翻译理论与实践Translation Studies and Practice

翻译理论与实践

TranslationStudiesandPractice1Pleasetranslatethefollowing1.Thethickercarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.

2.走好。2

Thiscoursewillbetaught

in

bilinguallanguages

I’mpoorwithChineseintonation3

Example1

WhenIwasasyoungasyouarenow,toweringinconfidenceoftwenty-one,littledidIsuspectthatIshouldbeatforty-nine,whatInowam.a/我在你这个年纪的时候，二十出头，充满自信，意气风发，哪里会想到49岁今天的我呢？b/我在你这个年纪的时候，二十出头，小荷尖尖，意气风发，哪里会想到49岁今天的我呢？4Example2二十岁的时候，有书店必逛，有书必买。三十岁之后，对书店视而不见，直接去了隔壁的美容院。a/Attheageoftwenty,IfrequentedthebookstoresandboughtwhateverIfound.Afterthirty,Iignoredthemandwentaheadintothenearbybeautyparlor.b/Attheageoftwenty,thebookstorewasamustforme,andIwasabigbookbuyer.Whileafterthirty,payingnoattentiontothebookstore,Ibreezeintothebeautyparlornextdoor.5Example3togild(orpaint)thelily1.给百合花镀金2.给百合花上色3.花上贴金4.花上添锦5.锦上添花6.画蛇添足7.徒劳无益8.多此一举6Twoimportanttran.itemsSourcelanguages.l.译出语Targetlanguaget.l.译入语7翻译不定性之说由于翻译是一门博大精深的学问，虽然经过国内外学者的悉心研究，至今也未出现一套人人都能接受的翻译原则和一种人人都能满意的翻译原则。正是因为翻译具备这一与众不同的特征，它才如此有魅力，吸引着一代又一代致力于跨文化交际的人们立足于不同学科，从不同角度对它进行研究。

8ExampleIlovemylovewithaE,becauseshe’senticing;IhateherwithanE,becauseshe’sengaged;Itookhertothesignoftheexquisite,andtreatedherwithanelopement;hername’sEmily,andshelivesintheeast.a/我爱我的爱人为了一E，因为她是Enticing(迷人的）；我恨我的爱人为了一个E，因为她engaged(订了婚了)；我用我爱人象征Exquisite(美妙)，我劝我的爱人从Elopement(私奔)，她的名字是Emily（爱弥丽），他的住处在East(东方)。b/我爱我的爱，因为她长得实在招人爱。我恨我的爱，因为她不回报我的爱。我带着她到挂着浮荡子招牌的一家。和她谈情说爱。我请她看一出潜逃私奔，为的是我和她能长久你亲我爱。她的名字叫爱弥丽，她的家住在爱仁里。9Commentonhowdifficulttrans.isItoftentakesaslongastendaysorevenawholemonthtoestablishatermintranslationafterrepeatedconsiderationandhesitation

一名之立，旬月踟躇。严复

鲁迅郭沫若

10Differentlanguagesystem

<theBible>’sillustration洪水消落以后，诺亚的子孙在地球上繁衍生息，分住在不同的部落。当时天下人操同一口音，讲同一种语言。他们往东迁移的时候，在示拿发现一篇平原，便在平原居住下来。他们商量烧制砖块，合上灰泥，修建一座城池和一座高塔，塔顶要通天，以便扬名天下，不致分散居住在地上。这时，耶和华临界，看见人们正在修建通天塔。耶和华想：这些人若讲同一种语言，凡是便可心想事成，无可不为了。耶和华便下界。弄乱了人们的语言，让他们言语不同，交际受阻，同心也无法同力；于是，通天塔也就半途而废。人们只得按耶和华的意愿，离开这座城池，分散到世界各地，讲各自的语言。11AGeneralSurvey

betweenChineseandEnglish(1)TheChineselanguagehasitsorigindifferentfromthatoftheWesternlanguages.Broadlyspeaking,therearesevenlanguagefamiliesintheworld.Theyare:1)Sino-Tibetan(Chinese,Siamese,Tibetan,Burmese,etc.)2)Indo-European(chieflanguagesofEurope,Indo-Iranian,etc.)3)Ural-Altaic(Finno-Ugric,Turkish,Mongolian,etc.)4)Hemito-Semito(Arabic,Egyptian,NorthAmerican,etc.)5)African(Negro,Sudanic,bantu,etc.)6)Austronesian(Indonesian,Polynesian,Australian,etc.)7)indian(variousnativelanguagesinNorthandSouthAmericas,etc.)

