优秀服务计算基础之语义Web优秀服务

服务计算基础主讲：李伟刚liweigang@西北工业大学软件与微电子学院第九章语义Web服务主要内容概述语义网语义Web服务第一节概述语义是事物的观察者给事物本身赋予的含义，一致共享的语义构成观察者对事物的知识，是观察者之间互相交流的基础。语义网通过给万维网上的文档(如:HTML)添加能够被计算机理解的语义(Metadata)，从而使整个万维网中现存的信息发展成一个巨大的全球信息库、知识库。语义和语义网Web服务使用标准的、规范的XML进行描述，包括消息格式、传输协议和位置，隐藏了实现服务的细节。WSDL从句法层面对Web服务的功能进行描述，包括4个不同的方面：数据类型、消息、操作和访问端口。这只是提供了Web服务的接口描述，对服务的行为约束和属性描述缺乏进一步的支持。缺陷数据管理有序性与Web上信息无序性；搜索引擎查全查准要求与服务描述缺语义；信息获取效率与Web海量动态数据。语义Web服务语义Web服务的主要方法是利用Ontology来描述Web服务，通过带有语义信息的Web服务来实现服务的自动发现，调用和组合。语义Web和Web服务是语义Web服务的两大支撑技术。OWL-S是连接两大技术的桥梁。目前对语义Web服务标记语言研究最典型的组织就是DARPA（DefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency）组织，其研究组OWLServicesCoalition提出了语义Web服务标记语言OWL-S语义Web服务第二节语义网SemanticWeb的由来Webwas“invented”byTimBerners-Lee,aphysicistworkingatCERNTBL’soriginalvisionoftheWebwasmuchmoreambitiousthantherealityoftheexisting(syntactic)Web:TBL(andothers)havesincebeenworkingtowardsrealisingthisvision,whichhasbecomeknownastheSemanticWebE.g.,articleinMay2001issueofScientificAmerican…“...agoaloftheWebwasthat,iftheinteractionbetweenpersonandhypertextcouldbesointuitivethatthemachine-readableinformationspacegaveanaccuraterepresentationofthestateofpeople'sthoughts,interactions,andworkpatterns,thenmachineanalysiscouldbecomeaverypowerfulmanagementtool,seeingpatternsinourworkandfacilitatingourworkingtogetherthroughthetypicalproblemswhichbesetthemanagementoflargeorganizations.”TheSemanticWebisanextensionofthecurrentwebinwhichinformationisgivenwell-definedmeaning,betterenablingcomputersandpeopletoworkinco-operation.

–TimBerners-Lee,JamesHendler,OraLassila,TheSemanticWeb,ScientificAmerican,May2001SemanticWeb的定义SemanticWeb的架构的相关标准

本体层1.以谓词演算为基础的语言KIF-basedOntolingua,CycL,Loom,Frame-Logic2.基于XML的本体表示语言SHOE,XOL,OML&CKML,RDFS,Riboweb,OIL,DAML+OIL,OWL规则层RuleML、HornML、DLML逻辑框架层FOL、HOL、DL、Horn-logic、OMDoc下四层已经发展的比较成熟与完善1.数据格式层2.信息表示层3.元数据表示层4.元数据定义层5.本体层6.规则层7.逻辑框架层8.证据层9.高信度Web层Wearehere!本体(ontology)aphilosophicaldiscipline,branchofphilosophythatdealwiththenatureandtheorganizationofreality.Scienceofbeing

Triestoanswerthequestions:whatisbeing?whatarethefeaturescommontoallbeings?本体(ontology)的定义

Ontologyisaformal,explicitspecificationofasharedconceptualization–Gruber要点：Conceptualization:anabstractmodelofphenomenaintheworldbyhavingidentifiedtherelevantconceptsofthosephenomena.Explicit:thetypeofconceptsused,andtheconstraintsontheiruseareexplicitlydefined.Formal:thefactthattheontologyshouldbemachinereadable.Shared:ontologyshouldcaptureconsensualknowledgeacceptedbythecommunities

本体(ontology)的定义Whatisaconcept?

