心理学专业英语基础专家讲座

CONTENTSCHAPTERONE

WHATISPSYCHOLOGYCHAPTERTWO

RESEARCHMETHODSCHAPTERTHREE

CONGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGYCHAPTERFOUR

DEVELOPMENTALPSYCHOLOGYCHAPTERFIVE

SOCIALPSYCHOLOGYCHAPTERSIX

ABNORMALPSYCHOLOGY(变态心理学）CHAPTERSEVEN

SKILLSOFREADINGCHAPTEREIGHT

SKILLSOFWRITING

AbstractWritingWritinginSocialSciencesWritinginNaturalSciences心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第1页READINGS心理学专业英语基础心理学·教育学专业英语改变心理学40项研究（汉字版，英文版）心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第2页RESOURCES英语字典（牛津，朗文）当代英汉-汉英心理学词汇心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第3页Chapter1Whatispsychology?心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第4页Whatispsychology?1.DEFINITIONS:Theword“Psychology”isderivedfromtwoGreekroots:“Psyche（精神）”,meaning“mind”or“soul”and“Logos（理性）",meaning"studyof".Psychology,therefore,literallymeans"studyofthemind".However,amorerecentdefinitionbyAtkinson

et

al(1991)suggeststhatpsychologyis:"Thescientificstudyofbehaviourandmentalprocesses"心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第5页Whatispsychology?DEFINITIONSTHEHISTORYOFPSYCHOLOGYWHEREDIDPSYCHOLOGYCOMEFROMWHENDIDPSYCHOLOGYSTARTEDHOWDIDPSYCHOLOGYDEVELOP心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第6页Whatispsychology?DEFINITIONS:Theword"Psychology"isderivedfromtwoGreekroots:"Psyche",meaning"mind"or"soul"and"Logos",meaning"studyof".derive:派生roots:词根mind:心灵；精神soul:灵魂；心灵；精神心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出来，psyche意思是心灵或精神，logos意思是对……研究。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第7页Psychology,therefore,literallymeans"studyofthemind".therefore:所以literally:依据字面意思所以，从字面上来讲，心理意思就是对于心灵(意识)研究。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第8页However,amorerecentdefinitionbyAtkinsonet

