延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换

延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间，如：for2years，foralongtime;since从句，如：sincehecamehere;since+时间点名词，如：sincelastyear,since5daysago;howlong等。请看例句1.Hehaslivedherefor6years.请看例句2.Youcankeepthebookfor5days.请看例句3.Istayedtherefor2weekslastyear.请看例句4.Howlongdidyoustaytherelastyear?请看例句5.Mybrotherhasjoinedthearmyfortwoyears.（误）Mybrotherhasbeenasoldierfortwoyears.（正）我哥哥自1999年就参军了。请看例句6.Mybrotherhasjoinedthearmysince1999.（误）Mybrotherhasbeenasoldiersince1999 （正）你哥哥参军多久了？请看例句7.Howlonghasyourbrotherjoinedthearmy?（误）Howlonghasyourbrotherbeenasoldier? （正）非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或点动词，表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如:open,die,close,begin（start）,finish,come,go,move,borrow,lend,buy等。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：twoyearsago;at5o'clock;请看例句Hedied5yearsago.否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。请看例句1.Ihaven'tleftherefor3years.请看例句2.Ihaven'theardfromhimfor3weeks.三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：leave—beaway离开;borrow—keep借;buy—have买;begin/start—beon开始/上演;die一bedead;finish/end/stop一beover结束/完成;join一bein+组织机构或beamemberof+组织机构；open/closesth一keepsthopen/closed；fallill一beill；getup一beup；catch/getacold一haveacold感冒；comehere一behere；gothere一bethere；become一be成为；comeback一beback；fallasleep一beasleep睡着；getto/arrive/reach一be(in)；leave一beawayfrom；gettoknow一know；go(get)out一beout；puton一wear；catchacold一haveacold;gotoschool一beinschool/beastudent上学;goabroad一beabroad去国外;marry一bemarried(to)结婚；wakeup一beawake醒；makefriendswith一befriendswith成为/交朋友;lose一belost/bemissing/begone丢失;loseone'sjob/work一beoutofwork/ajob等。请看例句1.Theoldmandied4yearsago.一Theoldmanhasbeendeadfor4years.一Itis4yearssincetheoldmandied.一Fouryearshaspassedsincetheoldmandied.请看例句2.HejoinedtheParty2yearsago.一HehasbeeninthePartyfor2years.一HehasbeenaPartymemberfor2years.请看例句3.Hejoinedthearmy5yearsago.一Hehasbeeninthearmyfor5years.—Hehasservedinthearmyfor5years.一Hehasbeenasoldierfor5years.请看例句4.Iboughtthebook5daysago.一Ihavehadthebookfor5days.练习：Whenhearrivedatthebusstop,thebusfor20minutes.A.hasleftB.hadleftC.hasbeenaway D.hadbeenawaytheLeaguefor5yearssofar.A.joined B.havejoined C.havebeeninThefactorysincetheFebruaryof1988.A.hasbeenopenB.hasopenedC.wasopenD.openedMaryandRosefriendssincetheymetin2000.A.havemadeB.havebeenC.madeD.havebecomeYoumustn'tuntilhecomesback.A.beawayB.leaveC.beleftThemeetingforaweeknow.A.hasfinishedB.hasendedC.hasbeenoverMissGaothisschoolfornearly5years.A.hasbeeninB.hascometoC.hastaughtBenateacherfor4years.A.hasbeenB.hasbecomeC.wasD.becameIhomeforaweek.A.havereturnedB.havebeenbackC.returnedHowlonghe?A.diedB.has,diedC.has,beendeadHeateightyesterdayafternoon.A.sleptB.wassleepingC.hassleepD.hadsleptHethecarforaweek.A.boughtB.hasboughtC.hashad