大学英国文学定义归纳

Alliteration头韵alliterationisregularrepetitionofthesamesound-usu.initialconsonantsofwordsorofstressedsyllables-inold&middleEnglishverse.例firstandforemost首先saintsandsinners圣人与罪人calledhimthebestamongthekindesttokinsmenandkeenestforfame（kingsoftheearth）Epic（史诗）alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagoodheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.manyopusweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.例MostfamousEnglishEpicareAnglo-Saxon'sBeowulf&JohnMitton;paradiselostRomance（传奇）From:literatureoftheupperclassinfeudalEnglandinMedievalAgesCharacter:theknightamanofnoblebirth,skilledintheuseofweaponsContent:thelifeandadventuresofanobleheroTheme:emphasisofchivalryspiritandloyaltytoking;composedbythenoble,forthenoble&ofthenoble例anonymous匿名的《SirGawainandtheGreenKnight》《KingArthurandtheKnightoftheRoundtable》HeroicCouplets英雄双韵体（英雄双韵体指出代表作家作品名就行）2.Alexander亚历山AnEssayonCriticism论批评夺发记英国诗史上艺术造诣最高的诗人之一，18世纪Pope大蒲伯TheRapeoftheLock群愚史诗人论新古典主义的代表人物，TheDunciadEssayonMantheheroiccouplet英雄双韵体Renaissance文艺复兴不足EnglishRenaissanceEnglishRenaissance2trend(Courtliterature;Bourgeoisliterature)TheRenaissance:anintellectualmovementsprangfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEuropePeoplehadathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteraturePeopleshowedthekeeninterestintheactivityofhumanityHumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissanceTheRenaissance,therefore,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalisticideasinMedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomancatholicchurchHumanism人道主义Humanismemphasizedthedignityandpotentialoftheindividualandtheworthoflifeinthisworld.Manisthemeasureofallthing.Manhasabilitytoperfectthemselvestodevelopindividual.Manshouldenjoythepresentlife.这一冷战时期Literaryfeatures:TranslationoccupiedanimportantplaceintheEnglishRenaissance,classicalworksofGreekandLatin,ItalianandFrenchweretranslatedintoEnglishAlargenumberofbooksdescribingdiscoveriesandadventuresPoetryflourished:sonnetandblankversewereintroducedtoEngland.ThehighestgloryoftheEnglishRenaissanceisdramaEssay散文Asaliteraryterm,essayisusedtocoveranenormousrangeofcomposition,itcouldbeafairlyshortprose;instyleoftenfamiliarlyconversationalandinsubjecteithersect-revelatoryorillustrativeofsocialmanners.Essayexpoundsanopinion,ajudgmentoranexperienceinafreestyle,butcarefulandpreciseinlanguageandsubtleandprofoundinmeaning.Drama戏剧theformofcompositiondesignedforperformanceinthetheatre,inwhichactorstaketherolesofthecharacters,performtheindicatedactionandutterthewrittendialogue.(Thecommonalternativenameforadramaticcompositionisaplay)Threemaintypes:aMiraclePlay奇迹剧；Moralityplay道德剧:Interlude插居ijEnglishdramahaditsbeginningwiththechurchplaysoftheMiddleAgeThemiracleplaysarealsocalledmysteryplays.Content:BibleFeatures:Secularandhumorous/comical;homelyrealismMoralityplayverymuchdiffersfromthemysteryplay.Itisanallegoryinwhichabstractvirtuesandvicesappearinpersonifiedform.Alittleaftermiracleplays,amoralitypresentedtheconflictofgoodandevilwithallegoricalpersonages,suchasMercy,Peace,Hate,FollyBlankVerse无韵体诗Blankversereferstowritteninunrhymediambicpentameter无韵的五步抑扬格Blankversehasbeencalledthemost"natural"verseformfordramaticworks,sinceitsupposedlyistheverseformmostclosetonaturalrhythmsofEnglishspeech.Thepassionateshepherdtohislove(desireforlove)ItwasextensivelyemployedinEnglishpoetryoftheRenaissance.Sonnet十四行诗Someislyricpoeminasinglestanzaconsistingof14iambicpetameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme(韵式)Therhyme,inEnglish,usuallyfollowsoneof2mainpatterns:(1):TheItalianorPetrarchan(彼得拉克式)sonnet.TheEnglishsonnetorShakespeareansomeComedy喜剧aplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersAcomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedy'sdisastrouscrimesItsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.©MaturePeriod(1601-1607)FourgreatTragedies:Hamlet,Othello;kingLear,MacbethTragedy悲剧1.seriousplayornovelrepresentingthedisastrousdownfallofacentralcharactertheprotagonist.Thepurposeistoachieveacrisisthroughincidentsarousingpityandterror..Thetragiceffectusuallydependsonourawarenessofadmirablequalitieintheprotagonist,whicharewastedterriblyinthefateddisaster.Allegory寓言Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities,thus;anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolmeaning.Itscentraldeviceisthepersonificationofabstractentitiessuchusvice,stateofmindThemostfamousallegoryinEnglishliteratureisTonBunyan,sThePilgrim,sProgress.TheEnlightenment启蒙运动Anintellectualmovementinthe18thcentury,beginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.Onthewholeitwasanexpressionofstruggleoftheprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalism.ItwasacontinuationDfRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilitzfhumanperfectionthrougheducation.Rationalityreason,naturalrightandequalitybecamestandardformeasurementofeverything.Neoclassicism新古典主义.TheBenightmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,suchasHomer.Pope,Addison,Steelebelongedtothistrend...MockEpic讽刺史诗MockepicisasatiricliteracyformthattreatsatrivialorcommonplacesubjectwiththeelevatedlanguageandheroicstyleoftheclassicalepicSatire讽刺文学Satireistheliteraryartridiculingafollyorviceinordertoexposeorcorrectit.Itevokesattitudesofamusement,contempt,scorn,orindignationtowarditsfaultysubjectinthehopeofsomehowimprovingit.E.g.:JonathanSwift,AlexanderPope,SamuelJohnsonareallgreatsatirists.Modernnovel现代小说Modernnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Richardson,SmollettandSterne.DanielRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmollettwhobecausetherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglishandEurope.Sentimentalism伤感主义Sentimentalismappearedinthemiddleof18thcenturyandmarkedthetransitionfromclassicismtoromanticism.Itreactsagainstanythingrationalandadvocatesthatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason.ThomasGray,OliverGoldsmith,LaurenceStern,SamuelRichardsonarerepresentativesofthisschool.Elegy挽歌Alyricpoemlamentingthedeathofanindividual.Itisusuallyformalinlanguageandstructure,andsolemnorevenmelancholyintone.E.g.:ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard墓园挽歌EnglishRomanticism英国浪漫主义Itisgenerallydefinedin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s“LyricalBallads”andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.Characteristics:1.Imagination2.worshipofnature3.symbolismandmythsimplicityandhumanity5.spontaneity(自发性)ByronicHero(拜伦式英雄)TypicalByronichero:ChildeHarold;DonJuanAproudrevolutionaryfigureofnobleoriginFierypassion;unbendingwill.IdealoffreedomAgainsttyrannyandinjusticeLonelyfighters,individualisticendsOde颂歌alyricpoemofsomelength,dealingwithalofty(高尚的themeinadignifiedmannerandoriginallyintendedtobesung.e.g.:OdetotheWestWindEnglishCriticalRealism英国批判现实主义Englishcriticalrealismflourishedinthe40sandtheearly50sThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistSystemfromademocraticviewpoint.TheyfocusedontheDarkSideofthesociety.Criticalrealistsrevealedthesocialrealityandcriticizedtheinjustice,povertyandreligioushypocrisy.FeaturesofCriticalRealism批判现实主义的特点Therealistsfirstandforemostcriticizedthecapitalistsocietyandportrayedthecryingcontradictionofbourgeoisreality.ThegreatnessoftheEnglishrealistsliesnotonlyintheirsatiricalportrayalofbourgeoisieandintheexposureofthegreedandhypocrisyoftherulingclasses,butalsointheirsympathyforthelaboringpeople.Humorandsatireareusedtoexposeandcriticizethedarksideofthereality.Themajorcontributionofthecriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.The19thcenturyrealisticnovelsbecome“theepicofthebourgeoissociety”GothicNovel(哥特式小说)Itisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedthelate18thcentury.Itsprincipalelementsare:violence,horrorandsupernatural.Itfocussesonthedescriptionofthedark,irrationalsideofthehumannature.Dramaticmonologue(戏剧独白诗)DramaticMonologuereferstoalyricpoeminwhichaspeakeraddresseshimselftooneorseverallistenerswhodon'treply.Suchpoemsrevealnotthepoet'sownthoughtsbutthemindoftheimpersonatedcharacter,whosepersonalityisrevealedunwittingly."MyLastDuchess"ishisbest-knowndramaticmonologue.Aestheticism唯美主义Aestheticismisthedoctrineordispositionthatregardsbeautyasanendinitself,andattemptsto(preservetheartfromsubordinationtodidactic,orpoliticalpurposes?TheteamisoftenusedsynonymouslywiththeAestheticMovement,aliteraryandartistictendency,ofthelate19thcenturywhichmaybeunderstoodasafurtherphaseofRomanticisminthereactionagainstphilistinebourgeoisvaluesofpracticalefficiencyandmorality.Aestheticismseparatedthesenseofbeautyfrompracticalinterest.Itssloganisartforart'ssake.Itwasakindofescapisminessence.AestheticismwasoneofthereactionsagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney'ssake.WaterPaterandOscarWildeNatural