系统解剖学英文版教学课件：Reproductive organs

Maleproductiveorgans1.Internalgenitalorgans:Gonads(Testes)DuctSystemEpididymisVasdeferensejaculatoryducturethraAccessoryglandsSeminalvesiclesProstateglandBulbourethralglandsMaleproductiveorgans2.Educespermcellsandmalehormonesincludingandrogens(testosterone),whichstimulatestheproductionofspermcellsandfacilitatesmalematuration.Maleproductiveorgans(1)Testes(themalegonads)Structures:CoveredbyTunicaalbugineaabout250lobulesineachtestis.Pathwaysforspermcellstravelling:Spermcellsareproducedin

seminiferoustubuleswherespermcellstravelthestraighttubule,whichleadsintotheretetestis(睾丸网),thentotheefferentducts,andthentotheepididymis.Thespermmoveintothevasdeferens,ejaculatoryduct

andareeventuallyexpelledthroughtheurethraandoutoftheurethralorificethroughmuscularcontractions.4(1)Testes(2)Epididymisanarrow,tightly-coiledtube(about6meters)connectingtheefferentductsfromtherearofeachtesticletoitsvasdeferens.locatedalongthesuperiorandposteriormarginsofthetestes.Spermthatleavethetestesareimmatureandincapableoffertilizingova.Theycompletetheirmaturationprocessandbecomefertileastheymovethroughtheepididymis.Maturespermarestoredinthelowerportion,ortail,oftheepididymistailbodyhead(3)DuctusDeferens[vasdeferens]afibromusculartubethatiscontinuouswiththeepididymis.enterstheabdominopelviccavitythroughtheinguinalcanalandpassesalongthelateralpelvicwall,behindbladder&towardtheprostategland.Eachductusdeferensenlargestoformanampullaattheposteriorsurfaceoftheprostategland.Division:testicularpartfunicularpart(vasectomy)inguinalpartpelvicpart(3)DuctusDeferens[vasdeferens](4)EjaculatoryDuctEachductusdeferens,attheampulla,joinstheductfromtheadjacentseminalvesicle(oneoftheaccessoryglands)toformashortejaculatoryduct.Eachejaculatoryductpassesthroughtheprostateglandandemptiesintotheurethra.（5）MaleUrethraExtendsfromtheinternalurethralorificeofurinarybladdertotheexternalurethralorificeatthetipofthepenis.Itisapassagewayforspermandurine.dividedintothreeregions:prostaticurethramembranousurethrapenileurethra(alsocalledspongyurethraorcavernousurethra)ThreenarrowsinternalurethralorficemembranousportionexternalurethralorificeThreeexpendsprostaticportionbulbousportionofurethranavicularfossaTwocurvaturesthesubpubiccurvaturetheprepubiccurvature11（5）MaleUrethraAccessoryglandsConsistoftheseminalvesiclesprostateglandbulbourethralglandTheseglandssecretefluidsthatentertheurethra.1.SeminalVesiclesLocatedposteriortotheurinarybladder.Eachhasashortductthatjoinswiththeductusdeferensattheampullatoformanejaculatoryduct,whichthenemptiesintotheurethra.Thefluidisviscous,

yellowishcolor,

alkalineThealkalinityofsemenhelpsneutralizetheacidityofthevaginaltract,prolongingthelifespanofsperm.

Thefluidcontains

fructose(果糖),

prostaglandins

(前列腺素),proteins,

enzymes

mucus,

vitaminC,flavins(黄素类）,

phosphorylcholine（磷酰胆碱）.2.Prostateafirm,densestructureaboutthesizeofawalnutthatislocatedjustinferiortotheurinarybladder.Themeanweightofthenormalprostateinadultmalesisabout11

grams,usuallyrangingbetween7and16

gramsencirclestheurethraandbelowtheurinarybladder.Numerousshortductsfromtheprostateglandemptyintotheprostaticurethra.Thesecretionsoftheprostatearethin,milkycolored,andalkaline.Theyfunctiontoenhancethemotilityofthesperm.divisions(5lobes)AnteriorMidddlePosteriorLateral(2)2.ProstateUrethralcrestSeminalcolliculusProstaticutricleOpeningsofejaculatoryductsOpeningsofprostaticductsinurethralsinuses2.ProstateStructuresofthemiddlelobe:UrethralcrestProstatitis-inflammationoftheprostategland,andinduceschronicpelvicpainsyndromeBenignprostatichyperplasia(BPH,良性前列腺增生症)occursinoldermen,andmakesurinationdifficult(ahesitant,interrupted,weakstream,urgencyandleakingordribbling)andpainfulandinextremecasescompletelyimpossible.Prostatedisorders3.BulbourethralGlandssmall,aboutthesizeofapea,andlocatednearthebaseofthepenis.Ashortductfromeachenterstheproximalendofthepenileurethra.Inresponsetosexualstimulation,thebulbourethralglandssecreteanalkalinemucus-likefluid1920SeminalFluidorSemenaslightlyalkalinemixtureofspermcellsandsecretionsfromtheaccessoryglands.Secretionsfromtheseminalvesiclesmakeupabout60%ofthevolumeofthesemen,withmostoftheremaindercomingfromtheprostateglandandsecretionsfromthebulbourethralgland.Thevolumeofsemeninasingleejaculationmayvaryfrom1.5to6.0ml.Therearebetween50to150millionsperm/ml.Spermcountsbelow10to20million/mlusuallypresentfertilityproblems.ExternalgenitalorgansScrotumPenis221.scrotumA

