汽车悬架原理外文文献翻译中英文

【关键字】精品汽车悬架原理外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：JournalofBiomechanics,2013,4(5):30-39.英文原文TherincipleofCarSuspensionsWilliamHarrisWhenpeoplethinkofautomobileperformance,theynormallythinkofhorsepower,torqueandzero-to-60acceleration.Butallofthepowergeneratedbyapistonengineisuselessifthedrivercan'tcontrolthecar.That'swhyautomobileengineersturnedtheirattentiontothesuspensionsystemalmostassoonastheyhadmasteredthefour-strokeinternalcombustionengine.Thejobofacarsuspensionistomaximizethefrictionbetweenthetiresandtheroadsurface,toprovidesteeringstabilitywithgoodhandlingandtoensurethecomfortofthepassengers.Inthisarticle,we'llexplorehowcarsuspensionswork,howthey'veevolvedovertheyearsandwherethedesignofsuspensionsisheadedinthefuture.VehicleDynamicsIfaroadwereperfectlyflat,withnoirregularities,suspensionswouldn'tbenecessary.Butroadsarefarfromflat.Evenfreshlypavedhighwayshavesubtleimperfectionsthatcaninteractwiththewheelsofacar.It'stheseimperfectionsthatapplyforcestothewheels.Accordingto'slawsofmotion,allforceshavebothmagnitudeanddirection.Abumpintheroadcausesthewheeltomoveupanddownperpendiculartotheroadsurface.Themagnitude,ofcourse,dependsonwhetherthewheelisstrikingagiantbumporatinyspeck.Eitherway,thecarwheelexperiencesaverticalaccelerationasitpassesoveranimperfection.Withoutaninterveningstructure,allofwheel'sverticalenergyistransferredtotheframe,whichmovesinthesamedirection.Insuchasituation,thewheelscanlosecontactwiththeroadcompletely.Then,underthedownwardforceofgravity,thewheelscanslambackintotheroadsurface.Whatyouneedisasystemthatwillabsorbtheenergyoftheverticallyacceleratedwheel,allowingtheframeandbodytorideundisturbedwhilethewheelsfollowbumpsintheroad.Thestudyoftheforcesatworkonamovingcariscalledvehicledynamics,andyouneedtounderstandsomeoftheseconceptsinordertoappreciatewhyasuspensionisnecessaryinthefirstplace.Mostautomobileengineersconsiderthedynamicsofamovingcarfromtwoperspectives:Ride-acar'sabilitytosmoothoutabumpyroadHandling-acar'sabilitytosafelyaccelerate,brakeandcornerThesetwocharacteristicscanbefurtherdescribedinthreeimportantprinciples-roadisolation,roadholdingandcornering.Thetablebelowdescribestheseprinciplesandhowengineersattempttosolvethechallengesuniquetoeach.Acar'ssuspension,withitsvariouscomponents,providesallofthesolutionsdescribed.TheChassisSystemThesuspensionofacarisactuallypartofthechassis,whichcomprisesalloftheimportantsystemslocatedbeneaththecar'sbody.Thesesystemsinclude:Theframe-structural,load-carryingcomponentthatsupportsthecar'sengineandbody,whichareinturnsupportedbythesuspensionThesuspensionsystem-setupthatsupportsweight,absorbsanddampensshockandhelpsmaintaintirecontactThesteeringsystem-mechanismthatenablesthedrivertoguideanddirectthevehicleThetiresandwheels-componentsthatmakevehiclemotionpossiblebywayofgripand/orfrictionwiththeroadSothesuspensionisjustoneofthemajorsystemsinanyvehicle.Withthisbig-pictureoverviewinmind,it'stimetolookatthethreefundamentalcomponentsofanysuspension:springs,dampersandanti-swaybars.3.SpringsToday'sspringingsystemsarebasedononeoffourbasicdesigns:Coilsprings