Differentcommunitieshavedifferentnotionsonwhataconceptmeans:

formalconcepts

conceptlabel

terminology

frameorOOThereism:nrelationshipbetweenwordsandconceptsdifferentwordsmayrefertothesameconceptsawordmayrefertoseveralconcepts

Ontologylanguagesshouldprovidemeansformakingthisdifferenceexplicit

本体(ontology)的定义Classesconceptsofthedomainortasks,whichareusuallyorganizedintaxonomiesinuniv-ontology:studentandprofessoraretwoclassesRelationsatypeofinteractionbetweenconceptsofthedomainsuchas:subclass-of,is-a本体的构成FunctionsAspecialcaseofrelationsinwhichthen-thelementoftherelationshipisuniqueforthen-1precedingelementsSuchas:Price-of-a-used-carcandefinethecalculationofthepriceofthesecond-handcaronthecar-model,manufacturingdataandkilometersAxioms（公理）ModelsentencesthatarealwaystrueSuchas:ifthestudentattendsbothAandBcourse,thenheorshemustbeasecondyearstudent本体的构成Instancesrepresentspecificelementssuchas:StudentcalledPeterisaninstanceofStudentclass本体的构成RDFdatamodelResourcesAresourceisathingyoutalkabout(canreference)ResourceshaveURI’s(UniformResourceIdentifiers)RDFdefinitionsarethemselvesResourcesPropertiesAspecialkindofresources,describerelationsbetweenresources.(subject,predicate,object)资源描述框架(RDF)<rdf:RDFxmlns:rdf="/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:uni="/2005/lesson-uni"> <rdf:Descriptionrdf:about="CIT1111"> <uni:courseName>DiscreteMathematics</uni:courseName> <uni:isTaughtBy> <rdf:Descriptionrdf:about="949318"> <uni:name>DavidBillington</uni:name> <uni:title>AssociateProfessor</uni:title> </rdf:Description> </uni:isTaughtBy> </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>RDFClassesandproperties classes:asetofobjects,rdfs:Class instances:individualobject property:addrestrictionsonobjects,rdfs:PropertyClassandhierarchies资源描述框架模式(RDFS)

Restrictions:CoursesmusttaughtbyacademicstaffmembersonlyMichaelMaherisaprofessorifweknow,professorisasubclassofacademicstaffMichaelMaherisallowedtoteachcoursesPropertyhierarchies

资源描述框架模式(RDFS)SomeimportantterminologiesinRDFSrdf:type类的实例和类之间的关系rdfs:subClassOf子类和类之间的关系rdfs:subPropertyOf子性质关系rdfs:domain性质的定义域rdfs:range性质的值域资源描述框架模式(RDFS)RDF和RDFS的关系RDF/RDFSlimitationsLocalscopeofproperties.

cowseatonlyplantsDisjointnessofclasses.MaleandfemaleBooleancombinationsofclasses.(∪,∩,～

)Cardinalityrestrictions,propertyvaluerestriction.personandparents,teacherandcoursesSpecialcharacteristicsofpropertiesSuperviseandIsSupervisedbyRDF的局限性Requirementsforontologylanguageawell-definedsyntaxaformalsemantics(convenienttoreason)convenienceofexpressionefficientreasoningsupportsufficientexpressivepower本体描述语言OWLOWLisbuiltontopofRDFOWLisforprocessinginformationonthewebOWLwasdesignedtobeinterpretedbycomputersOWLwasnotdesignedforbeingreadbypeopleOWLiswritteninXMLOWLisawebstandard什么是OWLOriginsofOWLDAMLDAML+OILDAML=DARPAAgentMarkupLanguageOIL=OntologyInferenceLayerOWLisnowaW3CRecommendation!OILOWLRDFAllwereinfluencedbyRDFOWLLogicfoundationofOWL:DescriptionLanguageOWLLite:ClassificationhierarchySimpleconstraintsOWLDL(DescriptionLogic):MaximalexpressivenessWhilemaintainingtractabilityStandardformalisationOWLFull:VeryhighexpressivenessLoosingtractabilityNon-standardformalisationAllsyntacticfreedomofRDF