dual-chamberedsuspendedsackofskinandsmoothmuscle.Locatedunderthe

penis.Eachchambercontainsonetestis.

(1)Layersofthescrotum①Skin②Dartosmuscle（smoothm.)andfasciainthesubcutaneoustissue.Whenthesemusclescontracttogivethescrotumitswrinkledappearance.Whenthesefibresarerelaxed,thescrotumissmooth.③Externalspermaticfascia④thecremastermuscle(skeletalmusclefibers)andcremasticfascia.Whenitiscoldoramanissexuallyaroused,thismusclecontractstopullthetestesclosertothebodyforwarmth.

(1)Layersofthescrotum⑤Internalspermaticfascia⑥TunicavaginalisParietallayerViscerallayer

2.Penis(1)AnatomyacylindricalpendantorganlocatedanteriortothescrotumThreecolumnsoferectiletissuecorpuscavernosum(twodorsalcolumns).corpusspongiosum(Thesingle,midlineventralcolumn)surroundstheurethra.2.penis(1)Anatomy3parts:aroot,body(shaft),andglanspenis.Therootattachesittothepubicarchandthebodyispendant

portion.Theurethra,

whichextendsthroughoutthelengthofthecorpusspongiosum,opens

throughtheexternalurethralorificeatthetipoftheglanspenis.Thecorpusspongiosumexpandsatthedistalendtoformtheglanspenis.Aloosefoldofskin,calledthefrenulum,coverstheglanspenis.frenulumfunctionsofpenisUrinationtransferspermtothevaginaFemalereproductivesystemConsistsofinternalandexternalgenitalorgans.I.Internalreproductiveorgans:ovariesuterinetubeuterusvagina

30II.Externalgenitalorgan:MammaryglandsThevulvaMonspubisLabiamajoraLabiaminoraClitorisUrethralopeningVaginalopeningPerineumFemalereproductivesystemOvaries（1）Anatomyapairofovalorgans.locatedinthelateralwallofthepelvisintheovarianfossa,whichusuallyliesbeneaththeexternaliliacarteryandinfrontoftheureterandtheinternaliliacartery.thesuspensoryligamentconnectstheovarytothelateralwallofthepelvis.theproperoverianligamentconnectstheovarytothefundusoftheuterus.32I.Internalreproductiveorgans（2）Functionofovariesanalogoustotestesinmales.theyarebothgonads

andendocrineglands.①Produceseggs.TheydevelopandexpelanovumeachmonthAwomanisbornwithapproximately400,000immatureeggscalledfolliclesDuringalifetimeawomanrelease400to500fullymaturedeggsforfertilization（2）Functionofovaries②Thefolliclesintheovariesproducethefemalesexhormones,progesterone(孕酮)and

estrogen(雌激素)Estrogenisresponsiblefortheappearanceofsecondarysexcharacteristicsoffemalesatpuberty

andforthemaintenanceofthematurationofreproductiveorgans.Progesteronefunctionswithestrogenbypromotingmenstrualcyclechanges

intheendometrium.2.Uterine(fallopian)tubetwoveryfinetubesleadingfromtheovariesintotheuterus

viatheutero-tubaljunction.Sittingoneachsideofcoveredbybroadligamentwhichattachedtothelateralwallofthelesserpelvis.35Divisionsofuterinetubes:theinfundibulum:itsassociatedfimbriaeneartheovary.theampullary:representsthemajorportionofthelateraltube.theisthmus:thenarrowerpartthatlinkstotheuterus.theinterstitial(intramural)part:inthewalloftheuterus(~1mm).Thetubalorifice(ostium)isthepointwherethetubalcanalmeetstheperitonealcavity.Theutero-tubaljunctionistheentranceintotheuterinecavity.37FunctionsofUterinetubesServeasapathwayfortheovumtotheuterusArethesiteoffertilization(usuallyoccursatampullarypart)bythemalesperm3.Uterus(1)AnatomyApearshaped,hollow,thick-walled,muscularandhormone-responsivereproductivesexorgan393.Uterus(2)Division:Fromoutsidetoinside,thepathtotheuterusisasfollows:Corpusuteri-"Bodyofuterus"CavityofthebodyoftheuterusFundus(uterus)Cervix

uteri-"neckofuterus"ExternalorificeoftheuterusCanalofthecervixInternalorificeoftheuterusSupravaginalpartVaginalpart403openings:tubalorifices(2,upperpartofuterinetubes)

