语用学 8 conversation analysis幻灯片

CONVERSATIONANALYSIS语用学8conversationanalysis04.12.2006SindyKermerMelanieMüller21Whatisconversation?

•awayofusinglanguagesocially,of“doingthingswithwords”•aninteractionoftwoormoreparticipants•numberofparticipantsandlengthofcontributiontotheconversationcanvary•open-ended,hasthepotentialtodevelopinanywayplannedoccasionsforspeaking,suchasmeetingsordebates语用学8conversationanalysisWHATISCONVERSATIONANALYSIS?CAisthestudyofrecorded,naturallyoccurringtalk-in-interaction.Itsobjectofstudyistheinteractionalorganizationofsocialactivities.

CAaimsatdiscoveringhowparticipantsunderstandandrespondtooneanotherintheirturnsattalk,withacentralfocusonhowsequencesofactionsaregenerated.CAisonlymarginallyinterestedinlanguageassuch,butfirstandforemostinlanguageasapracticalsocialaccomplishment.语用学8conversationanalysisBackgroundtoCA•HaroldGarfinkel,1960s,ethnomethodological/sociologicalapproach•organizationoftalk-in-interaction•empiricalapproachwhichavoidsprematuretheoryconstruction→methodsareinductive-searchforrecurringpatterns→gatheringdataandanalysisofdataofactualpiecesoflanguage,real-life-conversations→data-driventheorizing语用学8conversationanalysisMindMapConversationalAnalysis

PracticalExamplesConversationsbetweenfriendsRelationshipcounsellingsessions

LegalhearingsFieldsEthnomethodologyDiscursivePsychologyQualitativeResearchPeopleHarveySacksEmanuelSchegloff语用学8conversationanalysisAudio/videorecordingsTranscriptsAnalysesarebothcontext-free=(-)ethnographiccontextcontext-renewing=(+)conversationalcontext语用学8conversationanalysis•avoidsanalysesbasedonasingletext→asmanyinstancesaspossibleofsomeparticularphenomenonexaminedacrosstexts→discoverthesystematicpropertiesofthesequentialorganizationoftalkandthewaysinwhichutterancesaredesignedtomanagesuchsequences语用学8conversationanalysisBasicnotionsturn:basicunitofconversation→maycontainmanyillocutions,iseverythingaspeakercommunicatesduringaunitofconversation•

turn-taking:basicformoforganizationforconversation→speaker-changeoccurs→mostly,onespeakertalksatatime→transitionfromoneturntothenextwithoutgaporoverlap→turnorderandsizenotfixed语用学8conversationanalysisTurn-Taking→lengthandtopicofcontributionnotspecifiedinadvance→currentspeakermayselectanotherspeakerorpartiesmay self-selectinstartingtotalk→transitionfromoneturntothenextwithoutgaporoverlap→turnorderandsizenotfixed→repairmechanisms:dealwithturn-takingerrorsandviolationsSizeofturnsisvariablebutthereisatendencytowardminimalization语用学8conversationanalysisTransitionRelevancePlaces(TRP)•

transition:arelayoftherighttospeaktothenextspeaker→mechanismsofselection(self-orother-)→TRPcanbeexploitedbythespeakerholdingthefloor…directly,forthepurposeofallocatingtherighttospeaktoanextspeakerofhis/herchoiceindirectly,bythrowingthefloorwideopentowhoever→speakermayjustignoretheTRPandcontinuepast语用学8conversationanalysisATransitionRelevancePlace(TRP)isapointatwhichaturnchangecanoccur.

Typicaltechniquesforselectingnextspeaker:Question(offerorrequest)+addresstermTaggedassertion+addressfeatureRepairinitiatorsWho?Youdidwhat?Pardon?语用学8conversationanalysisPreviewingTRPs•Whyareweoftenabletopredicttheendofsomebody’sspeech?→AdjacencyPairs→changesofspeeddelivery→intonation→word-choicepatterns语用学8conversationanalysis04.12.2006SindyKermerMelanieMüller13AdjacencyPairs•discoverythatbecameastartingpointforawholenewapproach(similarasspeechactstopragmatics)•twosubsequentutterancesconstitutingaconversationalexchange•distinctionbetween‘firstpairpart’and‘secondpairpart’语用学8conversationanalysisAdjacencyPairs:Examples•Complaint/denial

Ken:Heyyuhtookmychairbythewayan’Idon’tthinkthat wasverynice

Al:Ididn’ttakeyerchair,it’smychair.•Compliment/rejection

A: I’mgladIhaveyouforafriend.

B: That’sbecauseyoudon’thaveanyothers.语用学8conversationanalysisPREFERENCEORGANIZATIONOFADJACENCYPAIRS Aninferentialaspectofadjacencypairsstemsfromthefactthatcertainfirstpairpartsmakealternativeactionsrelevantinsecondposition.Insomeadjacencypairsthereisachoiceoftwolikelyresponses,ofwhichoneistermedpreferredresponse(becauseitoccursmorefrequently),andtheotherdispreferred(becauseitislesscommon).语用学8conversationanalysisPreferredresponse=unmarkedresponseDispreferredresponse=markedresponsePreferredresponsetoaninvitationisanacceptanceDispreferredresponseisadeclination语用学8conversationanalysisAdjacencyPairsFirst–APreferredSecond–B1DispreferredSecond–B2Offer/InvitationAcceptanceRefusalRequestComplianceRefusalAssessmentAgreementDisagreementBlameDenialAdmissionQuestionAnExpectedAnswerUnexpected(orlackof)Answer语用学8conversationanalysisPREFERENCEORGANIZATION1.Offer

A:Likealift?

