2021英语中考语法专项-动词与动词短语原创

第七章动词与动词短语1.概念动词是表示动作和状态的词。2.分类定义用法表示动作和状态，在句子中能独立作谓语，词义完整及物动词：带宾语，意思才完整make,give不及物动词：不带宾语，意思也完整happen,arr用来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等连接主语和表语（名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句等）is,am,are,s表示各种时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等结构和实义动词连用，构成谓语。置于句首，构成一般疑问句。助动词后面加not,构成否定句。do,does,did表示说话人的情感、态度或语气和实义动词连用，没有人称和数的变化，can,may,m

后面接动词原形。后面接动词原形。考点一动词的基本形式动词的基本形式和变化规则:沐形式变化规则例词J词原形不变talk-talk:人称单数(1)一般情况直接加-s；(2)以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的加-es；(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的，改y为i再加-es；(4)不规则变化。(l)love-loves；(2)miss-misses；fix-fixes；do-does(3)study-studies；(4)have-has；be-is过去式(1)一般情况直接加-ed；(2)以不发音e结尾的直接加-d；(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的,改y为i再加-ed；(4)以重读闭音节结尾的(重读，且以“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母"结尾)，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed；(5)不规则变化，参见《动词不规则变化表》。(1)work-worked；⑵like-liked；(3)marry-married；(4)stop-stopped；plan-planned；(5)is-was/were；do-did；go-went；holdheld(续表)变化规则机则变化，与动词的过去式变化规则相同；F规则变化，参见《动词不规则变化表》。(1)work-worked；marry-married；stopstopped；(2)do-done；forget-forgotten一般情况直接加-ing；(2)以不发音的e结尾的，去e加-ing；(1)keep-keeping；

(2)live-living；(3)shop-shopping；beg(4)lie-lying；die-dying(2)live-living；(3)shop-shopping；beg(4)lie-lying；die-dying以ie结尾的，改ie为y再加-ing。动词基本形式的用法:式用法例句形一般现在时（第一、二人称做主语）、一般将来时、助动词后面、情态动词后面、祈使句句首、to后面Italktomyparentseveryday.我每天都和父母交Goawayandleavemealone!走开，别打搅我！:单数一般现在时的主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数Theoldladylovesdancing.这位年老的女士热，abroadforfurtherstudyeverythreeyears.这女孩每三年出国留学一次。式一般过去时Theytriedtheirbesttosolvetheproblem.他们尽7wentintoherroomandshutthedoorbehindher.她走进房间，关上了门。词完成时态、被动语态MydadhasgonetoHK・我爸爸已经去了香港。MacauBridgewasopenedtotrafficinOctober,201年10月开放使用。词现在进行时、过去进行时Listen!Thebirdissingingoverthere.听！小鸟在那whenyoucalledmelastnight.昨晚你打电话给我f可1起名词作用，常用于固定搭配中 LWeshouldpracticespeakingEnglisheveryday.语。TheyenjoyeatingmooncakesontheMidAutu在中秋节吃月饼。考点自测(B)1.However,thechangeinthefaceandfingerprintsbroughthim