12AGeneralSurveybetweenChineseandEnglish(2)

TheCharacteristicsoftheChineselanguageTheChineselanguageconsistsofideographiccharactersinsteadoforthographicspelling.Itis,therefore,essentiallydifferentfromEnglishinword-formation,andsyntaxontheonehand;andontheotherremarkablydifferentintextstructureandrhetoric.Herewedealwithsomedifferencesinword-formation,syntaxsoastoshowitscharacteristics

13ThecharacteristicsoftheChineselanguage

DifferencesinWord-formation1)Inword-formation,Chinesecharactersmustbe,firstofall,distinguishedfromChinesewords.AlltheChinesecharactersarenotwords,thoughmostcharactersbelongto,andformthegreatpartof,thebasicstockofwordsoftheChineselanguage.Theyaremorphemes(词素),or,insomecases,semantemes（语义单位）,ofChinesewords.OutofthewholevocabularyoftheChineselanguage,quiteanumberofwordsconsistoftwoormorecharacters.ThustheChineselanguageisinfactpolysyllabic,thoughtheChinesecharactersaremonosyllabicbythemselves

14ThecharacteristicsoftheChineselanguage

DifferencesinWord-formation2)EveninOldChineseinwhichwordofsinglecharactersprevailed,as“和”(peace),“战”(war),insteadof“和平”and“战争”.

inModernChinese,theywereagreatnumberofdisyllables.ModernChinesehasmoreandmoredisyllabicwordssubstitutedformonosyllabicones.AndincurrentChinesepolysyllabicwordsorwordsoftwoormorecharacterscombinedtogether,areeverincreasinginnumber,inordertoenrichtheChineselanguagetomeetthegrowingdemandofsocialandscientificdevelopment.15continued1)Disyllables政治(politics)经济（economy）掌握(grasp;master)权利(power)建设(construction)国家(country)2)Trisyllables现代化(modernization)委员会(committee)合作社(co-operation)文工团(ensemble)片面性(one-sidedness)灵活性(flexibility)3)polysyllables社会主义(socialism)新陈代谢(metabolism)言外之意(implication)疑神疑鬼(suspicious)异乎寻常(unusual)意识形态(ideology)16continued

AmalgamationheremeansputtingtwoormorecharacterssoastoformaChineseword,tomakethewordspreciseinmeaningbymeansofreduplicationofmeaningorcombinationwithotherwordsofsimilarnature.

17continued1)Reduplicationofmeaning:巨大(denotative:ahugeanimal;connotative:greatinfluence)广大(den.:largeorextensiveterritory;con.:largemasses)高大(den.:highbuilding;con.:ambitiousdesire)宽大(den.:spaciousrooms;con.:generouspolicy)重大(den.:heavymachinery;con.:greatimportance)宏大(den.:loud–voiced;con.:liberal-minded)强大(den.:strongpower;con.:powerfulcountry)伟大(den.:agreatwarrior;con.:greatachievement)远大(den.:far-sightedview;con.:promisingfuture)庞大(den.:ahugebody;con.:bulkyorganization)18continued2)Combinationwithotherwordsofthesamenature:国际风云(internationaltension)牛马生活(adog’slife;amiserablelife)日常工作(everydaywork;routine)三天两头(almosteveryday)三心二意(shilly-shally)马马虎虎（careless）鸡犬不宁(generalturmoil)三长两短(accident;misshape)横七竖八(indisorder)七上八下(beagitated)19Continued:SyntaxThegeneralruleforsentencebuildinginChineseisillustratedbyLiuXie:“积字成句，积句成章”（Asentenceismadebyaccumulatingthewordandapassageismadebyaccumulatingthesentences）.Forexample:20Continued:Syntax从小丘西行北二十步，隔篁竹，闻水声，如鸣佩环，心乐之。伐竹取道，下见小潭，水尤清洌。全石以为底，近岸，卷石底以出，为砥，为屿，为堪，为岩。青树翠蔓，蒙络摇缀，参差披拂。潭中鱼可百许头，皆空游无所依。日光下彻，影布石上。怡然不动，叔而远逝，往来翕忽，似与游者相乐。柳宗元：《小石潭记》21Continued:SyntaxTherearesentenceswithoutsubjectorpredicate-verbs.e.g.接到你的来信，非常高兴。山高水低。一路上桃红柳绿。22

TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

BeforewecometoseethecharacteristicfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguage,wehavetolearnalittleofitsoriginanddevelopment.AscomparedwithChinese,itisratherayounglanguage.Thusaccordingtothedevelopmentofthelanguage,Englishmaybedividedintothreestages:1)OldEnglish,which,muchlikeModernGermaninoutwardform,endedinabout1154thedateofthedeathofStephen(kingofEngland);2)MiddleEnglish(1154-1500),whichmaybesubdividedintoEarlyEnglish(1150-1300)andMiddleEnglish(1300-1500)

23TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

3)ModemEnglish(1500-)themostrapidalterationanddevelopmentinEnglishduringitslonghistorywasprobablyinthe15thcentury,attheendofMiddleEnglishstage,thusintroducingascomparedwiththosementionedaboveastimegoeson,afewwordschangetheirmeaningordropoutofuse;manynewonescomeintobeing.ThegeneraltendencyofthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguageistowardsimplicityanddirectness,aswefindittoday.24TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

Englishwasasyntheticlanguage-thatistosay,itshowedtheconnectionofwordsinasentencebytheirinflexionalforms.TodayEnglishisratheranalytical,thatistosay,itshowstheconnectionofwordsinasentencebyparticlesorbyword-order,Forexample;Godiskingofallkings.Heretheword“of”isaparticleand“kingofkings”isthechangeofthewordorder.

25TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

Ofcourse,theEnglishoftodayisstillnotsoanalyticalasChinese,itisreadilyseenfromitsoriginandnatureofdevelopmentthatEnglishhaslittleincommonwithChinesenotinwordformationormorphology,norinsyntaxThetranslationfromEnglishintoChineseis,thereforequitedifferentfromthetranslationoftwokindredlanguages,suchasfromEnglishintoFrenchorfromChineseintoJapaneseItneedsmoreactiveandcreativepowerintheformerBecauseofitsoriginanddevelopment,EnglishisdifferentfromChineseinmanyrespects,lnordertodotranslationworkwell,wehavetoknowthecharacteristicfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguageFromtheChinesepointofview,theyare:1)Theuseofarticles;2)Theuseofexpletives;3)Thewideuseofthepassive26TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

TheUseofArticlesTheword“article”(fromtheLatin“articulus”)meansasmalljointormember.Thetermwasformerlyusedforconnectivesandparticlesgenerally.Itsuseisstillconvenientinthemorelimitedsenseinwhichithaslongbeenused.InModernEnglish,thearticleisaformwordofthenoun,andservestospecifyorgeneralizeitThereare,infact,threearticles:thedefinitearticle,theindefinitearticleandthezeroarticle.Thezeroarticleisdifferentfromtheomissionofthearticle.Theformerdenotesgeneralizationofnouns,singularorplural.Heretheinsertionofthedefiniteorindefinitearticlewouldbringaboutachangeofmeaning.Comparethefollowingexamples:27TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language1)Thislecturedealswiththeproblemoflanguage,(Here“language”isusedinitsmostgeneralsense,theabstractideaoflanguageassuch,butnotoneoftheexistinglanguages.)2)Englishisamixedlanguage.(Here“amixedlanguage”isoneofthelanguages.)3)NotethecharacteristicfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguage,(Here“thelanguage”isadefinitelanguage.)ThoughthearticleinEnglishisusedinEnglish,FrenchandGerman,itisnotfoundinChinese.SoitisnewanddifficulttotheChinesestudentsNowthethreearticles,whenproperlyused,sometimesindicatedifferentmeaningsinthesentences,sodifferentthattoidentifyorconfusethemistobeguiltyofanegregiousgrammaticaloffenceintranslatingfromEnglishintoChinese,careshouldbetakeninthosecaseswherethechangeintheuseofthearticlemakesthemeaningdifferent28TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageNotethemeaningdifferenceinthefollowingpairsofsentences:a)Thiscustomisconfinedtoapartofthecountry.这种风俗只限于国内一小部分.A’)PartofthehouseinwhichShakespearewasbornisstillstanding.莎士比亚出生的房子还有一小部分存在.b)Readthefifthandthelastparagraphsofthetext读课文第五段和最后一段.(共读两段)B’)Readthefifthandlastparagraphofthetext.读课文第五段,即最后一段.(只读一段).c)Therearemanyrosesinthegarden;pleasepickouttheredandthewhiteones.园中有许多玫瑰,请挑出红玫瑰和白玫瑰.C’)LookattheredandwhiterosesinthegardenHowbeautifultheyare!你看园中那些红白相间的玫瑰,多美啊!

29TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageOntheotherhand,intranslatingcolloquialChineseintoEnglish,onehastosupplythearticlewherenecessary,andpaymoreattentiontoselecttherightarticleinthesentence,lestintolerablemistakesshouldbemade.Forinstance;a)拿茶来.Bringmeacupoftea.b)给他本书吧.Givehimabook.c)把书给他.Givehimthebook.d)他是寄宿生,住在校内.Heisaboardstudent,stayingintheschoole)他弟弟上学了,却天天回家.Hisbrotherisalsoinschool,butreturnshomeeverydayEveninsuchsimplesentences,theuseofthearticleplaysaveryimportantpartinEnglish,markingthedifferenceinmeaning.SoanyChinesestudentshouldpayattentiontothischaracteristicfeatureoftheEnglishlanguage.30TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

InEnglishtherearetwoparticularwords,whicharewidelyusedTheyare“it”and“there”.Theyarevariouslycalledintroductorywordsorexpletives.Whenthusused,theyarepracticallymeaninglessbythemselvesTheirfunctioninthesentenceformsoneofthecharacteristicfeaturesinEnglishsyntax.

VariousUsesoftheExpletive“IT”

Theword“it”isoneofthepersonalpronouns,denotinginanimatethingsinthesingularnumber.Butitisnotsolimitedinuse,onthecontrary,tismuchusedinmanyotherways.Generallyspeaking“it”asanexpletiveshows:1)impersonalsense;2)anticipatoryidea;3)demonstrativeforce;4)idiomaticuse.31

TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageImpersonal“IT”Theimpersonal“it”isusedinsentencesdenoting:a)Naturalphenomena:ItisfinetodayHowcolditis!b)Time:Whattimeisitnow?Itistoolate.c)Distance:HowfarisitheretotheSquare?Itisaboutthreekilometers.d)Stateofthingsingeneral:Howisitwiththesickman?ItisalloverwithhimPortiafeareditwouldgohardwithAntonio32TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageAnticipatory“It”a)Aninfinitiveassubject:Itisagreatjoytoliveinthecountryside.Itisdifficulttotranslateapassageadequately.b)Agerundassubject:Itisnousegoingtheresoearly.Itisnousearguingwithhimc)Aclauseassubject:ItisatruesayingthattimeandtidewaitfornomanIttakes28hoursthatwetravelfromtheearthtothemoon.33TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageDemonstrative“it”Whodiditforyou?ItwasheItisIwhoknowhimIdiomatic“it”Itisnotinhimtobedependeduponintimeofdanger

危急时候此人靠不住.

Itisnotingoldtobeoxidized.黄金不会氧化.Itrestswithyoutodecide由你决定吧.ItisapitythatIhavetoleaveschoolthisyear可惜我今年要休学了.34TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageExpletive“there”

Theword“there”asexpletiveisdifferentfromtheadverbofplace“there”inpronunciationandinsense,thoughshownbythepossibilityofcombiningitinthesentencewiththeadverbofplace“here”,“there”,“where”Itisusedfortwopurposes:

35TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language1)Tointroducesomeindefinitepersonorthingassubject:Thereisnothingsurprisingaboutthis.Theregoesthetrain.(=Wearetoolatetocatchit.)TherelivedanoldmanatthefootofthemountainTherehappenedtobeacarontheroadsideItisimpossiblefortheretobeanymoreIdon’tliketheretobeanotherwar.Therebeingnothingtodo.Wewenthome.

36TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language2)Tomakeidiomaticexpressionsorproverbs:Therearealwaysmoreroundpegsthanroundholes僧多粥少.Therearefriendsandfriends.朋友有各种各样的.Thereisnosmoking禁止吸烟Thereisnocomeandgowithhim他很固执,毫无变通.Thereisnodown平安无事.37TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

TheWideUseofthePassiveInEnglishthepassiveisafavoriteformduetosomeparticularfeatureofthelanguage.AsEnglishhasnoappropriateindefinitepronounscorrespondingtotheChinese“有人”,“大家”,thePassiveiswidelyusedinstead..1)Whentheactivesubjectisknownandneednotbementioned:Visitorsarerequestedtowaitalittle来宾请少待.2)Whentheactivesubjectisunknownorcannotbereadilystated:Thedoctorwasimmediatelysentfor.医生立即请来.

38TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language3)Whentheactivesubjectisselfevidentfromthecontext:Thetoastwasdulydrunk.宾主照例干杯.4)Whentheactivesubjectisnotmentionedforsomespecialreasons(tactordelicacyofsentiment):Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.今晚有人在此讲了些不应该说的话.5)Whentheactivesubjectislessimportantthanthesubjectactedupon:Achildwasrunoverbyamotorcar.一个小孩给车压了.6)Whentheactivesubjectisavoidedforstylisticdevices:Larryactuallylovedherandwaslovedinreturn.拉莱真的爱她,而她也爱拉莱.39Continued英语主语突出，汉语主题突出；英语常用无灵性主语，汉语多用有灵主语；英语叙述多呈静态，汉语叙述多呈动态；英语组句多焦点透视，句式呈树式结构，汉语组句多散点透视，句式呈竹式结构；英语思维重逻辑，句式严谨规范，缺乏弹性，汉语思维重语感，句式长长短短，灵活多变。40Continued：“板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构1.话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。Theysaythemomentumofhistorywaseverthus:theempire,longdivided,mustunite,longunited,mustdivide.2.他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。Theymuststopalltheirprovocationsatonce,whichcreatetensions.Moreexamples:1，跑得了和尚跑不了庙。2，你死了我去当和尚。3，他不去我去。4，他不去我也去。5，他不去我才去。6，知人知面不知心。7，人穷志短。8，人穷志不短。9，人有脸，树有皮。10，人不犯我，我不犯人。41Continued：“板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构1,Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplewon’trunwithhim.2,Ifyoudied,Iwouldgoandbecomeamonk.3,I’dliketogoifhewouldn’t4,I’dgothereevenifhewouldn’tgowithme5,I’dgothereonlyifhewon’t,6,Aman’sfaceonecanknow,butnothisheart.7,Whenamanispoor,hisambitionisnotfar-reaching.(Povertystiflesambition)8,Thoughoneispoor,hehashighaspirations.9.Thefaceisasimportanttoamanasthebarktoatree.10.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked42Continued：“左分支”结构与“有分支”结构

