适用语言学和应用语言学

AppliableLinguisticsandAppliedLinguistics

合用语言学与应用语言学

HuangGuowen(黄国文)SunYat-senUniversity<flshgw@>MainPoints1HallidayvsWiddowson2ThedefinitionofAL3Widdowson’sdistinctionbetweenAL&LA4Halliday’sSFL&appliablelinguistics5Widdowson’scriticism6Widdowson’smotivationofdistinguishingALfromLA7Discussion1HallidayvsWiddowsonHalliday:SystemicFunctionalLinguistics,AppliableLinguisticsWiddowson:Appliedlinguistics,LinguisticsappliedHalliday:SystemicFunctionalLinguistics,AppliableLinguistics系统功能语言学SystemicFunctionalLinguistics合用语言学AppliableLinguisticsHalliday,M.A.K.,AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar.Arnold,1985,1994.Halliday,M.A.K.,Workingwithmeaning:Towardsanappliablelinguistics.InWebster(ed)MeaninginContext,Continuum,2023,7-23.Halliday,M.A.K.,McIntosh,A.&Strevens,P.,TheLinguisticSciencesandLanguageTeaching.London:Longman,1964.Widdowson:Appliedlinguistics,Linguisticsapplied“应用语言学”（AppliedLinguistics,AL）“语言学旳应用”（LinguisticsApplied,LA）Widdowson,H.G.1980.“Modelsandfictions.”AppliedLinguistics.1/2:165-70.(alsoinWiddowson,1984.ExplorationsinAppliedlinguistics2.OUP,21-27)Widdowson,H.G.2023.“Onthelimitationoflinguisticsapplied.”AppliedLinguistics.21/1:3-25.2DefinitionofALCorder(1973:10)Theapplicationoflinguisticknowledgetosomeobject–orappliedlinguistics,asitsnameimplied–isanactivity.Itisnotatheoreticalstudy.Itmakesuseofthefindingsoftheoreticalstudies.Theappliedlinguistisaconsumer,oruser,notaproducer,oftheories.Ifweusetheterm“theory”asitisusedinscience,thenthereisnosuchthingasa“theoryoflanguageteaching”ora“theoryofspeechtherapy”ora“theoryofliterarycriticism”.Languageteachingisalsoanactivity,butteachinglanguagesisnotthesameactivityasappliedlinguistics.R.Kaplan&H.G.WiddowsonAppliedLinguisticsWheneverknowledgeaboutlanguageisusedtosolveabasiclanguage-relatedproblem,onemaysaythatAppliedLinguisticsisbeingpractised.AppliedLinguisticsisatechnologywhichmakesabstractideasandresearchfindingsaccessibleandrelevanttotherealworld;itmediatesbetweentheoryandpractice.(InW.Bright(ed.)InternationalEncyclopediaofLinguistics.Oxford:OUP,1992)3Widdowson’sAL&LAWiddowson(1980/1984:21):Thusappliedlinguisticscanbeunderstoodasakindoflinguistics,likehistoricallinguisticsorfolklinguistics.Thispresumablyallowsits