,externalorificeoftheuterus(1)(3)LayersofuterusEndometrium

-Theliningoftheuterinecavity,whichgrowsandbreaksawayduringthemenstrualcycle.Myometrium-mostlyconsistsofsmoothmuscle.Perimetrium-serouscoat,theloosesurroundingtissueEndometriumMyometriumPerimetrium(4)Position:Locatedinthemiddleofthepelviccavitybetweentheurinarybladderandtherectum.Anteflexion(前屈,90%):Theflexiontakesplaceatthejunctionofbodyandneckoftheuterus.Anteversion(前倾,90%):TheflexiontakesplacebetweenthelongaxisoftheuterusandthevaginaRetroflexion(后屈):FundusispointingbackwardsRetroversion（(后倾）:auterusthatistiltedbackwards.3.Uterus43(4)Supportingstructuresofuterus

Thenormalpositionoftheuterusismaintainedbythefollowingstructures:①thepelvicdiaphragm-musclefibersofthelevatorani,thecoccygeus,andassociatedconnectivetissue.②Theperinealbody-apyramidalfibromuscularmassinthemiddlelineoftheperineum

atthejunctionbetweentheurogenitaltriangleandtheanaltriangle.44(4)Supportingstructuresofuterus③theurogenitaldiaphragm-

superficialmuscularsheetthatspanstheoutletofthepelvis.transversusperineibulbospongiosusmusclestheischiocavernosusmusclethesphincterurethrae(4)Supportingstructuresofuterus④ligaments1)Broadligament-connectsthesidesoftheuterus

tothewallsofthepelvis.2)Roundligament-originatesattheuterinehornsandleavesthepelvisviathedeepinguinalring,passesthroughtheinguinalcanalandcontinuesontothelabiamajora.3)Cardinalligament-attachesthecervixtothelateralpelvicwallofpelvis.4)Uterosacralligament–itattachedthecervixoftheuterustothefrontofthesacrum.ExternalorificeofuterusNullipara:未产妇Multipara：经产妇

(5)Functionoftheuterus①Essentialinsexualresponsebydirectingbloodflowtothepelvisandtotheexternalgenitalia,includingtheovaries,vagina,labia,andclitoris.Theuterusisneededforuterineorgasmtooccur.②Consistsofblood-enrichedtissuethatsloughsoffeachmonthduringmenstrualcycle.③ThereproductivefunctionToacceptafertilizedovumToimplanttheembryointotheendometriumTocreatesaplacentaforthedevelopmentofthefetusuntilchildbirth.ThepowerfulmusclesoftheuterusexpandtoaccommodateagrowingfetusandpushitthroughthebirthcanalAnelastic,muscularcanalwithasoft,flexibleliningthatprovideslubricationandsensation.LocatedbetweenthebladderandrectumandconnectsthecervixtotheexternalgenitalsAsapassagewayforthemenstrualflowandsexualintercourse.Asthebirthcanalduringlabor4.VaginaFornixesofthevaginathedeepestportionsofthevagina,therecessescreatedbythevaginalportionofcervix.Theposteriorfornix

isthelargerrecess,behindthecervix.Itisclosetotherectouterinepouch.theanteriorfornixisclosetothevesicouterinepouch.4.VaginaHymenAmembranethatsurroundsorcoverstheexternalvaginal

opening.Itformspartofthevulva,orexternalgenitalia.Thesizeofthehymenalopeningincreaseswithage.Itmaybetornorrupturedbysexualactivityorbyexercise.Itisnotpossibletoconfirmwithcertaintythatawomanisavirginbyexaminingherhymen.Parousintroitus:经产口II.Externalgenitalorgans1.ThevulvaMonspubisLabiamajoraLabiaminoraClitorisvulvalvestibuleUrethralopeningVaginalopeningPerineumgreatervestibularglandsTheVulvalvestibuleisapartofthevulvabetweenthelabiaminoraintowhichtheurethralopeningandthevaginalopeningopen.Greatervestibularglands:Apairofsmalllubricatingglandslocatedoneithersideofthevaginalorifice.562.Mammarygland(breast)

anexocrineglandinmammalsthatproducesmilktofeedyoungoffspring.Location：between2-6ribsvertically,fromtheparasternallinetomidaxillarylinetransversely.572.Mammar