狮子头

开屏的孔雀中心词中心意思附加意思修饰、限定中文思维顺序从外围到中心英文思维顺序从中心到外围村东头的王大妈来了,受坏人欺骗的村们也来了.TherecameAuntWangwhodweltattheeasternendofthevillage,andalsocamethevillagerswhohadbeendeceivedbythescoundrel.去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月Heworkedhardwithacomputerinthelabfortenmonthsinordertocompleteaprojectlastyear.43Howtostudytranslationwell(1)Formysonsthereisofcoursetheruralbountyoffreshgrownvegetables,line-caughtfishandthesharedrichesofneighbours’orchardsandgardens.(2)Thereistheunpaidbaby-sitterforwhosechildrenmydaughter-in-lawbaby-sitsinreturnandneighbourswhobartertheirskillsandlabour.(3)Butmorethanthat,howdoyoumeasureserenity?Senseofself?(4)Idon’twanttoidealiselifeinsmallplaces.(5)Therearetimeswhentheoutsideworldintrudesbrutally,aswhenthecastofgasolinegoesupordeveloperscasttheireyesonuntouchedfarmland.(6)Therearecruelties,thereisintolerance,thereareallthemanyvicesandmeannessinsmallplacesthatexistinlargecities.(7)Furthermore,itishardertoignorethemwhentheycannotbebanishedpsychologicallytoanotherpartoftownorexcusedasthewhimsofaliengroupswhentheyhavetobeacknowledgeas“partofus.”（1）对我儿子说，自然有乡下丰富的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓的鱼，以及邻居家的果园和花园中的财富。（2）还有一位免费的保姆，她的孩子我儿媳也给看。邻居们还交换技术和劳动。（3）更有甚者，你怎样在测量宁静和自我意识？（4）我不想把小地方理想化。（5）有时外部世界会侵入这里。比如当汽车涨价，开发商把目光投向未开垦的农田。（6）有残忍，有忍耐，有大城市所存在的所有罪恶和卑鄙。(7)另外，毋庸置疑的是，我们无法从心理上将其驱逐至市镇之一隅，或释为一族怪僻，承认其为我们中的一部分。44(1)Formysonsthereisofcoursetheruralbountyoffreshgrownvegetables,line-caughtfishandthesharedrichesofneighbours’orchardsandgardens.(2)Thereistheunpaidbaby-sitterforwhosechildrenmydaughter-in-lawbaby-sitsinreturnandneighbourswhobartertheirskillsandlabour.(3)Butmorethanthat,howdoyoumeasureserenity?Senseofself?45(4)Idon’twanttoidealiselifeinsmallplaces.(5)Therearetimeswhentheoutsideworldintrudesbrutally,aswhenthecastofgasolinegoesupordeveloperscasttheireyesonuntouchedfarmland.(6)Therearecruelties,thereisintolerance,thereareallthemanyvicesandmeannessinsmallplacesthatexistinlargecities.(7)Furthermore,itishardertoignorethemwhentheycannotbebanishedpsychologicallytoanotherpartoftownorexcusedasthewhimsofaliengroupswhentheyhavetobeacknowledgedas“partofus.”46Howtostudytranslationwell分析

（1）几乎是死译的逐字对译。“垂钓的鱼”、“果园和花园分享的财富”令人不知所云。（2）词义理解失误。Theunpaidbaby-sitter并非指某一专业保姆，而是乐于助人的邻居。”交换技术和劳动“也属逐字死译。（3）“更有甚者”属连词使用不当所造成的逻辑连贯失调。这段文字讲的是乡下的种种优越性，“Butmorethanthat…”引出的两个设问句，意在进一步指出农村生活给人们精神上带来的益处，而汉语中的“更有甚者”只能引出贬义的东西。（5）untouched一词的词义理解失误。此处的untouched应指还未被开发商们用搞现代化工厂企业，仍保持着自然风貌的那些农田。（6）intolerance词义理解失误。（7）对原句结构认识不清。译文读来颇雅，似乎文笔不错。但实际上与原文大相径庭。这种在译文中炫耀文笔以掩饰理解不足的作法实在是不可取的。47Howtostudytranslationwell（1）对我儿子说，自然有乡下丰富的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓的鱼，以及邻居家的果园和花园中的财富。（2）还有一位免费的保姆，她的孩子我儿媳也给看。邻居们还交换技术和劳动。（3）更有甚者，你怎样在测量宁静和自我意识？（4）我不想把小地方理想化。（5）有时外部世界会侵入这里。比如当汽车涨价，开发商把目光投向开垦的农田。（6）有残忍，有忍耐，有大城市所存在的所有罪恶和卑鄙。(7)另外，毋庸置疑的是，我们无法从心理上将其驱逐至市镇之一隅，或释为一族怪僻，承认其为我们中的一部分。（1）对我的几个孩子来说，乡下有新鲜的蔬菜吃，有鱼钓，还可以分享邻居家花园和果园的乐趣。（2）遇到有事的时候，总有人来为你照看孩子，而我的儿媳有时也会去为别人临时看看小孩。人们还常常互相帮忙，干些自己擅长的活计。（3）除此之外，那分安宁，那种对自我的感受，又岂是可以简单度量的吗？（4）我并不想把小地方的生活理想化。（5）有时，外面的世界的东西也会粗暴地闯进来。比如，汽油涨价，开发商把目光投向未被染指的农田。（6）这里有残暴的行径，也有褊狭固执，大城市的罪恶和卑劣的东西只是在小镇的另一个地区才存在，或者只是一批外乡人的怪诞想法，我们不得不承认这些就是我们之中的一部分。这时，我们就更无法对这些丑行视而不见了。48HowtostudytranslationwellAvoidmisunderstandingthemeaningofeachwordHaveathoroughknowledgeoforiginalstructure.Decreaseshortageofbackground.Avoidword-for-wordtranslation

