantoreceivetheliteratureprize.“OnbehalfofallCanadians,”CanadianPrimeMinisterStephenHarpersaidinatweet,“__6__(congratulation)toAliceMunro.”Aftertheprestigiousaward7(announce),theNobelcommitteesaidonTwitterthatithadn'tbeenabletocontactMunroandleftaphonemessagetotell_8―thegoodnews.ButTheCanadianPresscontactedher,andshewasquotedassayingtheawardwas“quitewonderful”andshewas“9(terrible)surprised”.“IknewIwasintherunning,yes,10IneverthoughtIwouldwin,”shesaid,accordingtoaTorontoStarstoryquotingTheCanadianPress.答案：11文章大意：诺贝尔奖官方宣布，2013年诺贝尔文学奖授予加拿大女作家爱丽丝门罗，颁奖词称其为“当代短篇小说大师”。.called考查过去分词。call和逻辑主语AliceMunro之间是被动关系，应用被动语态作定语。.to考查介词。compare...to...把……比作……。本句句意是：组委会把这位82岁的女作者比作19世纪俄国作家契诃夫。.who考查关系代词。who引导定语从句修饰AntonChekhov,the19thcenturyRussian,并在从句中作主语。.towin考查不定式。thefirst/second…后要接不定式作定语。.a考查冠词。此处是泛指一位美国作家，应用不定冠词表泛指。.congratulations考查名词。表示祝贺时，应用congratulation的复数形式。.wasannounced考查被动语态。announce和award之间是被动关系，且是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态。.her考查人称代词。指代上文中提到的Munro。.terribly考查副词。修饰形容词(surprised),应用副词。.but考查连词。句意：我知道我有希望，但我从来没想过会获奖。上下文之间是转折关系，应用but连接。(6)Onlineshoppingiscomingintofashioninmostcities,wherepeopleareabletomakefulluseoftherapidly-developedinternettechnology.Nowadays,canwefindaperson1hasnotexperiencedonlineshopping?Definitelynot.Onlineshopping2(welcome)bymostpeopleduetovariousreasons.Fromtheperspectiveofconsumers,itcansavesometimeforpeoplewhodon'thavemuchsparetime.Justclickthemouse,theycanget3theywantwhilestayingathome.Fortheretailers,itcancutsomecostsforthosewhodon'thavemuchcirculatingfunds.4(compare)withthetraditionaltrademode,theydon'thavetospendmoneyinrentingahouse._5__,therearestillsomedisadvantagesinonlineshopping.First,aface-to-facedealmakesonlineshoppingless_6_(rely)andtrustworthy.Second,peoplewilllose_7_funofbargaining._8__isundeniablethatshoppingontheinternethasbecomeanirresistibletrendinmodernsociety.It'sofgreaturgencythatweneedtomaketherelativelawsinaccordance_9—therapidgrowthofonlineshopping.Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoythepleasureand10—(convenient)ofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernofbeingcheated.答案：12文章大意：网购作为一种时尚给大家的生活带来了便利，但是网购仍然有自己的不足。.who/that考查关系代词。person后面跟的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，且先行词指人，应用who或者that引导。.iswelcomed考查语态。welcome和主语onlineshopping之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。.what/whatever考查关系代词。get后面是宾语从句，从句中缺少want的宾语，应用what或者whatever。.Compared考查过去分词。comparedwith与 相比。.However考查副词。上下文之间是转折关系，且空后面有逗号，应用however。.reliable考查形容词。此处是“make+复合宾语”结构，由句意“面对面的交易使网上购物不那么可信。”可知，应用形容词作宾语补足语。.the考查冠词。此处是特指“讨价还价的乐趣”。特指加定冠词the。.It考查代词。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。.with考查介词。句中inaccordancewith是固定搭配，意为“与 一致”。.convenience考查名词。convenience和pleasure是并列关系，作enjoy的宾语，应用名词。We'veheardofpeoplebeingreunitedwiththeirweddingringsafterlosingthem,andoneU.K.woman'sstorymaytakethecake.BrendaCaunterlostherweddingring41yearsago1—gardeninginheryard.SheandherhusbandDavesearchedforthering_2―invain,andDaveendedup_3—(replace)thenine-caratring,accordingtoTheDailyMail.Butthisweek,morethanfourdecadesaftertheringwent4—(miss),itwasreunitedwithitsowner.Davespottedoneoftheir_5__(neighbor)usingametaldetectorandaskedhimtocheckthearea_6__Brendalostthering,ontheoffchancethatitmightstillbethere.Andsureenough,itwas.“Whenwegotthephonecalltosayit__7__(find)Ididn'tknowwhattosay,”saidBrenda,picturedabovewithDaveandthering.Itseemslikelostweddingringshaveawayofturningup,—8一(especial)whenthey'relostinsomeone'syard.InNovember2012,awomanwasreunited_9—theringshelostinhersister's yard17yearsprior.Andin2011,—10Swedishwomanfoundherweddingringgrowingaroundacarrotinhergarden16yearsaftershelostit.答案：13文章大意：丢失的感情找不回，但丢失的婚戒，即便过去40多年，还是有机会找回的！有一对英国夫妇，妻子41年前在院子里种植花木的时候丢失了婚戒，而最近，借助邻居的金属探测器，戒指找到了回家的路。1