muchtrouble.Hewastoenterplaceslikerailwaystationsandairports.【2020・广东】A.guided B.refusedC.forced D.allowed(B)2.Tommy,playbasketballinthestreetnexttime.Youmaygethitbyacar.12016・广东】A.do B.don,tC.mustD.mustn't考点二实义动词1.实义动词，也称行为动词，分为及物动词（加.）和不及物动词（况.）。有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如：WestudyEnglish.我们学英语。（study是及物动词）Westudyhard.我们认真学习。（study是不及物动词）考点自测（D）3.Mrs.Stoneaskedthetwogirlstogetherandtalkedwiththem.Mrs.Stonehelpedthemthatitwasagoodideatotaketurnstodecidetheactivity.[2019*广东】A.describe B.explainC.guessD.realize.及物动词要带宾语，意思才完整。构句型例词补vt.+sb./sth.+doZo4F.In.make,let,have,watch,notice,hear,see+直接宾语vt・+sb・+sth・give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,makitell,write,read,return如：Therainydaymakesmesad.雨天使我感到沮丧。BennyteachesusoralEnglishthisterm.本尼这个学期教我们英语口语。考点自测(A)4.It'sgoodforustoagoodhabitofreading.12020・山东日照】A．develop B．chooseC.acceptD.pick.不及物动词不带宾语，意思也完整。如：happen,arrive,come,go。不及物动词+介词，才可带宾语。如：Thebusiscoming.公交车来了。Myfatherarrivedathomeafter9：00pm.我爸爸晚上九点后回到家。考点自测(A)5.Somedaystheycouldspendhourshappilytogetherwithoutanyargument,butotherdaystheyjustcouldnotonwhattodo.【2019•广东】A.agreeB.liveC.dependD.try考点三系动词1.系动词，也称连系动词，初中阶段包括：五感官、三变化、二保持、一好像，一个be。look看起来，smell闻起来，sound听起来，taste尝起来，feel感觉起来become变成/变得，get变（好/坏/长/短/冷/热 ）,turn变（颜色）keep保持，stay保持氏 seem似乎，好像♦e be是，根据时态和人称，有is,am,are,was,were,been等变化如：Thecaketastesdelicious.这蛋糕尝起来很美味。Theleavesturnyellowinautumn.树叶在秋天变黄了。考点自测(C)6.MayIhavesomemorechicken?Itsodelicious.12020湖北仙桃】A.feelsB.smellsC.tastesD.sounds(B)7.Sometimesthesmoothsurfaceofthelakereallylikeamirror.12019・抚顺】A.sounds B.looksC.smells D.tastes2.系动词+形容词，作表语。如：Themeatsmellsbad.Youdbetterthrowitaway.这肉闻起来很臭。你最好把它扔掉。Ifyouwanttokeephealthy,youcaneatmorefruit.如果你想保持健康，你可以多吃水果。考点自测(A)8.Hisgrandfatherdidhisbesttokeepthetree,butitdiedintheend.12019・铁岭】A.aliveB.asleepC.absent D.awake考点四助动词助动词本身没有词义，必须和实义动词连用。助动词可以调到句首，构成一般疑问句。在助动词后加not,构成否定句。常见的助动词用法be(am,is,are,was,were)进行时、被动语态do(does,did)一般现在时、一般过去时have(has,had)完成时will(would)一般将来时should(shall)表示委婉语气如：Hewastraininghisguidedogatthattime.他那时在训练他的导盲犬。

Willpeoplehaverobotsinthe加ture?将来人们会有机器人吗？考点）自测（A）9.—Whatisyourmotherdoing,Linda?-Shedinnerinthekitchennow.12019・淮安】A.iscooking B.wascookingC.cookD.cooking考点五情态动词情态动词表示说话人的情感、态度或语气。要跟实义动词连用才有意义，没有人称和数的变化，后面接动词原形，否定式直接在后面加not。常用的情态动词有：maycouldmightshouldshall]&1可以;也许can的过去式；can的委婉语气may的过去式；may的委婉语气应该应该（用于第一人称I,we）必须；于彳如：Shemuststudyhardsothatshecangotoagooduniversity.为了能够上一所好的大学，她必须努力学习。Wecan'talwaysthinkaboutourselves.Weshouldthinkaboutothers.我们不能总是想着自己。我们要为别人着想。考点自测(A)10.Dirtyairandwaterareharmful.Theykillplants，andevenpeople.12019・广东】A．can B．mustC.shouldD.shouldn'tcan'can'tbecan,may,could,might也许，可能 不可能是，肯;学定是，表示推测；mustn't表示禁止、不准，不表示猜测。如：Youmustbejoking.你一定是开玩笑。Theladycan'tbeourteacher.ShehasgonetoShanghai.这位女士肯定不是我们的老师。她已经去了上海。考点自测(B)11.—Jane,Isawyourmotheryesterday.【2020•铁岭】-Itbeher.Sheisworkingabroad.A.mustn'tB.can'tC.shouldn'tD.couldn't.情态动词表示请求、命令、许可等。词定义否定式y/ght可以后面直接加not,表示“不可以”必须mustn't禁止需要needn't不必hall应该(shall只用于I/we)shouldn't/shallnot不应该ild意愿，想要won't/wouldn't不愿意，不想要o不得不(因外界因素)don'thaveto没必要osth.最好做某事hadbetternotdosth.最好不做某事如：Youmustn'tsmokehere.你不许在这里抽烟。You'dbettertellyourfatherthetruth.你最好告诉你爸爸真相。考点自测(B)12.Yousmokehere!Lookatthesign.Itsays"Nosmoking".【2020•江苏淮安】A.needn'tB.mustn'tC.canD.may(B)13.—MayIjointheartclub,Dad?-Ifyouhaveinterest,you.12019・孝感】A.should B.canC.haveto D.must4.情态动词的用法辨析：(1)MustI…？否定回答不能用No,youmustn't.(表示禁止)MustI…？我必身肯定回答：Yes,youmust.否定回答：No,youneedn't/don'thaveto.不，刃如：一MustIfinishtheworknow?我必须现在完成这项工作吗？一Yes,youmust是的，你必须。一No,youneedn't/youdon'thaveto.不，你没必要。(不能用youmustn't)(2)MayI/CouldI/CanI…？否定回答不能用No,youcouldn't/youmaynot.(回答不够明确)MayI/CouldI/CanI…？表示请求我可以……吗？&youcan./Yes,please./Ofcourse/OK/Certainly/Sure/Goahead.是的，你可以。

一Yes,hereyouare可以，给你。一Sorry,Ihavetoreaditnow.抱歉，我现在得看这本书。(3)Canyou/Couldyou…？否定回答不能用No,youcouldn't.(回答不够明确)St示邀请、询问你可以……吗？res,Idloveto./Ofcourse/OK/Certainly/Sure.好的，我可以/乐意。匕Ihaveto・・・/Sorry,Imafraidnot.抱歉，我不能，我得要……/对不起，恐怕不行。如：一Couldyoupleasecometomypartytonight?今晚你能来参加我的晚会吗？一Yes,Idliketo.好的，我乐意参加。一Sorry,Ican't.Ihavetofinishmyhomework.对不起，我去不了，我得完成作业。(4)表示可以，能够：can,beableto人称变化时态不变只有过去时couldto随主语变化适用所有时态，通过be动词变化体现时态如：HewillbeabletolearnEnglishbyhimself.他将能够自学英语。Icouldswimattheageof8.我在8岁的时候就会游泳了。(5)表示必须：must,haveto必须，一定要表示说话人的主观看法不得不，必须表示客观需要，受外界影响如：Imuststudyhardfromnowon.我从现在开始必须努力学习。Ihavetogonowbecauseofthebadweather.由于坏天气，我现在必须走了。(6)表示也许、可能：maybe,maybe情态动词+be动词原形置句中去除后句子缺少1副词置句首、句末去除后句子依I如：Hemaybegoodatphysics.他可能擅长物理。Maybeheisgoodatphysics.他可能擅长物理。(7)need表示必须，既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词情态动词needn't=don'thaveto没必要极少用于肯定式实义动词don'tneedtodo没必要sb.need(s)todo某人必须做:sth.need(s)doing某物必须被如：Youneedntlendyourbooktoyourdeskmate.你没必要借书给你的同桌。Idon'tneedtogetuptooearlyatweekends.周末我不必太早起床。Theflowersneedwatering,花要浇水了。考点自测(A)14.—Allen,shallwegotothebookstorethisafternoon?一I'msorry,David,butImeetmycousinatthetrainstation.【2020・青岛市】A.havetoB.canC.mayD.could

(D)15.Accordingtothetrafficlaw,childrenunder12ridebicyclesontheroad.【2020•上海市】A.won,tB.wouldn'tC.neednytD.mustn't考点六动词短语.由两个或两个以上的词一起构成一个短语，相当于一个动词，称为短语动词。在中考考纲中，需掌握动词短语近300个，详见《中考考纲短语》。例子代词位置turnon打开giveout分发放中间：turniton；givethemout中间、后面均可：tuturntheradioonlookfor寻找放后面：lookforhim；catchupwithus；payattentiontoher L放后面lookformyb(catchupwith赶上1payattentionto注意 1考点自测(C)16.Smallnoseswereverypopulartheseyears,soMr.Smithwenttoabodyengineeringshopandasmallnose.12020・广东】A.caredforB.waitedforC.askedforD.sentfor.常考的动词短语bemadein在某地制造bemadeby由 制造，通过 制作(1)与make有关的短语:日……制成(bemadein在某地制造bemadeby由 制造，通过 制作如：Thebridgeismadeofstones.这座桥是由石头建成的。

ThewineismadefromgrapesandismadeinFrance.这葡萄酒是由葡萄做成，在法国制造。⑵与come有关的短语：cross(偶然)遇见或发现comeback回来com(落，出版，开花，发芽，出来comefrom来自cometmeto共计，达到comein进来com顺④comeupwith想出（主意）comeon来吧，加油，赶快；得了吧如：Hisdreamhascometrueatlast.他的梦想最后终于实现了。MoYansnewnovelcameoutlastmonth,莫言的新小说上个月出版了。(3)与fall有关的短语：fallbehind落后fallofffallinlovewith…爱上如：Theyoungmanfelldownfromhisbikebyaccident.这个年轻人意外地从自行车上摔下来。Theyallfellasleepquicklyafterworkingforalongtime.长时间工作后，他们很快入睡了。(4)与get有关的短语：y逃离getback回来，取回n降下gettogether聚会，联欢、……出来getreadyfor/bereadyfor…为 做准备getoff下起床getonwellwith/getalongwellwith与相处得好如：Thestudentsinmyclassgetonwellwitheachother.我班的学生们彼此相处得很好。Youcan'tgetoffthebusuntilitstops.公交车没停下来之前，你不能下车。⑸与give有关的短语：

▼ay赠送giveback归还give,ip放弃giveahandtosb.帮助某人如：Mybrothergaveupsmokinglastyear.我哥哥去年戒烟了。Wegiveawayoldbooksandmoneytothepoorchildren.我们贫困孩子捐赠旧书和钱。(6)与go有关的短语：goover仔细检查，复习goforawalk去gothrough浏览，翻阅，遭受goforapicnic去goondoing/goonwithsth.继续做某事goinfor参加，gofishing/shopping/skating去钓鱼/买东西/滑冰如：Youmustgooverwhatyouhavelearned•你必须复习已学知识。Iwonthegamejustnow.Let'sgoonplayingthegame.我刚才赢了游戏。我们继续玩吧。⑺与keep有关的短语:keepon继续进行做keepintouchwith与……保持联系keel如：Pleasekeepoffthegrass.请勿践踏草坪。WecankeepintouchwitheachotherthroughWeChat,我们可以通过微信相互保持联系。(8)与look有关的短语:r检查lookinto向里面看，调查lookarou向四周WT照顾lookdownupon看不起，轻视lookou留神，当,寻找lookuplookthroi查阅，查找 浏览，看lookforwardto(doing)sth.盼望(做)某事如：Thedoctorlookedoverthebabycarefully.医生很仔细地为这个宝宝检查。Ifyoudon'tknowtheword,youcanlookitupinthedictionary.你若不懂这个单词，可查一下字典。(9)与put有关的短语:putaway起来，放好putdown记卜putoff推i穿上，上演，putoutputup增加体重扑灭，熄灭挂起，举起,如：Thelittlegirlputawayherskirtsjustnow.这个小女孩刚才把自己的裙子收好了。Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.今日事，今日毕。(10)与take有关的短语：away拿走takeoff脱下，起飞takeplace发生out取出takecareof照顾taketheplaceof取代，代替turns轮流takepartin参加takeiteasy别着急，别ein吸入takepridein自豪hean搂抱takeone'stime从容，慢慢行动如：Theplaneistakingoff.飞机正在起飞。Theoldshouldbetakengoodcareof.老年人应该被好好照顾。(11)与turn有关的短语：卜 turnoff关掉turnon打开(水、电器、煤气)如：Hecan'twaittoturnonthecomputereverynight.每晚他都迫不及待地打开电脑。TheTVistooloud.Couldyoupleaseturnitdown?电视太大声，请调小声点好吗？考点自测(D)17.Shewasgettingalittleunhappyand,leavingCindyalone.1201%广东】A.wentoverB.wentonC.wentby D.wentaway(A)18.Theboy onfootfortheriverandsometimelatercamebackwithabowlofwater.[2018*广东】A.setoffB.paidoffC.gotoffD.keptoff.常考的动词、动词词组辨析(1)与used有关的短语：be/getusedtodoingsth.习惯做某事usedtodosth.过去常常做某事beusedtodosth.被用来做某事如：Iusedtogetuplate,butnowI'musedtogettingupearly.我过去常晚起，但现在习惯早起。Umbrellasareusedtopreventtherain.雨伞用来避雨。(2)到达：to+地点gettoschoolgethome注意：①arrive是::h+地点reachschoolreachhome面可不接地点，如:

Theyarrivedatthevillagewithoutrest.他们没有停歇，到达了小村庄。（3）借用、归还：borrow…from…从…，•…借来（借入，短暂性动词）;th.tosb.=lendsb.sth.把「……借给（借出，短暂性动词）return=give…back归还（短暂性动词）keep保存，借（延续性动词）如：IborrowedabookfromtheschoollibraryandIcankeepitforamonth.我从学校图书馆借来一本书，我可以借一个月。Couldyoulendyourbiketome?（=lendmeyourbike）你可以把自行车借给我吗？（4）看:看，表动作lookatsb./sth.朝某人/某物看看见，表结果seesb.do/doingsth.看见某人做/正在做某事注视watchTV/amatch/amovie看电视/比赛/电影看书报，阅读readanewspaper看报纸如：Lookattheblackboard,please.Canyouseeitclearly?请看黑板。你能看清吗？I'dliketowatchamovietonight.我想今晚去看电影。Don'treadbooksinthesun.It'sbadforyoureyes.别在太阳下看书，对眼睛有害。⑸说话，谈话：say说接内容（用“”引用，或用it,what,that从句，代替说的内容）speak说，演讲接语言；在会议上发言；sb.speaking电话用语，某人正在接电话talk交谈，谈论talktosb./talkwithsb.与某人谈话；talkaboutsth.谈论某事物tell告诉，讲述tellastory讲故事；tellalie说谎；tellthetruth说真相；tellsb.sth诉某人某事；tellsb.(not)todosth告诉某人(不)做某事如：Ican'tunderstandwhatyousaidjustnow.我不能理解你刚才所说的话。MostpeopleintheworldspeakEnglish.世界上大多数的人讲英语。Helikestalkingto/withme.他喜欢跟我交谈。Shetoldmeasecretyesterday.她昨天告诉我一个秘密。(6)花费：花时间或钱主语是人sb.spend・・・onsth.；spend…(in)doingsth费……花钱主语是物sth.costsb.somemoney某物花费某人金支付钱；赔偿主语是人sb.paysomemoneyforsth.为某物支付W花时间主语用It或Doingsth.Ittakessb.sometime+todosth.=Doinsb.sometime某人花费时间做某事如：Ispent30yuanonthebook.=Ispent30yuanbuyingthebook.=Thebookcostme30yuan.=Ipaid30yuanforthebook,我花了30元买这本书。Ittookmeanhourtorepairthebike．=Ispentanhour(in)repairingthebike.我花了一个小时修理这辆自行车。⑺拿来、带走：

bring拿来，带来fetch去拿来（一去一回）take拿去，带走carry扛，搬，抱，常用于重物如：Sorry,Iforgottobringmybaghere.抱歉，我忘记把包带来这里了。Kate,taketheumbrellawithyou.It'sgoingtorain.凯特，把伞随身带去，快下雨了。Theboxistooheavytocarry.这箱子太重了，抬不起。（8）穿着：穿着，表状态in+颜色，表示穿着某颜色的衣服i穿上，表动作dresssb,给某人穿衣；dressoneself自己穿衣服；dressupas…装扮成 如：Lookatthemaningreen!Heiswearingathickcoatinsuchahotday!Whendidheputiton?看那个穿着绿衣服的男士！他大热天正穿着一件厚厚的大衣！他什么时候穿上的？ChildrendressupasghostsonHalloween.孩子们在万圣节前夕装扮成鬼的样子。(9)听:听（表动作过程）Listen!听！listentosth,/sb.听某物/听某人讲听到（表结果）hearsb.do/doingsth.听到某人做/正在做某事；hearabout/ofsth.hearfromsb.收到某人的来信听起来（接形容词）Soundsgreat！听起来很棒！如：Listen!Thereisagirlsingingoutside.Canyouhear?听！有个女孩在外面唱歌。你能听见吗?（10）查找：lookfor寻找，强调过程find找到，强调结果findout查明