(hypotacticandparatactic).Uselogicalandsmoothconnection.Notoverusethebeautifulwords.Iwaslateforclassyesterday.Ihadtoopenthedoorandgoinbeforeeverybody.译文一：我只好在大家望着我的情况下推门进去。

译文二：我只得在众目睽睽下推门进去。

译文三：没办法，我只好硬着头皮推门进去。49HowtostudytranslationwellAvoidmisunderstandingthemeaningofeachwordHaveathoroughknowledgeoforiginalstructure.Decreaseshortageofbackground.Avoidword-for-wordtranslation(hypotacticandparatactic).Uselogicalandsmoothconnection.Notoverusethebeautifulwords.Johnstoodfromthechair.A:约翰从椅子上站起来。B:约翰站了起来。Earlierscientiststhoughtthatduringaman’slifetimethepowerofhisbraindecreasedA:早些时候的科学家认为，在人的一生中，脑子的机能会逐渐减弱。B:从前科学家认为，人越老，脑子的机能越衰退。50Keepimprovingyourabilityoforiginal.RaiseyourChineseDomorepractice了解原文的第三道关，就是字典不能帮忙的那些东西：上自天文，下至地理，人情风俗，俚语方言，历史上的事件，小说里的人物，五花八门，无以名之，名之曰“杂学”二加二只能等于四，不能等于五。语言不是这样的。之说TheflowerGirl:Willye-oopymef’them?TheDaughter:Donothingofthesort,mother.Theidea!3-50000-wordtranslationpracticeduringtheEnglishlearningtime7,800wordsperweekHowtostudytranslationwell51HowtostudytranslationwellKnowsometranslationskillsInthreeweeksEnglishwillbehungthenecklikechickens.Somechicken,someneck…A，一些小鸡，一些脖子。B，难对付的小鸡、难对付的脖子啊。Widenyourknowledge

WhiteHouseFoggyBottom<WaterlooBridge>52Howtostudytranslationwell

Decreaseshortageofbackground.History:AlliedNations协约国-同盟国，同盟国-轴心国CuriouslycarefullyI’maDutchman,if…E.g.,Ifthatpictureisgenuine,ReligionGod/老天爷BlackFriday/13Speakofangels,andyouwillheartheirwings;talkofthedevil,andhe’ssuretoappear.GeographyLovelyweather,isn’titWestwind/EastwindCarrycoalstoNewcastle.BigAppleCustomsThankyouGreen-eyedYoulookdarkeraftertheholidays.Allthechildrenhavegotmarried.Areyouthrough?yes…(British)53Howtostudytranslationwell