(self-modifying)SyntacticlayeringSemanticlayeringFullDLLiteLayeredlanguageofOWLOWLOWLOWL<?xmlversion="1.0"?><rdf:RDFxmlns:rdf="/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:rdfs="/2000/01/rdf-schema#"xmlns:owl="/2002/07/owl#"xmlns:dc="/dc/elements/1.1/"xml:base="http://wasp.cs.vu.nl/sekt/ontology/animal"><owl:Ontologyrdf:about=“animal"/><owl:Classrdf:ID="Eagle"><rdfs:subClassOf><owl:Classrdf:about="#Bird"/></rdfs:subClassOf></owl:Class><owl:Classrdf:ID="Animal"/><owl:Classrdf:ID="Fly"><owl:disjointWith><owl:Classrdf:about="#Penguin"/></owl:disjointWith><rdfs:subClassOfrdf:resource="#Animal"/></owl:Class><owl:Classrdf:ID="Bird"><rdfs:subClassOfrdf:resource="#Fly"/></owl:Class><owl:Classrdf:ID="Penguin"><rdfs:subClassOfrdf:resource="#Bird"/><owl:disjointWithrdf:resource="#Fly"/></owl:Class></rdf:RDF>OWLExample:animals第三节语义Web服务WWWURI,HTML,HTTPBringingthewebtoitsfullpotentialSemanticWebRDF,RDF(S),OWLDynamicWebServicesUDDI,WSDL,SOAPStaticSemanticWebServicesMotivationofSemanticWebService

SemanticWebTechnology+WebServiceTechnologySemanticWebServices=SemanticWebServices

allowmachinesupporteddatainterpretationontologiesasdatamodelautomateddiscovery,selection,composition,andweb-basedexecutionofservicesasintegratedsolutionforrealizingthevisionofthenextgenerationoftheWeb.SemanticWebServicesDefineexhaustivedescriptionframeworksfordescribingWebServicesandrelatedaspects(WebServiceDescriptionOntologies)Supportontologiesasunderlyingdatamodeltoallowmachinesupporteddatainterpretation(SemanticWebaspect)DefinesemanticallydriventechnologiesforautomationoftheWebServiceusageprocess(WebServiceaspect)

SemanticWebServicesUsageProcess:Publication:MaketheavailabledescriptionofthecapabilityofaserviceDiscovery:LocatedifferentservicessuitableforagiventaskSelection:ChoosethemostappropriateservicesamongtheavailableonesComposition:CombineservicestoachieveagoalMediation:Solvemismatches(data,protocol,process)amongthecombinedExecution:Invokeservicesfollowingprogrammaticconventions

SemanticWebServicesExecutionsupport:Monitoring:ControltheexecutionprocessCompensation:ProvidetransactionalsupportandundoormitigateunwantedeffectsReplacement:FacilitatethesubstitutionofservicesbyequivalentonesAuditing:VerifythatserviceexecutionoccurredintheexpectedwaySemanticWebServicesWithSemantic:Notonlyaninterfacedescription,butalsothecapabilityoftheservice.Logicreasoningenhancedservicediscoveryandcomposition.Canbedoneautomatically.OWL-S:OntologyWebLanguageforServicesWSMLWSDL-S…语义Web服务标记语言OntologyOWL-SisanOWLontologytodescribeWebservicesOWL-SleveragesonOWLtoSupportcapabilitybaseddiscoveryofWebservicesSupportautomaticcompositionofWebServicesSupportautomaticinvocationofWebservices"Completedonotcompete"OWL-SdoesnotaimtoreplacetheWebservicesstandards ratherOWL-SattemptstoprovideasemanticlayerOWL-SreliesonWSDLforWebserviceinvocation(seeGrounding)OWL-sExpandsUDDIforWebservicediscovery(OWL-S/UDDImapping)OWL-S概述OWL-S整体结构ResourceServiceService