al(1991)suggeststhatpsychologyis:"Thescientificstudyofbehaviourandmentalprocesses"suggest:认为，提议，提议然而，Atkinson（1991）等人提出了一个较新定义，“心理学是对于行为与心理过程科学研究”。心理学是研究行为和心理过程科学。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第9页Justgivingthissimpledefinition,however,isabitmisleading,sincepsychologistsnowandthroughout（自始至终）theirhistoryhavenotonlydisagreedaboutthedefinitionofpsychologybuthavealsostronglydisagreedaboutwhatshouldbestudiedinthesubject（主题）andhowitshouldbestudied.subject:主题，科目misleading:误导，令人误解，引入歧途心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第10页然而，仅仅给出这么一个简单定义，会有一点误导，因为不论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不但对于心理学定义没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该怎样研究也存在巨大分歧。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第11页Whatispsychology？2.THEHISTORYOFPSYCHOLOGY标题内容WHEREDIDPSYCHOLOGYCOMEFROM?Psychologydevelopedfromthreemainareasofstudy:PHILOSOPHYBIOLOGYPHYSICSPhilosophy:哲学Biology:生物学Physics:物理学心理学起源？心理学是从三个主要研究领域发展而来：哲学、生物学、物理学。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第12页Manyoftheproblemswhichpsychologyhasinvestigatedwerefirstmostclearlyoutlined（概述）byGreekphilosopherssuchasSocrates,Plato,andAristotleinthe5thcenturyBC.Twomorerencentphilosophicalinfluencesonthedevelopmentofpsychologyasasciencewere:1Empiricism（经验主义）-whicharguedthathumansshouldonlymeasuredatathatisobjectivelyobservable,suchasbehaviour.2Positivism（实证主义）-whicharguedthatthemethodsandprinciplesofscienceshouldbeappliedtohumanbehaviour.PHILOSOPHY心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第13页PHILOSOPHYManyoftheproblemswhichpsychologyhasinvestigatedwerefirstmostclearlyoutlinedbyGreekphilosopherssuchasSocrates,Plato,andAristotleinthe5thcenturyBC.investigate:调查，研究，探讨outline:概述，提出……纲要心理学研究很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清楚提出（概要）。比如说公元前5世纪Socrates,Plato,andAristotle等。suchas:像，诸如，比如[用于举例]心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第14页PHILOSOPHYTwomorerecentphilosophicalinfluencesonthedevelopmentofpsychologyasasciencewere:1Empiricism-whicharguedthathumansshouldonlymeasuredatathatisobjectivelyobservable,suchasbehaviour.2Positivism-whicharguedthatthemethodsandprinciplesofscienceshouldbeappliedtohumanbehaviour.当今对于心理学作为科学发展，对于它两个哲学性影响是：1经验主义——认为人们只能去测量能够客观观察数据，比如说行为。2实证主义——认为科学原理方法应该被应用于人类行为研究中。argue:认为，提出……观点，辩论心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第15页TIPS：empiricism:thebeliefinbasingyourideasonpracticalexperience.positivism：akindofPHILOSOPHYthatisbasedonlyonrealfactswhichcanbescientificallyproved,ratherthanonideas.心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第16页Biology（生物学）hastwoimportantinfluences:1Evolution（进化论）-Darwin‘ssuggestionthathumanshaveevolvedfrom（由…进化）otheranimals.Thediscoveriesingeneticsthatfollowedfromhisevolutionarytheroyhavehadmanyimportantimplicationsforthestudyandunderstandingofbahaviour.2Physiology（生理学）-thediscoveries,mostlybythemedicalprofession,ofthestructureandfunctionofthebrain,nervous（神经）,andendocrinesystem（内分泌系统）havesignificantlycontributedtotheunderstandingofbehaviour.BIOLOGY心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第17页1Evolution-Darwin'ssuggestionthathumanshaveevolvedfromotheranimals.Thediscoveriesingeneticsthatfollowedfromhisevolutionarytheroyhavehadmanyimportantimplicationsforthestudyandunderstandingofbahaviour.suggestion:提议，意见，观点进化论——Darwin认为人类是从别动物进化而来。基因理论（遗传学）是由其理论发展而来，在基因领域发觉，对于研究和了解行为有重大影响。implication:含义，影响，（可引申为意义）Evolution:进化论BIOLOGY心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第18页2Physiology-thediscoveries,mostlybythemedicalprofession,ofthestructureandfunctionofthebrain,nervous,andendocrinesystemhavesignificantlycontributedtotheunderstandingofbehaviour.physiology:生理学medicalprofession:医疗职业生理学领域尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统结构和功效发觉，对于了解行为有重大贡献。endocrinesystem:内分泌系统significantly:重大地，客观地BIOLOGY心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第19页Asubject（学科）thatbecauseofitsgreatsuccesshasbeenadoptedastheidealmodelbyscientistinpsychology,whohaveborroweditsscientificmethodsandprinciples.Physicist（物理学家）,suchasFechnerstartedapplyingtheirsubjecttohuamanbehaviourandexperience(psychophysics)inthenineteenthcentury,withsomesuccess.PHYSICS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第20页Asubjectthatbecauseofitsgreatsuccesshasbeenadoptedastheidealmodelbyscientistinpsychology,whohaveborroweditsscientificmethodsandprinciples.因为这一学科巨大成功，在心理学领域许多科学家借鉴其科学方法和标准，将其作为理想模型。PHYSICS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第21页Physicist,suchasFechnerstartedapplyingtheirsubjecttohuamanbehaviourandexperience(psychophysics心理物理学)inthenineteenthcentury,withsomesuccess.物理学家，比如说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验（领域），取得了一些成功。Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类行为与经验学科——心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。psychophysics:心理物理学PHYSICS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第22页WHEREDIDPSYCHOLOGYCOMEFROM?Psychologydevelopedfromthreemainareasofstudy:PHILOSOPHYBIOLOGYPHYSICSWHENDIDPSYCHOLOGYSTARTED?心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第23页WHENDIDPSYCHOLOGYSTARTED？Thedate1879isusuallysaidtobethestartofpsychologyasaseparatescientificdiscipline（科学学科）,sinceitwaswhenWilhelmWundtcreatedthefirstpsychologylaboratoryinLeipzig.心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第24页Wundtis,therefore,regardedasthe“foundingfather”ofpsychology,althoughAmericanstendtosuggestthatWilliamJamesshouldhavethishonorsincehis1890book(whichtook12yearstowrite)entitledPrinciple（标准）ofPsychologywasamajorlandmarkinpsychology’sliterature（著作）andhebeganteachingacourseontherelationshipbetweenphysiology（生理学）andpsychologyatHarvardUniversityin1875.WHENDIDPSYCHOLOGYSTARTED？心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第25页Thedate1879isusuallysaidtobethestartofpsychologyasaseparatescientificdiscipline,sinceitwaswhenWilhelmWundtcreatedthefirstpsychologylaboratoryinLeipzig.discipline:学科Leipzig:莱比锡1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立科学学科开始时间，因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创建了第一个心理学试验室。WHENDIDPSYCHOLOGYSTARTED？心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第26页Wundtis,therefore,regardedasthe“foundingfather”ofpsychology,althoughAmericanstendtosuggestthatWilliamJamesshouldhavethishonorsincehis1890book(whichtook12yearstowrite)entitledPrincipleofPsychologywasamajorlandmarkinpsychology’sliteratureandhebeganteachingacourseontherelationshipbetweenphysiologyandpsychologyatHarvardUniversityin1875.所以，Wundt被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是WilliamJames拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了，用12年写成《心理学原理》，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大标志性事件。另外，James在1875年就开始在HarvardUniversity教授一门关于生理学与心理学关系课程。WHENDIDPSYCHOLOGYSTARTED？心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第27页StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismCognitivepsychologyHumanisticapproach（方法）Biologicalapproach心理学是怎样发展？结构主义、功效主义（机能主义）、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法（生理心理学）approach:靠近；方法；路径

HOWDIDPSYCHOLOGYDEVELOP?心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第28页Structuralism-wasthefirstapproachtoinvestigatingpsychology,pioneeredbyWundthimself,whothoughtthattheobject（对象）ofpsychologicalinvestigationshouldbetheconsciousmind,andthatitshouldbestudiedbyintrospection（内省）(lookinginwardsatone’sownmentalexperience)inordertobreakitdownintoitscomponentparts(suchasimages,sensationsandfeelings)likethescienceofchemistryhaddonewithchemicals.Structuralism心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第29页StructuralismOnestructuralist,Titchener,claimedtherewereatotalof46,708basicsensationsthatcombinedtoformthestructureofthehumanmind,buttheapproach（方法）wasverylimitedinitsabilitytoexplainandwasreplacedbyfunctionalism.心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第30页StructuralismStructuralism-wasthefirstapproach（趋向于）toinvestigatingpsychology,pioneeredbyWundthimself,whothoughtthattheobject（对象）

ofpsychologicalinvestigationshouldbetheconsciousmind,andthatitshouldbestudiedbyintrospection(lookinginwardsatone’sownmentalexperience)inordertobreakitdownintoitscomponentparts(suchasimages,sensationsandfeelings)likethescienceofchemistryhaddonewithchemicals.investigate:调查，研究pioneered:提倡；作先驱conscious:意识