Decreaseshortageofbackground.Socialandpoliticalbackground:WorkingclassPropaganda(It’smerepropaganda.It‘snottrue))Exploit(开发利用、获取利润Artandliterature:MagpieanddragonLoveme,lovemydogAwhiteChristmas(银装素裹，大雪纷飞)Commentthefollowingversions:Aninterpreter(translator)hastoknoweverythingofsomethingandsomethingofeverything.译文一：一个口译或笔译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对所有事情都要懂一些。译文二：翻译人员对有些事情要无所不晓，对所有事情又要略知一二。译文三：翻译人员搞学问，既要精深，又要渊博。54TranslationHistoryinChineseEarliesttimeEastHanDynasty2000yearsagoFirstperiod:♣EastHanDynastyTangDynasty

♣Buddhism

♣鸠摩罗什（印度人）、真谛（印度人）、玄奘•Secondperiod:♣MingandQingDynasty♣严复《天演论》•Thirdperiod:♣AfterMay4thMovement（Goldentime♣陈望道、李达、鲁讯、瞿秋白、矛盾、林语堂、•50’and60’s:♣Goldentime傅雷、扬宪益•Today’stranslation

5556论翻译的角色

画家，钢琴演奏家、雕塑家和演员。中介人、介绍人、媒婆、代言人、隐形人、叛逆者、杂家、原作忠实的奴仆或一仆二主的仆人、带镣铐跳舞的人……三教九流、应声虫、原作者肚子里的蛔虫、学舌鹦鹉57第一单元模拟试题一、翻译下列词组A．英译汉1．expressway2．TheGreatHallofthePeople3．Immunity4．openingtotheoutsideworld5．biologicalengineeringB．汉译英1．人民代表大会2．希望工程3．国际文化交流4．国际金融5．客座教授58第一单元模拟试题二、改译下列翻译不正确的句子1．Thesethreestepsconstitutedonepochaladvance．这三个步骤构成了一个划时代的进展。2．Thisfilmisadramatictreatmentofathreatenedstoppageinafactory．影片是对一家工厂的一场受到威胁的罢工的戏剧的处理。3．Nowonderthesightofitshouldsendthememoriesofquiteanumberoftheoldgenerationsback36yearsago．难怪这情景会使老辈的许多人回想起36年前的往事。4．Witholdplaster-casting,thebonetakeslongertoknitandcripplingeffectsfrommuscleinactivityresult.因为石膏模子旧了，得很长时间骨头才能愈合，由于肌肉不活动的结果，影响成了残废。5．Theimportanceoflasercannotbeoverestimatedinthatitcanprovideextremelyhighcapacityforcommunication．在提供极高的通信容量方面，对激光器的重要性不能估计过高。6．有了辩证唯物论的思想，就省了许多事，也少犯许多错误。Ifdialecticalmaterialismisgrasped，alotoftroubleissavedandmanymistakescanbeavoided．7．在经济建设的实践中，已经涌现了大批的优秀人才。Largenumbersoftalentedpersonshavecometotheforeineconomicconstructionpractice．8．必须进行认真教育，以期一步一步解决这个问题。Educationmustbeassiduouslycarriedoutandthisproblemcanbesolvedstepbystep．9．我身边的桌子上点着一盏灯，灯旁放着一只小盒子。Onthetablebesidemealampwaslit,nearwhichitlayalittlebox．10．地下埋藏着大量的黄金。Hidingundergroundisawealthofgold．59第一单元模拟试题三、在下面四个选项中，选出最好的译文1．Seeinghisuneasiness，Mrs．Morrissmiled．A．看到他很不安，莫里斯夫人笑了。B．他不安的样子把莫里斯夫人弄笑了。C．莫里斯夫人很高兴看到他尴尬的样子。D．看见他那副尴尬的样子，莫里斯夫人笑了。2．Usedeconomically,onetinwilllastforatleasttwomonths．A．经济的用法，一听(罐)至少可以用两个月。B．只要省着用，一听(罐)至少可以用两个月。C．只要省着用，一听(罐)至少可以坚持两个月。D．如果省着用，一听(罐)至少会坚持两个月。3．车抛锚时他很生气，因为他的车子一星期前刚修过。A．Hewasveryangrywhenhiscarbrokedown，havinghad