-Thisisthemostcommontypeofspringandis,inessence,aheavy-dutytorsionbarcoiledaroundanaxis.Coilspringscompressandexpandtoabsorbthemotionofthewheels.Leafsprings-Thistypeofspringconsistsofseverallayersofmetal(called"leaves")boundtogethertoactasasingleunit.Leafspringswerefirstusedonhorse-drawncarriagesandwerefoundonmostAmericanautomobilesuntil1985.Theyarestillusedtodayonmosttrucksandheavy-dutyvehicles.Torsionbars-Torsionbarsusethetwistingpropertiesofasteelbartoprovidecoil-spring-likeperformance.Thisishowtheywork:Oneendofabarisanchoredtothevehicleframe.Theotherendisattachedtoawishbone,whichactslikealeverthatmovesperpendiculartothetorsionbar.Whenthewheelhitsabump,verticalmotionistransferredtothewishboneandthen,throughtheleveringaction,tothetorsionbar.Thetorsionbarthentwistsalongitsaxistoprovidethespringforce.Europeancarmakersusedthissystemextensively,asdidPackardandChryslerinthe,throughthe1950sand1960s.4)Airsprings-Airsprings,whichconsistofacylindricalchamberofairpositionedbetweenthewheelandthecar'sbody,usethecompressivequalitiesofairtoabsorbwheelvibrations.Theconceptisactuallymorethanacenturyoldandcouldbefoundonhorse-drawnbuggies.Airspringsfromthiseraweremadefromair-filled,leatherdiaphragms,muchlikeabellows;theywerereplacedwithmolded-rubberairspringsinthe1930s.Basedonwherespringsarelocatedonacar--i.e.,betweenthewheelsandtheframe--engineersoftenfinditconvenienttotalkaboutthesprungmassandtheunsprungmass.4.SprungandUnsprungMassThesprungmassisthemassofthevehiclesupportedonthesprings,whiletheunsprungmassislooselydefinedasthemassbetweentheroadandthesuspensionsprings.Thestiffnessofthespringsaffectshowthesprungmassrespondswhilethecarisbeingdriven.Looselysprungcars,suchasluxurycars(thinkLincolnTownCar),canswallowbumpsandprovideasuper-smoothride;however,suchacarispronetodiveandsquatduringbrakingandaccelerationandtendstoexperiencebodyswayorrollduringcornering.Tightlysprungcars,suchassportscars(thinkMazdaMiata),arelessforgivingonbumpyroads,buttheyminimizebodymotionwell,whichmeanstheycanbedrivenaggressively,evenaroundcorners.So,whilespringsbythemselvesseemlikesimpledevices,designingandimplementingthemonacartobalancepassengercomfortwithhandlingisacomplextask.Andtomakemattersmorecomplex,springsalonecan'tprovideaperfectlysmoothride.Why?Becausespringsaregreatatabsorbingenergy,butnotsogoodatdissipatingit.Otherstructures,knownasdampers,arerequiredtodothis.5.ShockAbsorbersUnlessadampeningstructureispresent,acarspringwillextendandreleasetheenergyitabsorbsfromabumpatanuncontrolledrate.Thespringwillcontinuetobounceatitsnaturalfrequencyuntilalloftheenergyoriginallyputintoitisusedup.Asuspensionbuiltonspringsalonewouldmakeforanextremelybouncyrideand,dependingontheterrain,anuncontrollablecar.Entertheshockabsorber,orsnubber,adevicethatcontrolsunwantedspringmotionthroughaprocessknownasdampening.Shockabsorbersslowdownandreducethemagnitudeofvibratorymotionsbyturningthekineticenergyofsuspensionmovementintoheatenergythatcanbedissipatedthroughhydraulicfluid.Tounderstandhowthisworks,it'sbesttolookinsideashockabsorbertoseeitsstructureandfunction.Ashockabsorberisbasicallyanoilpumpplacedbetweentheframeofthecarandthewheels.Theuppermountoftheshockconnectstotheframe(i.e.,thesprungweight),whilethelowermountconnectstotheaxle,nearthewheel(i.e.,theunsprungweight).Inatwin-tubedesign,oneofthemostcommontypesofshockabsorbers,theuppermountisconnectedtoapistonrod,whichinturnisconnectedtoapiston,whichinturnsitsinatubefilledwithhydraulicfluid.Theinnertubeisknownasthepressuretube,andtheoutertubeisknownasthereservetube.Thereservetubestoresexcesshydraulicfluid.Whenthecarwheelencountersabumpintheroadandcausesthespringtocoilanduncoil,theenergyofthespringistransferredtotheshockabsorberthroughtheuppermount,downthroughthepistonrodandintothepiston.Orificesperforatethepistonandallowfluidtoleakthroughasthepistonmovesupanddowninthepressuretube.Becausetheorificesarerelativelytiny,onlyasmallamountoffluid,undergreatpressure,passesthrough.Thisslowsdownthepiston,whichinturnslowsdownthespring.Shockabsorbersworkintwocycles--thecompressioncycleandtheextensioncycle.Thecompressioncycleoccursasthepistonmovesdownward,compressingthehydraulicfluidinthechamberbelowthepiston.Theextensioncycleoccursasthepistonmovestowardthetopofthepressuretube,compressingthefluidinthechamberabovethepiston.Atypicalcarorlighttruckwillhavemoreresistanceduringitsextensioncyclethanitscompressioncycle.Withthatinmind,thecompressioncyclecontrolsthemotionofthevehicle'sunsprungweight,whileextensioncontrolstheheavier,sprungweight.Allmodernshockabsorbersarevelocity-sensitive--thefasterthesuspensionmoves,themoreresistancetheshockabsorberprovides.Thisenablesshockstoadjusttoroadconditionsandtocontrolalloftheunwantedmotionsthatcanoccurinamovingvehicle,includingbounce,sway,brakediveandaccelerationsquat.6.StrutsandAnti-swayBarsAnothercommondampeningstructureisthestrut--basicallyashockabsorbermountedinsideacoilspring.Strutsperformtwojobs:Theyprovideadampeningfunctionlikeshockabsorbers,andtheyprovidestructuralsupportforthevehiclesuspension.Thatmeansstrutsdeliverabitmorethanshockabsorbers,whichdon'tsupportvehicleweight--theyonlycontrolthespeedatwhichweightistransferredinacar,nottheweightitself.Becauseshocksandstrutshavesomuchtodowiththehandlingofacar,theycanbeconsideredcriticalsafetyfeatures.Wornshocksandstrutscanallowexcessivevehicle-weighttransferfromsidetosideandfronttoback.Thisreducesthetire'sabilitytogriptheroad,aswellashandlingandbrakingperformance.Anti-swayBarsAnti-swaybars(alsoknownasanti-rollbars)areusedalongwithshockabsorbersorstrutstogiveamovingautomobileadditionalstability.Ananti-swaybarisametalrodthatspanstheentireaxleandeffectivelyjoinseachsideofthesuspensiontogether.Whenthesuspensionatonewheelmovesupanddown,theanti-swaybartransfersmovementtotheotherwheel.Thiscreatesamorelevelrideandreducesvehiclesway.Inparticular,itcombatstherollofacaronitssuspensionasitcorners.Forthisreason,almostallcarstodayarefittedwithanti-swaybarsasstandardequipment,althoughifthey'renot,kitsmakeiteasytoinstallthebarsatanytime.TheFutureofCarSuspensionsWhiletherehavebeenenhancementsandimprovementstobothspringsandshockabsorbers,thebasicdesignofcarsuspensionshasnotundergoneasignificantevolutionovertheyears.Butallofthat'sabouttochangewiththeintroductionofabrand-newsuspensiondesignconceivedbyBose--thesameBoseknownforitsinnovationsinacoustictechnologies.SomeexpertsaregoingsofarastosaythattheBosesuspensionisthebiggestadvanceinautomobilesuspensionssincetheintroductionofanall-independentdesign.Howdoesitwork?TheBosesystemusesalinearelectromagneticmotor(LEM)ateachwheelinlieuofaconventionalshock-and-springsetup.Amplifiersprovideelectricitytothemotorsinsuchawaythattheirpowerisregeneratedwitheachcompressionofthesystem.Themainbenefitofthemotorsisthattheyarenotlimitedbytheinertiainherentinconventionalfluid-baseddampers.Asaresult,anLEMcanextendandcompressatamuchgreaterspeed,virtuallyeliminatingallvibrationsinthepassengercabin.Thewheel'smotioncanbesofinelycontrolledthatthebodyofthecarremainslevelregardlessofwhat'shappeningatthewheel.TheLEMcanalsocounteractthebodymotionofthecarwhileaccelerating,brakingandcornering,givingthedriveragreatersenseofcontrol.Unfortunately,thisparadigm-shiftingsuspensionwon'tbeavailableuntil2009,whenitwillbeofferedononeormorehigh-endluxurycars.Untilthen,driverswillhavetorelyonthetried-and-truesuspensionmethodsthathavesmoothedoutbumpyridesforcenturies.中文译文汽车悬架原理研究作者：威廉•哈里斯密歇根大学当人们想到汽车性能时，他们通常会联想到马力，扭矩和零到60码加速度。但是，如果驾驶员无法控制汽车，则由活塞发动机产生的所有动力都是无用的。这就是为什么汽车工程师几乎一掌握四冲程内燃机就会将注意力转向悬架系统的原因。汽车悬架的作用是使轮胎和路面之间的摩擦最大化，以提供操纵稳定性和良好的操控性并确保乘客的舒适性。在本文中，我们将探讨汽车悬架的工作原理，多年来他们如何发展以及未来悬架的设计。车辆动力学如果一条路完全平坦，没有违规行为，那么汽车的驾驶和乘坐感受就很平顺。但如果道路很不平坦。即使是新铺的高速公路也有微妙的缺陷，可以与汽车的车轮相互作用。这是对轮子施加力的这些缺陷。根据牛顿的运动定律，所有力量都具有量级和方向。路面上的颠簸导致车轮垂直于路面上下移动。当然，其大小取决于车轮是撞击巨大的碰撞还是小小的斑点。无论哪种方式，汽车车轮都经历了一个不完美的情况下垂直加速。如果没有中间结构，车轮的所有垂直能量都会转移到车架上，车架会沿相同的方向运动。在这种情况下，车轮可能完全失去与道路的接触。然后，在重力的向下作用下，车轮可以撞回路面。你所需要的是一个能够吸收垂直加速车轮能量的系统，当车轮跟随颠簸时，车架和车身可以不受干扰地行驶。研究移动车上的作用力叫做车辆动力学，你需要理解其中的一些概念，以便首先了解为什么需要悬架。大多数汽车工程师从两个角度考虑动车的动态特性：1） 乘坐-一辆汽车平稳颠簸道路的能力2） 处理-汽车安全加速，制动和转弯的能力这两个特点可以在三个重要原则中进一步描述-道路隔离，道路控制和转弯。下表描述了这些原则，以及工程师如何尝试解决每个独特挑战。一辆汽车的悬挂装置及其各种组件提供了所述的所有解决方案。底盘系统汽车悬架实际上是底盘的一部分，底盘包括位于车身下方的所有重要系统。这些系统包括：1） 车架结构，承载部件，支撑汽车的发动机和车身，并由悬架支撑2） 悬架系统-支撑重量的设置，吸收和减震，并有助于保持轮胎的接触3）转向系统-使驾驶员能够引导和引导车辆的机制4）轮胎和车轮-通过抓地力和/或与道路摩擦的方式使车辆运动的部件所以悬架只是任何车辆的主要系统之一。考虑到这张大图的概述，现在是时候看看任何悬架的三个基本组成部分：弹簧，减震器和防摇摆杆。3.弹簧今天的弹簧系统基于四种基本设计之一：1） 螺旋弹簧-这是最常见的弹簧类型，本质上是围绕轴线盘绕的重型扭力杆。螺旋弹簧压缩并膨胀以吸收车轮的运动。2） 弹簧片-这种类型的弹簧由几层金属（称为“叶片”）组合在一起以作为单个单元。钢板弹簧首先用于马车，并在大多数美国汽车上被发现，直到1985年。它们现在仍然用在大多数卡车和重型车辆上。3） 扭杆-扭杆使用钢筋的扭曲特性来提供螺旋弹簧般的性能。这是他们的工作方式:酒吧的一端固定在车架上。另一端连接到叉骨，该叉骨的作用类似于垂直于扭杆移动的杠杆。当轮子碰撞时，垂直运动转移到叉骨，然后通过杠杆作用传递到扭杆。然后扭杆沿其轴线扭转以提供弹簧力。欧洲的汽车制造商广泛使用这种系统，就像美国的Packard和克莱斯勒在20世纪50年代和60年代一样。4）空气弹簧-由位于车轮和车身之间的圆柱形空气室组成的空气弹簧利用空气的压缩质量吸收车轮振动。这个概念实际上已经有一百多年的历史，可以在马车上找到。这个时代的空气弹簧是由充气的皮革隔膜制成的，非常像波纹管；20世纪30年代它们被模制橡胶空气弹簧取代。根据汽车上的弹簧位置-即车轮和车架之间的位置-工程师经常发现谈论簧上质量和簧下质量很方便。悬挂和簧下质量悬挂质量是支撑在弹簧上的车辆的质量，而簧下质量地定义为悬挂弹簧下的机件等质量。弹簧的刚度影响汽车在行驶时簧上的质量如何响应。如豪华轿车（想想林肯城市轿车）那样松散的汽车，可以吸收颠簸并提供超级平顺的驾乘感受；然而，这样的汽车在制动和加速期间容易下潜和下蹲，并且在转弯期间倾向于身体摇摆。如跑车（认为马自达Miata），紧蹦的悬架在崎岖不平的道路上比较颠簸，但它们将车身的侧倾等摆动减到最小，这意味着它们甚至可以在很小的角落里实现灵活地转弯等。所以，尽管弹簧本身看起来像是简单的装置，但在汽车上设计和实施它们以平衡乘客舒适性和操作性是一项复杂的任务。而要使事情更加复杂，单靠弹簧不能提供完美平稳的驾驶。为什么？因为悬架在吸收能量方面很出色，但是不善于消散能量。其他结构，称为阻尼器，需要这样做。避震器除非存在缓冲结构，否则汽车弹簧将以不受控制的速度延伸并释放其从凸起吸收的能量。弹簧将继续以自然频率反弹，直到最初投入的所有能量都用完。一个悬挂在弹簧单独建设会使