introspection:内省images:表象sensation:感觉feelings:情感object:对象，客体

心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第31页StructuralismStructuralism-wasthefirstapproachtoinvestigatingpsychology,pioneeredbyWundthimself,whothoughtthattheobjectofpsychologicalinvestigationshouldbetheconsciousmind,andthatitshouldbestudiedbyintrospection(lookinginwardsatone’sownmentalexperience)inordertobreakitdownintoitscomponentparts(suchasimages,sensationsandfeelings)likethescienceofchemistryhaddonewithchemicals.结构主义是第一个研究心理学方法，是由冯特本人提出来，他认为心理学研究对象应该是意识，而且应该是用内省（向内探查自己体验）方法去研究，目标是将其分解为各个部分（比如说，表象，感觉，情感），就像化学家研究化学一样。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第32页Onestructuralist,Titchener,claimedtherewereatotalof46,708basicsensationsthatcombinedtoformthestructureofthehumanmind,buttheapproachwasverylimitedinitsabilitytoexplainandwasreplacedbyfunctionalism.结构主义者之一，Tichener声称共有46078种基本感觉，联合起来组成了人类意识结构，不过这种方法在解释方面存在很大局限，所以被功效主义取代了。claimed:声称；宣称；断言

Structuralism心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第33页Functionalism-theapproachWilliamJamesadvocated（提倡）.JameswasinfluencedbyDarwin’sviewsandarguedthattheworkingsofthemindarefunctional,tosurviveandadapt,soweshouldinvestigatewhatbehaviorandthoughtarefor.ManyofJames’sinsights（看法）remainvalidtoday,butfunctionalismwassuperseded（取代）bythenexttwoverypowerfulapproaches（研究、方法）thatbothstartedaroundtheturnofthecentury.Functionalism心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第34页FunctionalismFunctionalism-theapproachWilliamJamesadvocated.JameswasinfluencedbyDarwin’sviewsandarguedthattheworkingsofthemindarefunctional,tosurviveandadapt,soweshouldinvestigatewhatbehaviorandthoughtarefor.这种方法是由WilliamJames提出。James受Darwin观点影响，认为意识工作方式是功效性，也需要去生存与适应，所以，我们应该研究行为和思想原因。Whatfor:为何；为何目标

advocated:提倡，主张，拥护

心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第35页FunctionalismManyofJames’sinsightsremainvalidtoday,butfunctionalismwassupersededbythenexttwoverypowerfulapproachesthatbothstartedaroundtheturnofthecentury.insight:眼光，洞察力valid:有效，有依据；正当

supersede:

取代，代替James很多观点在今天看来依然是有用，不过功效主义却被始于世纪之交两种更强大（有说服力）方法取代了。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第36页Psychoanalysis-wasinfactamethodofthetherapydevelopedbySigmundFreudinAustria,butinmanymajorbooks,suchasTheinterpretationofdreams(1900),Freudbegandescribingindetailanunderlyingtheory（隐含理论）ofthehumanmindandbehaviorthathashadanenormous(andcontroversial有争议)impactonpsychology.Freudarguedthattheproperobjectofpsychologicalinvestigationshouldbetheunconsciousmind,andthatourbehaviorisdeterminedbyprocessesofwhichwearenotaware.Psychoanalysis心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第37页PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis-wasinfactamethodofthetherapydevelopedbySigmundFreudinAustria,butinmanymajorbooks,suchasTheinterpretationofdreams(1900),Freudbegandescribingindetailanunderlyingtheoryofthehumanmindandbehaviorthathashadanenormous(andcontroversial)impactonpsychology.精神分析理论—实际上是由奥地利SigmundFreud发展出来一个治疗方法，不过在他很多主要书中，比如《梦解析》（1900），Freud开始详细描述一个关于人类思想与行为隐含理论，对于心理学产生了重大（而且是有争议）影响。Therapy：治疗，疗法

Underlying：隐含，潜在，基本心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第38页PsychoanalysisFreudarguedthattheproperobjectofpsychologicalinvestigationshouldbetheunconsciousmind,andthatourbehaviorisdeterminedbyprocessesofwhichwearenotaware.Freud认为心理学研究对象应该是无意识，我们行为是由我们没有意识到心理过程所决定。unconsciousmind：无意识，潜意识

心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第39页Behaviorism-Behaviorists,suchasJohnWaston,wereextremelycritical（批评）ofalltheapproachesthatconcernedthemselveswith“mind”,andproposedthatpsychologyshouldonlyinvestigateobservablebehaviorifitwanttobeanobjectivescience.Thisapproach（方法）dominatedexperimentalpsychologyuntilthe1950s,whenastrongresurgence（再现）ofinterestinthe“mind”developedintheformofcognitiveandthehumanisticapproaches（人本主义方法）,whichsuggestedthatbehaviorismignoredallthemostimportantandinterestingthingsthatgooninourheads.Behaviorism心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第40页BehaviorismBehaviorism-Behaviorists,suchasJohnWaston,wereextremelycriticalofalltheapproachesthatconcernedthemselveswith“mind”,andproposedthatpsychologyshouldonlyinvestigateobservablebehaviorifitwanttobeanobjectivescience.concernoneselfwith：研究对象是...行为主义者，像JohnWaston，对全部以意识为研究对象方法极为不满，而且认为心理学假如想成为一门客观科学，就应该研究能够观察行为。objective：客观心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第41页Cognitivepsychology-aimstoinvestigatethemindbyusingcomputerinformationprocessingideastoarriveattestablemodelsofhowthebrainworks,andthenapplyingscientificmethodstoconfirm（证实）thesemodels.Thecognitiveapproachhasenjoyedmuchsuccessandisaverydominantoneinpsychologytoday.Testable：可验证Cognitivepsychology心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第42页认知心理学，目标是用计算机信息处理方式观点去研究意识，建立起可验证关于脑是怎样工作模型，然后利用科学方法去证实这些模型。认知方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位研究方法之一。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第43页TheHumanisticapproach,however,hashadlessofanimpactonpsychology,sinceithasdeliberately（有意地）

adoptedalessscientificview（不怎么科学观点）ofthehumanmindbyarguingthatpsychologyshouldfocusoneachindividual’sconsciousexperienceandaimsinlife.（生活中意识经验和目标）Humanisticapproach心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第44页人本主义研究方法，对于心理学影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它有意采取了不怎么科学观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中意识经验和目标。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第45页TheBiologicalapproachhasadvanced（发展了）evolutionary,physiological（生理学）,andgeneticexplanationsforhumanbehaviorthroughoutthehistoryofpsychology.Biologicalapproach心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第46页生物学研究方法在心理学历史上，生理心理学则发展了关于人类行为进化、生理和基因观点。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第47页Chapter2RESEARCHMETHODS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第48页VariablesWHATDOPSYCHOLOGISTSINVESTIGATE?VARIABLESAvariablesisanyobject（物体）,quality（特征）oreventthatchangesorvariesinsomeway.Examplesinclude:aggression,intelligence,time,height,amountofalcohol,drivingability,attraction.OPERATIONALISATIONManyofthevariablesthatpsychologistsareinterestedinareabstractconcepts,suchasaggressionorintelligence.Operationalisation（操作化）referstotheprocessofmakingvariables（变量）physicallymeasurableortestable（在物理上可操作可测量）.Thisisdoneinpsychologybyrecordingsomeaspectofobservablebehaviorthatisassumedtobeindicateofthevariableunderconsideration.（所考虑变量指标）心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第49页Forexample:Aggression-apsychologistmayrecordthenumberofpunchesthrown.Intelligence–apsychologistmayrecordthenumberofpuzzlessolvedinanhour,orcalculatethescoreonanIQtest.Reification（详细化）(regardinghypotheticalvariableslikeintelligenceashavingarealphysicalexistence)isadanger,however.VariablesOBSERVATION,CASESTUDIES（案例研究）,SURVEYS,ETC.Inthesemethodsvariablearepreciselymeasuredinvaryingamountsofdetail（大量事实）.CORRELATIONS相关Variablesaremeasuredandcomparedtoseehowtheyco-vary（共变）witheachother(whatrelationshiptheyhavetogether).EXPERIMENTS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第50页VariablesWHATDOPSYCHOLOGISTSINVESTIGATE?VARIABLESAvariablesisanyobject,qualityoreventthatchangesorvariesinsomeway.Examplesinclude:aggression,intelligence,time,height,amountofalcohol,drivingability,attraction.变量是指以某种方式改变或改变对象、质量或事件。例子包含：攻击性，智力，时间，高度，酒精含量，驾驶能力，吸引力等。

心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第51页VariablesOPERATIONALISATIONManyofthevariablesthatpsychologistsareinterestedinareabstractconcepts,suchasaggressionorintelligence.Operationalisationreferstotheprocessofmakingvariablesphysicallymeasurableortestable.Thisisdoneinpsychologybyrecordingsomeaspectofobservablebehaviorthatisassumedtobeindicate指标

ofthevariableunderconsideration.许多心理学家感兴趣是一些抽象概念，比如攻击性和智力。操作化是指使变量变成物理上可测量或可验证过程。在心理学上，这一过程实施是经过统计一些可观察行为来完成，这些行为被假定为是我们所考虑研究变量指标。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第52页Forexample:Aggression-apsychologistmayrecordthenumberofpunchesthrown.Intelligence–apsychologistmayrecordthenumberofpuzzlessolvedinanhour,orcalculatethescoreonanIQtest.Reification（详细化）

(regardinghypotheticalvariableslikeintelligenceashavingarealphysicalexistence（真实存在）)

isadanger,however.Variables比如说：攻击性——可统计为击拳次数。智力——可统计为在一个小时内处理问题数量或计算智力测验得分。然而，详细化（指将诸如智力之类假设性变量看成真实物质上存在）是危险。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第53页VariablesOBSERVATION,CASESTUDIES,SURVEYS,ETC.Inthesemethodsvariablearepreciselymeasuredinvaryingamountsofdetail.CORRELATIONSVariablesaremeasuredandcomparedtoseehowtheyco-varywitheachother(whatrelationshiptheyhavetogether).EXPERIMENTS观察，个案研究，调查等等这些方法能从大量事实中准确地测量出变量。相关

将测量到变量相比较，以发觉彼此之间怎样共同改变（它们之间有何关系）。试验心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第54页Onevariable(theindependentvariable)isalteredtoseewhateffectithasonanothervariable(thedependentvariable).Theindependentvariableisthevariablethatismanipulated（操作）intwoormoreconditionstoseewhateffectithasonthedependentvariable.Thedependentvariableisthemainmeasuredoutcomeoftheexperiment,hopefullydueto（应归于）themanipulationoftheindependentvariable.Forexample,theindependentvariable(IV)ofalcoholcouldbemanipulatedtoseewhateffectithadonthedependentvariable(DV)ofdrivingabilitybytestingintwoconditions,onewithnoalcoholandtheotherwithfourpints（品脱）oflager（拉格啤酒）.EXPERIMENTS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第55页However,manyextraneousvariables(othervariablesthatcouldpotentiallyinfluencethedependentvariableapartfromtheindependentvariable),couldspoiltheexperimentandsocontrolsareemployedtopreventextraneousvariablesfrombecomingconfoundingvariables(thosethatactuallyaffectthedependentvariablestronglyenoughtodistort（扭曲）theeffectoftheindependentvariable).EXPERIMENTS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第56页Onevariable(theindependentvariable)isalteredtoseewhateffectithasonanothervariable(thedependentvariable).Theindependentvariableisthevariablethatismanipulatedintwoormoreconditionstoseewhateffectithasonthedependentvariable.Thedependentvariableisthemainmeasuredoutcomeoftheexperiment,hopefullyduetothemanipulationoftheindependentvariable.EXPERIMENTS改变一个变量（自变量），观察它对另一个变量（因变量）有什么影响。自变量是指在两个或两个以上条件下对其进行操控，以发觉对因变量有什么影响变量。因变量是指试验当中主要测量结果，期望（其改变）是因为对自变量操控引发。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第57页Forexample,theindependentvariable(IV)ofalcoholcouldbemanipulatedtoseewhateffectithadonthedependentvariable(DV)ofdrivingabilitybytestingintwoconditions,onewithnoalcoholandtheotherwithfourpintsoflager.However,manyextraneousvariables(othervariablesthatcouldpotentiallyinfluencethedependentvariableapartfromtheindependentvariable),couldspoiltheexperimentandsocontrolsareemployedtopreventextraneousvariablesfrombecomingconfoundingvariables（混杂变量）(thosethatactuallyaffectthedependentvariablestronglyenoughtodistorttheeffectoftheindependentvariable).EXPERIMENTS比如说，我们能够操纵（控制）酒精这个自变量，经过观察它两个条件：一个是没有喝酒，另外一个是喝了4品脱啤酒，分别对因变量驾驶能力影响。然而，许多额外变量（除了自变量外，那些对于因变量有潜在影响变量）可能会干扰试验，所以，需要用控制方法来预防额外变量变成混同变量（那些实际上对于因变量有足够大影响，以至于能够歪曲自变量影响变量）。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第58页Extraneousvariablescanbeeitherrandom(unsystematicvariablesthatcanaffectthedependentvariablebutshouldnotaffectoneconditionmorethananother)orconstant(thosethathaveasystematiceffectononeconditionmorethananother).Whilerandomerrorswillreducetheaccuracy（准确性）

oftheresults,onlyconstanterrorsusuallytrulyconfoundtheexperimentalresults.EXPERIMENTS心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第59页额外变量可能是随机（非系统化，能够在各种条件下影响因变量变量），也可能是恒定（那些与其它条件相比，在单一条件下，对于因变量有系统影响变量）。随机误差可能会降低结果准确度，只有恒定误差经常真正混同试验结果。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第60页HOWDOPSYCHOLOGISTSINVESTIGATETHEIRHYPOTHESES?ExperimentalmethodsEXPERIMENTSAnexperimentinvolvesthemanipulationoftheindependentvariabletoseewhateffectithasonthedependentvariable,whileattemptingtocontroltheinfluenceofallotherextraneousvariables.LABORATORYInthelaboratorytheresearcherdeliberatelymanipulatetheindependentvariablewhilemaintainingstrictcontroloverextraneousvariablesthroughstandardizedprocedures.FIELD（现场试验）Theresearcherdeliberatelymanipulatestheindependentvariable,butdoessointhesubject’sownnaturalenvironment.NATURAL/QUASI（准试验）Theindependentvariableischangedbynaturaloccurrence（事件）;theresearcherjustrecordstheeffectonthedependentvariable.QuasiexperimentsareanywherecontrolislackingovertheIV.心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第61页HOWDOPSYCHOLOGISTSINVESTIGATETHEIRHYPOTHESES?ExperimentalmethodsEXPERIMENTSAnexperimentinvolvesthemanipulationoftheindependentvariabletoseewhateffectithasonthedependentvariable,whileattemptingtocontroltheinfluenceofallotherextraneousvariables.心理学家是怎样来研究他们假设试验一个试验包含操纵自变量，观察它对因变量影响，同时去尝试控制其它全部额外变量影响。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第62页HOWDOPSYCHOLOGISTSINVESTIGATETHEIRHYPOTHESES?ExperimentalmethodsLABORATORYInthelaboratorytheresearcherdeliberatelymanipulatetheindependentvariablewhilemaintainingstrictcontroloverextraneousvariablesthroughstandardizedprocedures.FIELDTheresearcherdeliberatelymanipulatestheindependentvariable,butdoessointhesubject’sownnaturalenvironment.NATURAL/QUASITheindependentvariableischangedbynaturaloccurrence;theresearcherjustrecordstheeffectonthedependentvariable.QuasiexperimentsareanywherecontrolislackingovertheIV.试验室试验在试验室试验中，在整个标准化过程中，研究者审慎地操纵自变量，而且保持对于额外变量严格控制。现场试验研究者审慎地操纵自变量，但这是在被试自己自然环境中进行。自然试验/准试验自变量是自然改变，研究者仅仅是统计对于因变量影响。准试验是指缺乏对于自变量控制。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第63页ExperimentalmethodsBANDURAETAL(1961)Banduramanipulatetheindependentvariableof“exposuretoaggression”toseewhateffectithadonthedependentvariableof“imitationofaggressioninchildren”undercontrolledlaboratoryconditionsbyrandomlyallocatingchildrentoeither（任一）aconditionwheretheysawAnadultbeingviolenttowardsaBobodoll,orAnadultshowingnoviolence.Thenumberofaggressionactsshownbyeachchildwaslatermeasuredinthelaboratory.心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第64页Bandura操纵自变量“暴露于攻击行为中”以考查它对于因变量“儿童模仿攻击性”影响，这是在试验室控制条件下，经过随机将儿童分配到一个他们会看到条件下：

一个成人对于一个玩具玩玩施加暴力

一个成人没有暴力

随即在试验室中统计每个儿童攻击性行为次数。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第65页ExperimentalmethodsThemostscientificmethodbecausetheManipulationoftheindependentvariableindicate（显示）causeandeffect（因果关系）.Laboratoryincreasecontrolandaccuratemeasurementofvariablesthusmoreobjectivity.Laboratorystandardizationmeansgreaterabilitytoreplicate(repeatagain)thestudy.Totalcontroloverallvariablesisnotpossible.Artificiallaboratoryconditionsmayproduceunnaturalbehaviorthatlacksecologicalvalidity（生态效应）(resultsdonotgeneralizetoreallife).Resultsmorelikelytobebiased（带有倾向性）bysampling（取样偏差）,demandcharacteristic（需求特征）,experimenterexpectancy（试验者期望效应）.Mayraiseethical（伦理）problemsofdeception（坑骗）,etc.心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第66页ExperimentalmethodsThemostscientificmethodbecausetheManipulationoftheindependentvariableindicatecauseandeffect.Laboratoryincreasecontrolandaccuratemeasurementofvariablesthusmoreobjectivity.Laboratorystandardizationmeansgreaterabilitytoreplicate(repeatagain)thestudy.最科学方法，因为：操纵因变量显示出因果关系。试验室增加了控制以及对于因变量准确测量，所以愈加客观。试验室标准化意味着研究可重复性增强。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第67页ExperimentalmethodsTotalcontroloverallvariablesisnotpossible.Artificiallaboratoryconditionsmayproduceunnaturalbehaviorthatlacksecologicalvalidity(resultsdonotgeneralizetoreallife).Resultsmorelikelytobebiasedbysampling,demandcharacteristic,experimenterexpectancy.Mayraiseethicalproblemsofdeception,etc.对全部变量完全控制是不可能。人工试验室条件可能会造成非自然行为，所以会造成缺乏生态效度（造成不能推广到真实情境中去）。结果更可能受到取样偏差影响，需求特征，试验者期望效应。增加了很多关于坑骗道德问题。心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第68页ExperimentalmethodsFESHBACHANDSINGER(1971)FeshbachandSingermanipulatetheindependentvariableof“exposuretoaggression”toseewhateffectithadondependentvariableof“imitationofaggressioninchildren”byshowingboysinaresidentialschool（寄宿学校）eitherAggressivetelevisionorNon-aggressivetelevision

Thisfieldstudywasconductedover6weeks,duringwhichtheboys’aggressionwasrated（评定）.心理学专业英语基础专家讲座第69页FeshbachandSinger操纵自变量“暴露于攻击行为中”观察对于自变量“儿童模仿攻击性”影响，经过向寄宿制儿童展示：攻击性行为电视非攻击性行为电视这项现场试验实施了六周，期间评定儿童攻击性行