practitionerstodefineanindependentperspectiveonthegeneralphenomenaoflanguageandtoestablishprinciplesofenquirywithoutnecessaryreferencetothosewhichinformlinguisticstoutcourt–andtelquel.Withlinguisticsappliedwedonothavethisoption.Whateverwedowithlinguistics,howeverweapplyit,theinformingprincipleswhichdefinethisareaofenquiry,alreadypre-established,mustremainintact.Anyotherprinciplesweinvokemustbeauxiliaryoperatingprinciplesandhavetodonotwiththeoryassuchbutwiththetechnologyofapplication.Widdowson(1980/1984:21-22):Itseemstome,then,thatwithlinguisticsappliedthetheoryoflanguageandthemodelsofdescriptionderivingfromitmustbethoseoflinguistics.Asanactivity,therefore,itisessentiallyconformist.Appliedlinguistics,ontheotherhand,candevelopitsownnon-conformisttheory,itsownrelevantmodelsofdescription.Widdowson(1980/1984:22):Bothlinesofapproachhavetheirdangers.Thetendencyoflinguisticsappliedwillbetodanceattendancetowhatevertuneiscurrentlyintheoreticalfashion.Thetendencyofappliedlinguisticswillbetodancearoundincircleswithnotuneatall.桂诗春（2023：35）：在语言学旳应用里，语言理论和语言模型都是来自语言学旳；作为一种活动而言，它主要是遵奉主义旳。相反，应用语言学能够有它自己旳非遵奉主义旳理论、发展它自己旳有关旳描述模型。Widdowson(1980/1984:22):Forlinguisticsapplied,therefore,thequestionofcentralconcernedis:howfarcanexistingmodelsofdescriptioninlinguisticsbeusedtoresolvethepracticalproblemsoflanguageuseweareconcernedwith?Forappliedlinguistics,thecentralquestionis:howcanrelevantmodelsoflanguagedescriptionbedevised,andwhatarethefactorswhichwilldeterminetheireffectiveness?Widdowson(2023:5):Thedifferencesbetweenthesemodesofinterventionisthatinthecaseoflinguisticsappliedtheassumptionisthattheproblemcanbereformulatedbythedirectandinilateralapplicationofconceptsandtermsderivingfromlinguisticenquiryitself.Thatistosay,languageproblemsareamenabletolinguisticssolutions.Inthecaseofappliedlinguistics,interventioniscruciallyamatterofmediation.Herethereistherecognitionthatlinguisticinsightsarenotself-evidentbutamatterofinterpretation;thatideasandfindingsfromlinguisticscanonlybemaderelevantinreferencetootherperceptionsandperspectivesthatdefinethecontextoftheproblem.Appliedlinguisticsisinthisrespectamultilateralprocesswhich,ofitsnature,hastorelateandreconciledifferentrepresentationsofreality,includingthatoflinguisticswithoutexcludingothers.DaviesandElder(2023:10):Widdowsonarguesthatlinguisticsisitselfpartofappliedlinguistics.DaviesandElder(2023:10):“Wemaysurmisethatthetheory-then-researchapproachisthatoflinguisticswhiletheresearch-then-theoryisthatofappliedlinguistics.”4Halliday’sSFLSFLasagenerallinguisticsStrataoflanguage:phonology/graphology,lexicogrammar,semanticsHalliday(2023:14):Languageteaching,translation,andnaturallanguageprocessingarefamiliartodayasdomainsofappliedlinguistics;andareofthecontextsinwhichoursystemicfunctionallinguisticshasevolved.…Thestagesoflinguisticanalysisandtheorizinglanguage：

Theorizinglanguage

↑Typologizinglanguages(basedonexistingdescriptions)

↑Describingalanguage(basedontexts,usinganexistingtheory)

↑Analyzingtexts(usinganexistingdescription)Halliday(2023:7):“appliablelinguistics”–acomprehensiveandtheoreticallypowerfulmodeloflanguagewhich,preciselybecauseitwascomprehensiveandpowerful,wouldbecapableofbeingappliedtotheproblems,bothresearchproblemsandpracticalproblems,thatarebeingfacedallthetimebythemanygroupsofpeopleinourmodernsocietywhoareinsomewayorotherhavingtoengagewithlanguage.Halliday(2023:13):Behindmanypotentialapplicationsoflinguisticsliekeyareasoflinguisticresearch,inparticulardescriptive,comparative,typologicalandtranslationstudies;andthesenowincreasinglydependonaccesstolargequantitiesofdataincomputableform–thatis,acomputerizedcorpus;andtocomputationallinguisticmethodologyingeneral.5Widdowson’scriticismWiddowson(2023:3,6):Corpusanalysisandcriticaldiscourseanalysisareexamplesoflinguisticsapplied.Widdowson(2023:4):Appliedlinguisticsisamediatingactivity,moreethnographicincharacter,whichseekstoaccommodatealinguisticaccounttootherpartialperspectivesonlanguagesoastoarriveatarelevantreformulationof‘realworld’problems.Widdowson(2023:4):Linguisticsdecontextualizedlanguagefromreality,andappliedlinguisticsre-contextualizedit,andreconstructedrealityintheprocess.Linguisticsisthescience(likephysics)andappliedlinguisticsisitstechnology(likeengineering)Widdowson(2023:4):Althoughthescopeoflinguisticenquiryhasextendedtotakeinthedataofexternalizedlanguage,themodeofitsenquiryissuchastogiveonlyarestrictedaccountofexperiencedlanguage.Widdowson(2023:5):Nomatterhowextendedthescopeoflinguisticsintotherealworlditsunmediatedapplicationcannever‘become’appliedlinguisticsbecauseitwillalwaysrepresentthatrealitylinguistically,onitsowntermsandinitsownterms.Widdowson(2023:7):Corpuslinguisticscannotproduceethnographicdescriptionsoflanguageuse;itdealswiththetextuallyattested,butnotwiththeencodedpossible,northecontextuallyappropriate.Thelinguisticsoftheattestedisjustthelinguisticsofthepossible.Widdowson(2023:7):Whetheryouaredealingwiththepossibleortheattested,youstillhavetomakethemappropriateforlearning.Anditisjustsuchconditionsthatappliedlinguisticshassomehowtotakecognizanceof.Widdowson(2023:23):Corpuslinguisticsassumestheappropriatecanbederivedfromtheattested,andcriticallinguisticsassumesthattheappropriatecanbederivedfromthepossible.Bothclaimthattheyrevealtherealityofexperiencedlanguage…Butneitherofthemdoesinfactengagewiththerealityoflanguageasexperiencedbyusersandlearners:Indeedtheydistancethemselvesfromitandproduceananalyticconstructwhichtheneffectivelyprojectrealityinitsownimage.Inbothcaseswegetlinguisticsapplied.Theirfindingsarepartialandconditionalonaparticularperspective.Suchaperspectivehasitsownvaliditybutthisisrelativeandnotabsolute,anditisofvaluebecauseitprovokesustoconsiderhowitrelatestoothers.Widdowson(2023:23):Ifappliedlinguisticsistohaveanyoccupationitmustavoidandindeedresistthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsapplied.Itsonlyclaimtoexistenceasafieldofenquirymustrestonitsreadinesstoenquirecriticallyintotherelevanceoflinguistictheoryanddescriptiontothereformulationoflanguageproblemsinthepracticaldomain.Suchanenquiryhastobelinguisticallyinformedwithoutbeinglinguisticallydetermined…Widdowson(2023:23):Thebusinessofappliedlinguisticsistomediatebetweenlinguisticsandotherdiscoursesandidentifywheretheymightrelevantlyinterrelate.R.deBeaugrande(2023),‘InterpretingthediscourseofH.G.Widdowson:Acorpus-basedcriticaldiscourseanalysis’.Appliedlinguistics22/1:104-121.P.104:IshallapproachWiddowson’sdiscourseasamini-corpus.P.107:ImustconfessIhaveneverseenanycompellingmotiveforthedistinctionbetweenappliedlinguisticsandlinguisticsapplied.P.107:Widdowsonexhortsappliedlinguisticstodefenditsownoccupationbyavoidingandindeedresistingthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsgettingapplied.Withnoevidentsenseofirony,Widdowsoncrossestheboundariesofhisdisciplinetocriticizeotherdisciplinesforcrossingtheirs–justwhenthejournal’seditorsarewelcomingabroadrangeofresearchparadigms.P.107:forthepast20years,WiddowsonhasbeencriticizingtheSFLofHalliday,thecorpuslinguisticsofJ.McH.Sinclair,andthecriticaldiscourseanalysisofNormanFairclough.P.107:Asiftosingleoutacontactpointamongallthree,WiddowsoncitestheworkofMichaelStubbs,who,Iwouldobject,isnotacentralstrongrepresentativeofanyofthem.P.112:ForHalliday’slinguistics,akeyobjectionwasessentiallythatHalliday’slinguisticsis(orshouldbe)confinedtoatheoreticalmodeof‘grammar’thatcannotbeappliedtotexts.P.112:ForSinclair’slinguistics,theapplicationtotextsisimpossibletodeny;soWiddowsonarguesthatthese‘texts’arenot‘real’afterall,contrarytothefirmconvictionamongcorpuslinguists(myselfincluded).P.119:Iseeathirddangerinattemptingtojudgeinadvancewhetherornottheresearchproducedbysuchtrends(e.g.SFL,corpuslinguistics,criticaldiscourseanalysis)canorshouldbeappliedtoclassroompractices.P.119-20:Asappliedlinguists,weshouldwaitandsee,respectingthecompetenceoftheseteacherstotelluswhichapplicationsworkbetterorworse,andtojoinindiscussiononalevelthey