ProfileService

ModelService

Groundingcommunicationprotocol(RPC,HTTP,…)portnumbermarshalling/serializationinputtypesoutputtypespreconditionseffectsprocessflowcompositionhierarchyprocessdefinitionsprovidespresents(whatitdoes)describedby

(howitworks)

supports

(howtoaccess)服务概要ResourceServiceService

ProfileService

ModelService

Groundingprovidespresents(whatitdoes)describedby

(howitworks)

supports

(howtoaccess)服务概要

ServiceProfilePresentedbyaservice.RepresentswhattheserviceprovidesTwomainuses:AdvertisementsofWebServicescapabilities(non-functionalproperties,QoS,Description,classification,etc.)RequestofWebserviceswithagivensetofcapabilitiesProfiledoesnotspecifyuse/invocation!NonFunctionalPropertiesFunctionalityDescription服务概要SummarizestheabstractcapabilityofaserviceFunctionalspecificationof

whattheserviceprovides

intermsofparameters,

subclassedas:preconditionsinputsoutputseffects服务概要—功能性描述PreconditionsSetofconditionsthatshouldholdpriortoserviceinvocationInputsSetofnecessaryinputsthattherequestershouldprovidetoinvoketheserviceOutputsResultsthattherequestershouldexpectafterinteractionwiththeserviceprovideriscompletedEffectsSetofstatementsthatshouldholdtrueiftheserviceisinvokedsuccessfullyOftenrefertoreal-worldeffectsPackagebeingdelivered,orCreditcardbeingdebited服务概要—功能性描述：参数ProvidessupportinginformationabouttheserviceTheseincludeserviceNametextDescriptionhas_processqualityRatingserviceParameterserviceCategorycontactInformation服务概要—非功能性描述Sub-classingtheProfilemodelfacilitatesthecreationandspecialisationofservicecategoriesEachsubclasscan:IntroducenewpropertiesPlacerestrictionsonexistingpropertiesSub-classingcanalsobeusedtospecialiserequestsforserviceAnexampleProfileHierarchyisprovided,butotherscouldjustaseasilybedefined服务概要层次服务概要层次：例子ResourceServiceService

ProfileService

ModelService

Groundingprovidespresents(whatitdoes)describedby

(howitworks)

supports

(howtoaccess)服务模型ServiceProcessDescribeshowaserviceworks:internalprocessesoftheserviceSpecifiesserviceinteractionprotocolSpecifiesabstractmessages:ontologicaltypeofinformationtransmittedFacilitates(automated)Webserviceinvocationcompositioninteroperationmonitoring服务模型：描述方法ThebasicclassoftheProcessOntologyistheProcess.Itssubclassesdescribeeachprocessby:anynumberof(possibly,conditional)inputs;anynumberof(possibly,conditional)outputs;anynumberofpreconditions,whichmustholdinorderfortheprocesstobeinvoked;anynumberof(possibly,conditional)sideeffects;anynumberofparticipants(subprocess)服务模型：过程本体Atomicprocesses:directlyinvokable(byanagent),havenosubprocesses,executedinasinglestepCompositeprocesses:consistofother(non-compositeorcomposite)processes

TheyhaveacomposedOfproperty,bywhichthecontrolstructureoftheprocessisindicated,usingaControlConstruct

subclasses(seetable…)Simpleprocesses:abstractconcepts,usedtoprovideaviewofsomeatomicprocess,orasimplifiedrepresentationofsomecompositeprocess(i.e.,the“blackbox”viewofacollapsedcompositeprocess)服务模型：OWL-S中的过程类型服务模型：总体结构ConstructDescriptionSequenceExecutealistofprocessesinasequentialorderConcurrentExecuteelementsofabagofprocessesconcurrentlySplitInvokeelementsofabagofprocessesSplit+JoinInvokeelementsofabagofprocessesandsynchronizeUnorderedExecuteallprocessesinabaginanyorderChoiceChoosebetweenalternativesandexecuteoneIf-then-elseIfspecifiedconditionhold,execute“Then”,elseexecute“Else”.Repeat-UntilIterateexecutionofabagofprocessesuntilaconditionholdsRepeat-WhileIterateexecutionofabagofprocesseswhileaconditionholds服务模型：过程中的控制结构<!–AtomicProcessDefinition-GetDesiredFlightDetails

