2023年考研外语强化练习8

考研外语强化练习8一、UseofEnglish1>Currently,theAmericanarmedforcesarethelargestprofessionalmilitaryontheplanet.Other(1)haveprofessionalsoldiers,(2)notasmanyastheUnitedStates.Forthousandsofyears,itwas(3)thatprofessionalsoldiersweresuperiorto(4) timers.But(5)mostofhistory,fewnationscould(6)anarmyofprofessionals,atleastnotonapermanentbasis.Itwasn't(7) thelate20thcenturythatcountriesbeganto(8)large,permanent,all-volunteerarmedforcesthatwerecarefully(9)andtrainedforcombat.Britainwasthefirst,whenitphasedoutconscriptionin1962.In1975,theUnitedStatesfollowed(10).Foroveracentury,conscriptionhasbeenseen(11)thewaytoremain(12)strongwithoutbreakingthebank.Buttheconscriptsdidnotstayinuniform,longenoughtogetreallygoodatfighting.BritainandAmericanwerethefirsttwonationstorealizethatconscriptionwasso(13)thatthevoterswouldpayextrato(14)aprofessionalforce.WithinaC.Universityliteraturecoursesaresubjecttotheharassmentofvideogames.D.There'snosoundproofthatadultsarepronetothemoraldeclinewhenengagedinvideogames.5、Whenmentioningnovels,waltzmusicandrockandroll,theauthorissuggesting.A.themishapsofvoguesB.themisfortuneofartmasterpiecesC.theprospectofvideogamesD.theeffectsofvariousartforms6、“Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodo,〃MontaguNorman,theBankofEngland'slongestservinggovernor(1920-1944),isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Today,thankfully,centralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmaking,aswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.Withthemostlaudableofintentions,theFederalReserve,America，scentralbank,maybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.UnliketheFed,manyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspan,theFed'smuch-respectedchairman,duetoretirenextyear一afteramere18yearsinthejob-someFedofficialswanttoadoptatarget,presumablytomaintainthecentralbank'scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeeting,accordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.However,theFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassets,suchashousesandshares,shouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%,itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.Shouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetprices?Mr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficult,exceptinretrospect,hesays,andinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetter,hesays,towaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates-ashedidin2022-2022.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflation,surgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources一encouragingtoolittlesaving,forexample,ortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwords,strictinflationtargeting-thefadofthe1990s-istoocrude.Theword"minutes”(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.A.recordB.new-letterC.announcementD.motive7、Accordingtothetext,itisupsettingthattheFederalReservedoesnottakeintoaccountinflationtargets.A.untilwhattodoisclarifiedB.untilexplicitinflationtargetsaredeclaredC.untilincreasesinassetpricesareCurbedD.untilitsefficiencyiscastdoubtonWecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat.increasesinassetpricesareinterferedbytheFederalReservesmoreemphasisshouldbeplacedonconsumer-priceindiceschangeshavetakenplaceinthepatternofinflationinflationhavebeenbroughtunderfederalcontrolItisimpliedinthefourthparagraphthatMr.Greenspanisskepticalof.A.thestipulationofanti-monopolyrulesandregulationsB.theinterventionbycentralbanksinassetpricesC.thepreventionofeconomicrecessionD.thecountdownbytheFederalReserveofneweconomicupheavalsWhichofthefollowingswouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AmericanMonetaryConundrumsAreReadilyDeciphered.AmericanCentralBanksAreontheVergeofExtinction.ConventionalInflationTargetIsBestEmployedinTransparentEnvironment.0.America'sMonetaryPolicyIsoffTarget.11、ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity，sreputationthatthisweek，smeetingofCongregation,its3,552-stronggoverningbody,washeldinsecret,fortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That'sbecausethevice-chancellor,thenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutive,hasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon，tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems-thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadones,concernsaboutacademicstandards,severemoneyworriesatsomecolleges一allspringfromthat.JohnHood,whowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemosthatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclife,reckonsheknowshowtosolvethis,andhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity'smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrow,theydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That，swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalism,butthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround£5,000(89,500)perundergraduateper,yearfromthegovernment.Inreturn,itacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly£1,150(risingto£3,000nextyear)ontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast£10,000ayeartoteachanundergraduate,thatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof£4,000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependence,itwouldlosethe£52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.Coulditfillthehole?Certainly.America'stopuniversitieschargearound£20,000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecrosssubsidizing.America，stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteaching,whichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshigh,whileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.Accordingtothetext,theauthor，sattitudetowardJohnHoodisoneof.A.enthusiasticsupportB.slightcontemptC.strongdisapprovalD.reservedconsentItisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat.relianceuponofficialsubsidyhasbredthecurrentpredicamentofOxfordanoverhaulofOxfordmanagementstructureisurgentlyneededthenuttinessofOxfordsystemofgovernancemaybeeasilyremovedthecurrentrowisessentialtomanyinpolitecircleTheterm"bursaries”(Paragraph5)mostprobablymeans.A.preferentialpoliciesB.scholarshiporgrantC.freestationeryandaccommodationD.shelteringandmealsWecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthatthe.thecurrentfinancialstatusofOxfordresultsfromitsbeingstate-fundedradicalreformsconcentrateonOxfordmanagementstructureOxfordindependencemightbecomeabarriertoitsrecruitinggooddonsD.notoriousreputationresultsinOxfordmeetingofCongregationheldthisweekTowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?Thecontributionfromalumniwon'tlureampledonationbythewealthy.B.Thecivilizedrationalityisgraduallyspoiledbyfractiousnature.TherowgoingoninOxfordispassionatebutbesidethepoint.American'stopuniversitiesaresomewhatapprehensiveoftheircurrentstatusbutover-confidentoftheirprospect.16、Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelections,widelytrumpetedastheworld，sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvote,werefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontests,whichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe'svotersareangryanddisillusioned一andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%,bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italy,forexample,notchedupover70%,butSwedenmanagedonly37%.Mostdepressingofall,atleasttobelieversintheEuropeanproject,wastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEurope,whichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.Tnthebiggest,Poland,onlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.Onlyayearago,centralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEU,whichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion-aswellastoawidespreadfeeling,sharedintheoldmembercountriesaswell,thattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisiHusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotested,whichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulist,nationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependenceParty,whosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionas"wrecking''theEuropeanParliament,tothe14%whovotedforSweden，sJunelist,andthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUparties,theLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasures,overaquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtothe，zawkwardsquad”.Thatisnotabadthing,however,foritwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters'irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthat,inmanyEUcountries,oldandnew,theychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywhere,butitwasmostpronouncedinBritain,theCzechRepublic,Germany,PolandandSweden.Theleadersofdecade,anarmyofprofessionalsbeginstopay(15).Theprofessionalsarenotonlymore(16)onthebattlefield,butarealso,ifcarefully(17)(foreducationandaptitude)morelikelytoconstantlydevelopbetterwaysto(18) Thisproducesatremendousbattlefield(19)Itdoesn，tmakeyou(20) ,butitdoesmakeyouverydifficulttodefeat.racesareasnationsD.disciplines2、⑵andbutC.orD.notwithstanding3、(3)A.recognizedB.revisedC.suspendedD.suspected4、(4)allthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountries,TonyBlairinBritain,JacquesChiracinFrance,GerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItaly,wereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope'sleadersshouldrespondtothis.Byasublime(orterrible)coincidence,soonaftertheelections,andjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopress,theyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummit,atwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.Goingintothemeeting,mostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections-eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.Therelationshipbetweentheopeningparagraphandtherestoftextisthat.aproposalisadvancedinthefirstparagraphandthennegatedinthefollowingparagraphsanprophecyisrevealedandthenprovedwithconcreteexamplesageneralizationismadeinthefirstparagraphandthenelaboratedinthefollowingparagraphsapropositionisintroducedinthefirstparagraphandthenexplainedindetailsinthefollowingparagraphsWhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthetext?EUmembercountriesholdthattheEuropeanParliamentisofimportance.TheEuropeanProjectistheworstvisionofall.EUmembercountriesmaintainthatcentralEuropearegainingmorecommonthemes.D.Anti-EUpartiesareneverdetrimentaltothebuilding-upoftheEuropeancollaboration.ItisimpliedinthetextthatthedepartureofEuroscepticsandtrouble-makersfromtheEuropeanParliament .benefitstheoldmembercountriesforthetimebeingfortifiesthesupportofpopulistandnationalistsmightobligeanti-EUpartiestoadoptacompromiseresistedbythepublicwouldhinderthefullexpressionofEuropeanpublicfeeling19、Theword〃ire〃(Line1Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans .A.entertainmentwrathsyndromeD.premiseItisimpliedintheconcludingparagraphthat.EuropeanoldmembercountriesarepoorandhomogenousEurope'sleadersarebewilderedbythecrucialsummitC・Europe'spoliticiansshouldheedtheirvoters'dissatisfactionD.Europeancoincidencesmightemergeduetotheeconomicstagnation21>PartB（10points）Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist（A、B、C、D、E、F、G ）tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.