如：Ilookedformykeyeverywhere,butIcouldn'tfindit.我到处找钥匙，但我找不到。Thewindowisbroken.Canyoufindoutwhobrokeit?窗户坏了。你能查出是谁打破的吗？(11)丢失、忘记:遗漏，落下离开leavesth.somewhere把某物落在某地；leavesomewhere离开某地；leav去某地忘记forgettodosth,忘记要做某事；forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事丢失loseonesway迷路；loseoneselfin…沉迷于 如：IlostmywatchandIwantedtobuyanewone.我的手表丢失了，我想买个新的。Iforgottobringmybaghome.MaybeIleftitinthereadingroom.我忘记把包带回家了。可能我把包落在阅览室了。(12)参加：join参加成为其中一员jointheParty/thearmy/theclub/us入党/参营我们:akepartin=joinin参加临时性活动takepartintheparty/activities参加聚会/活动attend参加会议attendthemeeting参加会议如：We'lltakepartinsocialpracticeduringthesummervacation.我们将在暑期参加社会实践。Comeandjoinus!快来加入我们吧!(13)输赢：输给，丢掉losetosb.输给某人；loseheart失去信心；losethegame中失败，不及格failtodosth,做某事失败了；failtheexam考试不及格打败(后接人、队伍)beatsb.打败某人；beatastrongteam打败强队赢得(荣誉、地位、比赛、战争等)winthefirstprize/thegame/thespeakingcontest/thewar赢演讲比赛/战争如：Welostthematch.=Wedidn'twinthematch.我们比赛输了。TeamAbeatTeamBA组打败了B组。(14)变化：颜色变化turnred/yellow变红/黄渐渐变得，事物或天气变化getcolder变得更冷变得，变成，成为，身份或职位变化becomeateacher成为老师如：Theleaveswereturningbrown.叶子变成了褐色。Theskygrew/gotdarksoon.天很快变黑了。Thedaysaregettinglongerandlongernow.现在白天变得越来越长了。(A)19.—Whatavaluablebookitis!—Soitis.It'sworth.12019•铜仁改编】A．reading B．seeingC.watchingD.looking(B)20.Samacomputerfrommeyesterday.L2020•贵州】A．sold B．borrowedC．lent D．returned(A)1.Ascommonpeople,themedicalworkerschoosetostandoutandotherswithoutthinkingtwice.Theyarethemostbeautifulangels.【2020•昆明】A．protectB．protectingC．admireD．admiring(C)2.5G,asanewglobalnetwork(全球网络)after3Gand4G,willcertainlyourlifeinmanyways.12020•东营】A．copy B．breakC．changeD．control(C)3.——Hmm,somethingsogood.Isitacake?CanItrysome?【2020•无锡】一Hand-madecookies.Stillwarm.Hereyougo!A.feelsB.looksC.smellsD.tastes(B)4.——InChina,manystudentsfeelstressedbecauseoftoomuchhomework.——Don,tworry.Ourgovernmenthasrealizedthisproblem.I,msuretherebegoodnewsforthemsoon.【2020•江苏】A．canB．mustC．shouldD．need(B)5.Youwalkonthewethillpathbecauseyoufallandhurtyourself.【2019・天津】A.must;mightnotB.mustn't;mightC.needn't;needD.must;must(C)6.The32ndOlympicGameshavebeento2021becauseoftheoutbreakofCOVID-19.【2020・山东】A．putawayB．putoutC．putoffD．putup(D)7.Allchildrenarethedaywhentheycangobacktoschool.【2020・孝感】A．lookingupB．takingcareofC．takingoutD．lookingforwardto(D)8.——Haveyoueverseenthe3Dfilm?——Yes.Itcanmakeyoubeingintherealsituation.【2020・襄阳】A．growupB．lookoverC．showup D．feellike(C)9.LangPingisasymbolofc