--><rdfs:Classrdf:ID=“GetDesiredFlightDetails”> <rdfs:subClassOf

rdf:resource= “/Process#AtomicProcess”/></rdfs:Class>GetDesiredFlightDetailsAirportFlightDateAtomicProcessdepartureAirport_InoutboundDate_InAtomicProcessExample<!–(sample)Inputsusedbyatomicprocess

GetDesiredFlightDetails--><rdf:Propertyrdf:ID="departureAirport_In">

<rdfs:subPropertyOf

rdf:resource= "http:///Process#input"/> <rdfs:domain

rdf:resource="#GetDesiredFlightDetails"/> <rdfs:range

rdf:resource="/ont/ DAML-S/concepts.daml#Airport"/></rdf:Property><rdf:Propertyrdf:ID="outbounDate_In">

<rdfs:subPropertyOf

rdf:resource="http:///Process#input"/><rdfs:domain

rdf:resource="#GetDesiredFlightDetails"/>

<rdfs:range

rdf:resource="/ont/DAML-S/concepts.daml#FlightDate"/></rdf:Property>AtomicProcessExample<rdfs:Classrdf:ID="BookFlight"><rdfs:subClassOf

rdf:resource="#CompositeProcess"/><rdfs:subClassOf

rdf:resource="/Process#Sequence"/><daml:subClassOf><daml:Restriction><daml:onProperty

rdf:resource="/Process#components"/><daml:toClass><daml:subClassOf><daml:unionOfrdf:parseType="daml:collection"><rdfs:Class

rdfs:about="#GetFlightDetails"/><rdfs:Class

rdfs:about="#GetContactDetails"/><rdfs:Class

rdfs:about="#ReserveFlight"/><rdfs:Class

rdfs:about="#ConfirmReservation"/></daml:unionOf></daml:subClassOf></daml:toClass></daml:Restriction></daml:subClassOf></rdfs:Class>CompositeProcessConfirmReservationBookFlightGetContactDetailsSequenceGetFlightDetailsReserveFlightSequenceSequenceCompositeProcessExampleResourceServiceService

ProfileService

ModelService

Groundingprovidespresents(whatitdoes)describedby

(howitworks)