（10points）.Thesynthetic（合成的）polymer（聚合的）deviceisthefirstflexiblehydrophilic（吸水的）artificialcorneatobeproducedandinsertedintoahuman.Itistheproductof8yearsworkbyresearchersattheLionsEyeInstituteoftheUniversityofWA'SDepartmentofOphthalmicBiomaterials.."First,theplasticmaterialusedtoconstructtheartificialcorneaabsorbswaterandbecomeselasticandsoftlikehumantissue."Prof.ChirialtoldAustralianScience.〃Asecondnovelcharacteristicisthattheperiphery(夕卜围)isaspongewithporesallowinghosttissuetogrowintoit.Third,thedeviceusesinterpenetrating(渗透)polymernetworkstolinkthecentraltransparentareawiththenon-transparentperiphery.，z.Thefirstrecipient(接纳者)ofthedevice,a79-year-oldWAmanwhowasblindinoneeye,cannowreadlargeprint.Afurthereightpatientsareawaitingthetechnicallychallengingtwo-stepprocedure,withthefirstduetobeoperatedonthismonth.(44),Manypatientsadmittedtothetrialhaveexperiencedrejectionofprevioushumancornealgraftsduetoanimmunereactionormedicalsyndrome.Inotherswhohavehadachemicalburntoaneye,theartificialgraftofferstheironlyhopeofrestoredvision.Aseniorophthalmologistwiththeteam,Dr.GeoffreyCrawford,saidtheartificialcorneawasapromisingdevelopmentforpeopleinunderdevelopedcountrieswhereanabsenceofeyebanksmeantthatlessthan1%ofthoseneedingahumancornealgraftevergetone.(45).Itisnovelinthreewaysaccordingtoitsdesigner,Romanian-trainedpolymerchemistProfessorTrainanChirial,whosetupthedepartmentin1986.Thedeviceisdesignedtoreplaceadiseasedordamagedcorneaorafailedhumangraftandcangivebacksighttosomepatients.Theartificialcorneawasmadefromatransparentmatrixofcollagenandasyntheticpolymer.Beforethedevicecanbemarketed,aninternationaltrialofatleast50patientsinfivecentersworldwideneedstobecompletedsuccessfully.However,heconcededthatthecostofthedevicewouldneedtofalldramaticallyforittobeusedinanywidespreadway.Heexplainedthatmaterialinthecenterandperipheryhaveanidenticalchemicalcompositionbutareproducedbydifferentchemicalprocesses,hencetheirdifferentlight-transmittingqualities.WesternAustralianresearchershavepatentedanartificialcorneawiththepotentialtobenefitblindorpartiallysightedindividualsworldwide.(42)(43)(44)(45)PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)Electronicor〃cyber〃warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy's-orevenawholenation，sabilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepoint,however,wherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.(46)Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperations,communicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure.Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn，tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.(47)Wouldn,ttheoppositebewonderful,adeviceliketherobot，srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiers?Electronicor〃cyber〃warfare-hackingintoanenemy，scomputers,jammingradiotransmissions,andthelike.TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilities,buthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.(48)Beforeweimaginewhatsucha〃cyberwar〃scenariomightbelike,let'sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped.DuringtheCivilWar,operationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.(49)Notonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformation,butsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks.JustbeforeWorldWarI,radiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunications,especiallyinbadweather.Beforethistime,flagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships.Navalshipcaptains,however,wereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissions,theenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.Forthisreason,theU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.However,U.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses.ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.(50)Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjcimmingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly.Today,everymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitor,jam,orotherwiseinterferewithanadversary'sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment.(47)(48)(49)(50)参考答案：【一、UseofEnglish]l~5CBACB6~10ADADB1广20点击下载查看答案【二、ReadingComprehension]r5CADBC6v10ADCBD1广30点击下载查看答案28A.unintelligiblepassivepartD.universal5、⑸A.inB.throughoutC.forD.unlike6>(6)affordB.purchaseC.streamlineD.scrutinize7、(7)A.duringbeforeinuntil8、(8)establishintegrateC.interveneD.facilitate9、⑼A.evokedcarveevacucitedrecruited(10)outletsuitC.therapyD.origin(11)inbyason(12)A.militarilyB.theoreticallyC.physicallyD.mentally(13)strenuousinvalidprudentD.unpopular(14)propelmutemaintainoppose(15)forupoutoff(16)fragilelethalC.punctualD.vulnerable(17)notifiedprovokedC.selectedD.manifested(18)liberateimparthinderfight(19)advantageharmonyhazardsavage(20)invariableinvinciblerobustrigorous二、ReadingComprehension1>PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)〃Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry.，zApoliticiancondemningvideogaming?Actually,aclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeks,assheblamedvideogamesfor〃asilentepidemicofmediadesensitization"and"stealingtheinnocenceofourchildren”.Thegamingfuturecenterson〃GrandTheftAuto:SanAndreas”,apopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloaded