语言学辅音分类

Definitionofconsonants:Inarticulatoryphonetics,aconsonantisaspeechsoundthatisarticulatedwithcompleteorpartialclosureofthevocaltract.

Generallyspeaking,thereare24consonantsinEnglish.Butsomepeoplesaythereare28.Thatisalsorighttosomedegree.Theleft4are[ts],[dz],[tr],[dr].Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedin2ways:Oneisintermsofmannerofarticulation（发音措施）;Theotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation（发音部位）.MannerofarticulationStopsFricativesAffricatesLiquids

NasalsGlides010203040506MannerofarticulationStopsFricativesAffricatesLiquids

NasalsGlides010203040506MannerofarticulationStops

FricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides010203040506010203040506Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thesoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.[p][b],[t][d],[k][g]Mannerofarticulation010203040506stopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhentheobstructionispartialandtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemouthsoastocausedefinitelocalfrictionatthepoint,thespeechsoundthenisafricative.[f][v][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][θ][ð][h]Mannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesMannerofarticulation01020304050607StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhentheobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlywiththefrictionresultingfrompartialobstrution(asinfricatives),thesoundsareaffricates.[tʃ][dʒ]MannerofarticulationGlides010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhentheairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongue(thetiporthesides)andtheroofofthemouth,thesoundsarecalledliquids.[l][r]MannerofarticulationGlides010203040506StopsFricativesAffricates

Liquids

NasalsMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhenthenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalateatthebackofthemouthandtheairisallowedtopassthroughit,thesoundsarenasals.[m][n][ŋ]MannerofarticulationGlides010203040506Stops

FricativesAffricatesLiquids

NasalsGlidesMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides,sometimescalled“semivowels”,arearathermarginalcategory.Theyarewithanarrowpassagebetweenthelipsorbetweenthetongueandthehardpalatetocausesomeslightnoisefromthelocalobstruction.[w][j]areformedinthesamemannerasthevowels[u][i].BilabialDental

AlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationBilabial(双唇音）:theupperandthelowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstruction.[p][b][w][m]GlottalVelarBilabialDental

AlveolarPalatalLabiodental

zzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationLabiodental(唇齿音）:thelowertipisbroughtintocontactwiththeupperteeth,thuscreatingtheobstruction.[f][v]GlottalVelarBilabialDental

AlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationDental(齿音):theobstructioniscreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandtheupperteeth.[θ][ð]GlottalVelarBilabial

Dental

AlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationAlveolar(齿槽音）:thetipofthetongueisbroughtintocontacttheupperteeth-ridgetocreatetheobstruction.[t][d][s][z][n][l][r]GlottalVelarBilabialDental

AlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationPalatal(腭音):theobstructionisbetweenthebackofthetongueandthehardpalate.[j][ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ]GlottalVelarBilabialDental

AlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationVelar(软腭音):thebackofthetongueisbroughtintocontactwiththevelum,orthesoftpalate.[k][g][ŋ]GlottalVe