supports

(howtoaccess)服务基点ServiceGroundingProvidesaspecificationofserviceaccessinformationServiceModel+GroundinggiveeverythingneededforusingtheserviceBuildsuponWSDLtodefinemessagestructureandphysicalbindinglayerSpecifies:communicationprotocols,transportmechanisms,agentcommunicationlanguages,etc.服务基点Resources/ConceptsWSDLOWL-SProcessModelAtomicProcessOperationMessageInputs/OutputsBindingtoSOAP,HTTP,etc.OWL-S/WSDLBindingOWL-S/WSDLBinding总结SomesuperficialcommentsOWL-SitselfisanOWLOntology,CombinedwithSWRLforpreconditionsandeffects.Inputs/OutputssubclassesofSWRLvariablesPossiblecandidatesforlogicicallanguageused:SWRL,SWRL-FOL,(KIF,DRS)However:Dicsovery,compositionapproachespublishedsofaroperatepurelyondescriptionlogicreasoning思考与讨论题Web服务为何引入语义？什么是本体，本体的要点及其构成？RDF与OWL有何关系？OWL-S的结构OWL-S如何与WSDL绑定？網路行銷推廣策略Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipisicingelit.大綱01030204推廣組合推廣目標的設定整合性網路行銷溝通推廣金字塔0506網際網路廣告工具網際網路促銷工具推廣組合最常見的促銷活動：02LOREMIPSUMLOREMIPSUM廣告是一種付費的溝通方式，其是由可認明的廣告業主，透過大眾媒體來說服或影響消費者兩項優點：它是在輕鬆的氣氛下，將產品資訊傳遞給消費者。它不會對消費者形成心須立刻作決定的壓力傳統的廣告具有兩項限制無法達到個人化調整或修改時較缺乏彈性網路行銷最常被提到的促銷方式而網路廣告市的利潤，也是網站經營者的財務計畫中，被認為是成本回收的主要來源公共關係公共關係(PublicRelations)簡稱公關利用資訊去影響民意公眾報導(Publicity)報紙及電視上的新聞報導不用支付費用的一種方式組織並無法擁有充足的主控權具有較高的公信力若組織平時用心於公共關係的建立，與媒體廣結善緣，則可掌握較多的正面公眾報導。人員推銷最傳統的促銷方式人與人面對面接觸時，容易獲得較高的信賴感對於產品本身較複雜、需要詳細介紹及示範者，特別適合人員推銷的方式限制：(1)單位成本較高(2)同時可接觸的總數量有限虛擬人員具互動性的網站人機介面，銷售促進除了人員推銷、廣告、公眾報導以外，其他可以促進產品銷售的行銷活動諸如陳列、展售會、展覽會等等，都可泛稱銷售促進像是贈品、折價券、虛擬商展、競賽、抽獎、打折等等，都是銷售促進的有效方式網路上常見的例子，有麥當勞、肯德基、好樂迪、達美樂等公司所提供可直接從網路列印的折價券、以及PChome所提供可以在網路上使用的e-coupon等等還有一些網路社群所提供的虛擬貨弊或累積點數，除了可增加網友忠誠度，其實也具有銷售促進的功能。来自

....中国最大的资料库下载銷售點促銷工具是廣告的延伸零售店面所張貼的促銷海報相當高比例的消費者，是屬於未經規劃而臨時決定購買者在最終銷售點，再以陳列、海報等等產品資訊來提醒或刺激消費者的購物慾在網站上一樣可以有類似的銷售點促銷工具直銷具有高度互動性、可發生在任何地點、便利、效率網路上特別適合直銷：(1)網路媒體具備雙向溝通的互動性。(2)網路上本來就不受到地理限制。(3)網路本來也具便利與效率的優勢。(4)很多網站是由製造商直接規劃經營的。(5)在網路世界裏，中間商有減少的趨勢。

人員銷售

電話行銷

型錄

展售會、研討會與教育訓練

直接郵件(DM)

公共關係

媒體廣告

窄

寬

目標客戶涵蓋率

每次接觸的成本

高

低

推廣金字塔推廣目標(1)告知(Inform)針對新產品在導入市場或在產品生命週期的導入期，賣方特別需要告知消費者新產品的用途、性能。有效的告知，可以將消費者的需要變成慾求提前告知或宣示(Preannouncement)被廣泛運用在軟體業，其中除了告知與教育的功能之外，還含有欺敵的策略意含推廣目標(2)說服(Persuade)說服通常被運用在產品生命週期的成長期，因為競爭者開始出現。說服消費者該品牌比競爭者品牌的產品優越或較符合消費者的需求。讓消費者對於品牌建立正面的態度與偏好。推廣目標(3)提醒(Remind)被運用在產品生命週期的成熟期，因為市場上競爭者開始大量出現消費者對產品的效能與品牌的認同都已建立，此時是以提醒為主要目標再次喚醒消費者使用該品牌愉悅的經驗與滿足感反應層級模式

AIDA(Attention,Interest,Desire,andAction)模式消費者在接受推廣活動時，所經驗的一系列的反應，就是所謂的反應層級模式。而其中最有名的是AIDA(Attention,Interest,Desire,andAction)模式注意(Attention)興趣(Interest)慾望(Desire)行動(Action)