Howlongyouill? Twoweeks.A.didfallB.have,fellC.have,been14.Since2000,hehishometown.A.hasleftB.hasmovedawayC.hasbeenawayfrom15.I'lllendyouthebook,butyoucanonlyitfor2days.A.borrowB.keepC.takeThebusontheroadfor2hourssofar.A.hasstoppedB.stoppedC.hasbeenAreyouthejacketthesedays?A.wearingB.puttingonC.dressingD.onHefoe2hours.A.gotupB.hasgotupC.hasbeenupTomisillinhospital.Heacoldforseveraldays.A.isB.catchesC.hascaughtD.hashad HowlongcanIthebook? Twoweeks.A.borrowB.lendC.getD.keep---Howlonghaveyouthebook?---Twoweeks.A.boughtB.lentC.hadD.borrowed---Doyouknowhimwell?---Sure,wefriendsfortenyears.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemadeKey:1---5DCABB;6---10CAABC;11---15BCCCB;16---20CACDD;21---22CB英语形容词的排列顺序当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词，形容词该如何排列?这一直是一个比较复杂的问题，很多英语学习者发现难以找到适合自己的记忆方法。下面的口诀可否帮你记住这一先后顺序。限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，功能类别往后排。“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如:bothmyhands、allhalfhisincome等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。“形状”的词如:narrow、round、square等。“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词，如:British>Canadian>German等。“材料”的词如：plastic、metal、wooden、woolen、stone、silk等。“功能类别''的词如：writingdesk、policecar等。当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。请多读以下例子增加语感：1.Shehasabeautifulbrownleatherjacket.HehasalongredAmericancar.Theyliveinabeautifuloldhouse.Wehaveasmallantiquewoodentable.Hehasalovelyredwoollenjumper.6.ItisaprettylittlesquareoldblackJapanesewoodenwritingdesk.7.ItwasalovelyoldFrenchsong.Heownsahorriblebigblackdog.ThisisabeautifulshortnewredChinesewoollencoat.sawafantasticnewBritishfilm.11.ThisprettylittleSpanishgirlLinda’sconusin.12.Oh,it’sanicelongnewblackBritishplasticpen.amatall,strongandintelligentstudent.我是一个身高体壮而又聪明的学生。amdressedinashortbluesilkcoat.我穿一件短的蓝色绸缎外衣。Thisnewshoppingmallisquitelarge,isn'tit?这家新开的购物中心真大，是吧？anexpensivetennisracket一个很贵的网球拍alargebrickconferencehall一间大的砖造的会议室Thispairofsteelandnylontennisracketsisreallyexpensive.这副钢和尼龙制造的网球拍真贵啊。alargebrickconferencehall一间大的砖造的会议室afinelittleearthendoll一个精巧的小小的泥娃娃DoyouhaveItalianleatherboots?这有义大利制造的皮靴吗？wantapairofblackItalianleatherboots.我想要一双黑色义大利制造的皮靴。Mom,couldyoubuymeanewgreenleatherschoolbag?妈妈，你能为我买一个新的绿色皮书包吗？thinkyouroldcanvasschoolbagisstillusable.我觉得你那个旧帆布书包还能用。Thatlargegreenleatherschoolbagisreallycool.那个大大的绿色皮书包真棒啊！Yes,itreallyis.Andthatprettypurplesilkdress!确实很棒。还有那件漂亮的紫色的丝质衣服也很棒。WhataboutthosebeautifullittleoldChineseporcelainvases?那些漂亮的小小的古老的中国瓷花瓶怎么样？分英语中的反意疑问句(2)英语中的反意疑问句(TagQuestion)在陈述句后面附加一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问，这种句子叫做反意疑问句，也称为附加疑问句，是一种常用的疑问形式。常用于征求对方的意见和看法，要求对方对自己的话语表示肯定或否定的回答。反意疑问句也可以表示问者的倾向，强调或反问。要注意的是要保持人称，时态和数的一致而且附加疑问部分通常用代词，而不用同陈述部分相应的名词。一.附加疑问部分谓语是have(has/had)，表示‘‘所有’’含义时，陈述部分如是肯定式，附加疑问部分谓语用''haven't(hasn’t/hadn’t)…？’’或''don't(doesn't/didn't)…？''；陈述部分如是否定式，''haven't(hasn't/hadn't)…‘‘时，附加疑问谓语只用''have(has/had)…?'';陈述部分如是否定式，''don'thave(doesn'thave/didn'thave)…'’时，附加疑问部分谓语只用''do(does/did)…?''。如:HehasanewTVset,hasn't/doesn'the?Youhaven'talotoftimetospare,haveyou?Hehadastory-bookyesterday,hadn't/didn'the?4.Shedidn'thaveanymoneyinherpocket,didshe?Youdon'thaveanymoneyinyourpocket,doyou?注1:陈述部分谓语如带有助动词，附加疑问谓语也用相应的助动词，所以上面最后两句附加疑问部分谓语用助动词did/do,而不能用动词had/have。注2:陈述部分的谓语动词''have(has/had)''不表示''所有''含义，而又不是助动词，附加疑问部分谓语只用''do(does/did)…？''。如：Katehastoworkharderfromnowon,doesn'tshe?2.Sheoftenhasheadaches,doesn'tshe?Youhadagoodtimelastnight,didn'tyou?二.陈述部分为祈使句时，附加疑问部分一般用willyou，但有时用won'tyou表示''邀请''之意，这种情况的附加疑问部分也用whydon'tyou构成。也有时用wouldyou,canyou,can'tyou来表示''告诉某人该做某事，请求某人该做某事，提醒某人该做某事''。如：Pleasekeepcalm,willyou?Doasyouweretold,willyou?Bequiet,wouldyou?（表示请求）Givemeahand,can/can’tyou?（表示请求）Sitdown,won’tyou?（表示邀请）Havesomemilk,won’t?（表示邀请）Takeabreak,whydon’tyou?（表示邀请）注1：此种情况在水平测试中，一般以willyou为准。特别是在否定形式中，只能用willyou。如：Don'tforqettogetupearly,willyou?Don’tdothat,willyou?注2:祈使句以let开头时，附加疑问部分应特别注意°Let’s所建议的活动指说话者与听话者双方的行为，Let’s…意思即shallwe…，附加疑问部分是shallwe意思的重复;而Letus/Letme向听话者一方提出请求，是请你让我们/我做某事之意°Letus…意即maywe…或willyouletus…，附加疑问部分用maywe或willyou来表示重复。Letme…意即mayI…或willyouletme…，附加疑问部分用mayI或willyou来表示重复。 如：It’safineday.Let’sgofishing,shallwe?ComeonMary,let’sdance,shallwe?Letusgotothecinemathisafternoon,maywe/willyou?LetmesayI’llthinkitover,mayI/willyou?三.陈述部分带有否定或半否定的副词或代词，如：none,scarecely,neither,noone,few,seldom,never,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nothing或nobody等，附加疑问部分谓语用动词用肯定形式。如：Shenevertellsalie，doesshe?Fewpeoplewenttomeethimyesterday,didthey?3.Sheseldomgoestoworklate,doesshe?Nothingwassaid,wasit?Tomhardlydidhishomework,didhe?Hehadnotimeforreading,didhe?注：带有否定意义的形容词，如：unfair,invisible,undrinkable,unfit,useless,impolite,hopeless等，不属于带有否定或半否定的副词或代词，故后面的附加疑问部分要用否定形式。如：That'sunfair,isn'tit?Theyareunhappy,aren’tthey?Thekingisunfitforhisoffice,isn’the?Thewaterintheareaisundrinkable,isn’tit?四.陈述部分如果是主从复合句时，附加疑问部分谓语动词根据主句的谓语动词而定；陈述部分如果是并列复合句时，附加疑问部分谓语动词根据后句的谓语动词而定。如：1.Itisnotcolderthanitwasyesterday，isit?HetoldherMrs.Smithwasn’tgoingtothemeeting,didn’the?YouwereinthefarmwhenIsawyoulastnight,weren’tyou?HesaysthatIdidit,doesn’the?Johnisn’tadiligentstudent,foritisthethirdtimehehasbeenlate,ishe?6.ItisthesecondtimethatMaryhasbeentoChina,isn’tit?7.Timeisupandlet’sbeginourmeeting,shallwe?注：think,suppose,expect,feel,hear,guess,imagine,besure或believe弓［导的宾语从句，主句中主语是第一人称时，附加疑问部分谓语动词根据从句的谓语动词而定。如：Idon'tthinkthereismuchteainthecup,isthere?supposethatheisserious,isn’the?don’tfeelhecandoitanylonger,canhe?amnotsureyouwillhelphim,willyou?believehehascome,hasn’the?五.陈述部分主语是合成不定代词everybody,everyone,someone,somebody,nobody等时，附加疑问部分中的主语常用they,有时也用he;陈述部分主语是合成不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything等时，附加疑问部分中的主语常用it。如：Everybodyhasarrived,hasn'the?NobodyphonedwhileIwasout,didhe?3.Somebodyborrowedmydictionaryyesterday,didn’the?Everyoneknowshowtodoit,don’tthey?Everybodyisheretoday,aren’tthey?Everthingisready,isn'tit?Nothingwillmakehimgivein,willit?当陈述部分的谓语动词含有助动词hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldlike时，附加疑问部分要重复助动词had或wouldo如：She’dliketogotherebyplane,wouldn’tshe?You’dbetterstopatthenextplacewesee,hadn’tyou?You’drathernotdoit,wouldyou?当陈述部分的谓语动词含有Iwish时，附加疑问部分谓语动词要用mayI,而且一般都用肯定式。如：Iwishgohomenow,mayI?wishtoshakehandswithyou,mayI?当陈述部分的谓语动词含有情态动词表示'推测意义时，附加疑问部分根据陈述部分中后面的不定式结构而定。如：Hemustbeverytired,isn'the?=Iamsureheistired,isn’the?Yourparentsmustbeinthekitchen,aren’tthey?=Iamsureyourparentsareinthekitchen,aren’tthey?Youmusthaveseenthemovielastmonth,didn’tyou?=Iamsureyousawthefilmlastnight,didn’tyou?Hemusthavewaitedhereforseveraldays,hasn’the?=Iamsurehehaswaitedhereforseveraldays,hasn’the?Hemustbeintheworkshop,isn’the?=Iamsureheisintheworkshop,isn’the?LiMingcan’tbeintheclassroom,ishe?=IamnotsureLiMingisintheclassroom,ishe?Hecan’thavegonetoseeafilmlastnight,didhe?=Iamnotsurehewenttoseeafilmlastnight,didhe?Youshouldhavecomeearlier,didn’tyou?=Iamsureyoucameearlier,didn’tyou?注：当陈述部分的谓语动词不表示推测意义时，附加疑问部分用情态动词加主语。如：Wemustgosoon,mustn’twe?Youshouldn’tgothere,shouldyou?Youmuststudyhardnextterm,mustn’tyou?Hecan’trideabike,canhe?掌握感叹句的构成。首先应把感叹句的主语和谓语补全，再构成附加疑问部分的主语和谓语。如：Whatbeautifulweathertoday(itis)，isn'tit?Whatfunnypersons(theyare),aren’tthey?Whatabeautifulgirl(sheis),isn’tshe?Alovelyday(itis),isn’tit?十.掌握need与dare所在句子反意疑问句的构成原则。need和dare既可作情态动词，也可作行为动词，在构成附加疑问部分的主语和谓语时，须加以区别°need和dare作情态动词时，附加疑问部分仍然用need和dare；need和dare作行为动词时，附加疑问部分用do,does,did形式。如：Arthurdaren'tcallyouafool,darehe?Youneedn’thandinyourpaper,needyou?Mysisteroftenneedshelpwithherstudy,doesn’tshe?Theboydoesn’tdaretoclimbthatmountain,doeshe?Youneedtocomeearlier,don’tyou?十一.陈述部分是由情态动词加秃头不定式作谓语动词，附加疑问部分与前面保持一致。如：Heshouldn’tsmokesomuch,shouldhe?Theyoughttohavegoneearlier,oughtn'tthey?3.Sheoughtnottodothatagain,oughtshe?十二.陈述部分是Iam时，疑问部分常用'‘aren’tI’’或''ain'tI’’，代替正式的‘‘amInot’’；陈述部分是Iamnot时，疑问部分用amI.如：Iamlateforyourclass,aren'tI?amtoofat,aren’tI?3.I’mnotastudent,amI?十二.当陈述部分是一个动词不定式，动名词，词组或从句作主语时，疑问部分用it;当陈述部分是多个动词不定式，动名词，词组或从句作主语时，疑问部分用they。如：TostudyChinesewellisnoteasy,isit?Liftingweightswillbuildarmandshouldermuscles,won'tit?FrommyschooltoHarbinisalongdistance,isn’tit?Thattheyarefriendsisnottrue,isit?Whathesaidandwhathedidwerethesame,weren’tthey?十三.陈述部分是therebe结构，疑问部