-acceptance(preferred)

B:Yousavedmylife.

-refusal(dispreferred)

B:Thanks,butI’mwaitingformyfriend2.Compliment

A:That’saniceshirt.

-acceptance(preferred)

B:Thanks

-rejection(dispreferred)

B:Well,Ithinkitmakesmelookold

-agreement(preferred)

B:It’squitenice,isn’tit?

-shift

B:Judyfounditforme.

-return

B:Thanks,Ilikeyourstoo.3.Blame

A:Youbroketheglass

-denial(preferred)

B:Ididn’tdoit.

-admission(dispref)

B:Sorry,Ididn’tseeit.语用学8conversationanalysisStructuralcharacteristicsofadispreferredresponse;combinationsof:PausesorsilencesprecedingdispreferredturnPrefacemarkingtokensUhmWellOtherpertubations(lengthenings,cut-offsetc)语用学8conversationanalysisINSERTIONSEQUENCES

(Pre-sequences) Thesesequencesarecalledadjacencypairsbecause,ideally,thetwopartsshouldbeproducednexttoeachother.Thepointisthatsomeclassesofutterancesareconventionallypairedsuchthat,ontheproductionofafirstpairpart,thesecondbecomesrelevantandremainsso,evenifitisnotproducedinthenextturn.Thenextturninanadjacencypair‘sequence’isarelevantsecondpairpart.Butthatneednotbethenextturnintheseriesofturnsmakingupsomeparticularconversation.语用学8conversationanalysisExample:(Levinson,1983)A: CanIhaveabottleofMich? Q1B: Areyouovertwenty-one? Ins1A: No. Ins.2B: No. A1语用学8conversationanalysisInsertionSequencesSchegloffgivesthreereasons

forInsertionSequences.

Thehearerdoesnotunder-

standwhatthespeakersaid.Thehearerdoesnotwanttocommithimselfuntilhehasmoreinformation.Thehearerisdelayingananswer.(no)语用学8conversationanalysisFirsttopicslotNopriorconstraintonwhatshouldbetalkedaboutUsuallythemaintopicofthecall语用学8conversationanalysis01R:whydon’tweallhavelunch02C:okaysothatwouldbeinStJude’swouldit?03R:yes04 (0.7)05C:okayso:::06R:oneo’clockinthebar07C:okay08R:okay?09C:okthanksverymuchindeedGeorge=10R:=allright11C:[seeyouthere12R:[seeyouthere13C:okay14R:okay[bye15C:[bye语用学8conversationanalysisclosureofsecond(third,fourth)topicsareclosure-relevantarrangements语用学8conversationanalysisREPAIRSRepairisagenerictermusedinCAtocoverawiderangeofphenomena,from---seemingerrorsinturn-taking,suchasoverlappingtalk, -toanyoftheformsofwhatiscommonlycalled‘corrections’–thatis,substantivefaultsinthecontentsofwhatsomeonehassaid.语用学8conversationanalysisTHEORGANIZATIONOFREPAIRSRepairtypes Therepairsystemembodiesadistinctionbetween 1)theinitiationofrepair(markingsomethingasasourceoftrouble),and 2)theactualrepairitself.Thereisalsoadistinctionbetween 1)repairinitiatedbyself(thespeakerwhoproducedthetroublesource),and 2)repairinitiatedbyother.Consequently,therearefourvarietiesofrepair:语用学8conversationanalysisSELF-INITIATEDSELF-REPAIR Repairisbothinitiatedandcarriedoutbythespeakerofthetroublesource.EXAMPLE

1. I: Isitflu:you’vegot?2.→

N: NoIdon’tthink-Irefusetohave

allthesethings

语用学8conversationanalysisSELF-INITIATEDOTHER-REPAIR Thespeakerofatroublesourcemaytryandgettherecipienttorepairthetrouble–forexampleifanameisprovingtroublesometoremember.EXAMPLE: Inthefollowingexamplethefirstspeaker’sreferencetohistroublerememberingsomeone’snameinitiatesthesecondspeaker’srepair.

1 B: HehadthisuhMistuhW-mwhatever,Ican’tthinkofhisfirstname,Wattson,theonethatwrote/thatpiece2 A: /DanWatts.语用学8conversationanalysisOTHER-INITIATEDOTHER-REPAIR Therecipientofatrouble-sourceturnbothinitiatesandcarriesouttherepair.Thisisclosesttowhatisconventionallyunderstoodby‘correction’.EXAMPLE: Inthefollowingexamplethereisanexplicitcorrectionwhichisthenacknowledgedandacceptedinthesubsequentturn:1 Milly:andthentheysaidsomethingaboutKruschevhasleukemiasoIthoughtohit’sallabigputon.2.→ Jean: Breshnev.语用学8conversationanalysisTHEPREFERENCEFORSELFREPAIRS Thereareseveralwaysinwhichturnsaredesignedtofacilitateself-repair,ordisplaythespeaker’ssensitivitytotheappropriatenessofself-repair. ConsiderthefollowingextractfromacalltotheBritishAirwaysflightinformationserviceandtrytoanalyseit:1 A: thetimeforyou,/h2 C: /yes3 A: isohonesevenfivenight(.)5 A: /sevenfiveni:ne,/((Smileyvoice))6 C: /sevenfivewhat.(.)/yes语用学8conversationanalysisResearchinabiggerwayComplexityofturntakingsystemsystemofordinaryconversationacrossculturesSomedifferentturntakingconventionsBurunditurnallocationconventio