第三章 否定、被动语态、比较等级

第三章否定、被动语态、比较等级§3.1否定1、全否定：

一般要用“none,no,neither”来表示，意为

都；均。

普通的窗户均承受（withstand）不了这么大的力。§3.1否定1、全否定：

一般要用“none,no,neither”来表示，意为

都；均。

None

oftheordinarywindows[=

No

ordinarywindows]canwithstandsolargeaforce.2、部分否定：一般用“all,both,every”+not来表示，意为

并非都。

Thisparameter（参数）does

not

changeduring

all

timeintervals.

Eq.(1–5)

cannot

besatisfiedby

all

valuesofx.

§3.1否定3、否定的转移

（1）主句中有表示“相信”、“认为”等臆想动词否定式时，一般汉译时否定在从句中。（在科技文中不常见）§3.1否定

not+

thinkfeelsupposebelieveimagine+that从句

They

don’tthink

thatthisanswertotheproblemisright.§3.1否定～

3、否定的转移（2）▲appearseemhappen的否定式

+主语从句动词不定式

It

doesnotappear

thatthisvaluesatisfiestheequation.

Thiscomputer

doesnotseem

tobesogoodasthatone.§3.1否定～

3、否定的转移

Thisdiseasedoes

not

affectmostanimals

as

itdoeshumans.

Theselayers（层）are

not

“stretched”（能拉伸的）as

arubbersheetwouldbe.

（3）★

主句中有not[no,ratherthan,insteadof]

+as从句或短语（或theway…）：

译成“并不像…那样～”。§3.1否定～

3、否定的转移

Thepresenceoftheminussignindicatesthatthecurrentof1.5AflowsfromCtoF,and

not

fromFtoC

as

shown.

TheHIGH-leveloutputvoltagesforbothORandNORarebetween–0.81and–0.96V

ratherthan

–0.8V,

as

predicted（预计）byEq.(2–9).§3.1否定～

3、否定的转移

Themajorityofdistancecommunicationinthefuturecouldwellbecomputer-to-computer,

not

person-to-person

as

atpresent.§3.1否定～

3、否定的转移

TheMaxwellrelations（关系式）are

not

modified（修正）byrelativity（相对论）as

Newton’srelationsarewhenparticle（质点）velocitiesapproachthespeedoflight.§3.1否定～

3、否定的转移

1、带有双宾语动词（tell,inform,convince,give,assign,deny等等）的被动语态（在谓语后存在一个“保留宾语”）

Inthiscasesomeoftheuserswillbedenied（拒绝给予）permission（允许）.

Eachoftheusershasbeenassigned

afrequencyband.§3.2被动语态

WearetoldbyOhm’slaw

thatthecurrentinacircuitisproportionaltotheappliedvoltage

.

Ifthereaderisnotconvinced

thatP

isamaximumwhenR=r,heshouldverifyitbytheused（惯常的）calculus（微积分）method.§3.2被动语态

In1858Darwin（达尔文）wassent

a

scientificpaper

byamancalledAlfredWallace.

Athoroughexpositionisaccorded

principlesofacomputer

inthisbook.

Wearegiventhatthecoefficientofslidingfriction（滑动摩擦）betweenboxandfloorisμ.§3.2被动语态

2、“不及物动词+介词”=“及物动词”的被动语态

Electronicradarsystems

arerelied

on

forasafeflightfromoneairporttoanother.§3.2被动语态

Inthiscasetheworkdone

is

accountedfor

byanincreaseinpotentialenergy.

Thistopic

willbedealtwith

inthenextchapter.

Actually,thisresult

couldhavebeen

arrivedat

intuitively（直观地）.§3.2被动语态

3、“及物动词+名词+介词”=“及物动词”（makeuseof★,payattentionto▲,takecareof,makementionof等等）的被动语态

Fulluse

mustbemadeofthecomputersavailable.

§3.2被动语态

注意：这里并不是“bemadeof[由……制成]”这一词组的含义。而是“makefulluseof”的被动形式。§3.2被动语态

Thecomputersavailable

mustbe

madefulluseof.

Use

ismadeof

thischaracteristic（特性）infeedback（反馈）amplifierdesign.

Theprotective（保护的）resistance

shouldbemadeuseof

intheusualway.又如：

§3.2被动语态

Inthequantum（量子）theoryoftheatomnouse

ismadeof

thesemodels.§3.2被动语态

必须充分利用现有的设备。（要求使用“makeuseof”的被动形式）***汉译英：§3.2被动语态

Fulluse

mustbemadeof

thedevicesavailable.§3.2被动语态4、由“

getbecomeremainappearcome+过去分词”构成的被动句（强调状态）

Theenergythatisstoredintheinductor（电感器）andcapacitoreventually（最终）getsdissipated（消耗）bytheresistor.

§3.2被动语态

Theairthroughouttheroom

becomesheated

byconvectioncurrents（对流的气流）.

Thegate（门电路）will

remainclosed

bythelowinputuntiltheclockpulsearrives.

Thissystemcan

comeequipped

witharadiofrequencywirelesskeyboardandmouse(optional).[备有]§3.2被动语态

5、科技文中不能有被动形式、不得用过去分词作定语的常见情况（1）不及物动词

the

resulting

equation;the

existing

algorithms;thenewly

emerging

approach

(几个特例：the

fallen

leaves;the

elapsed

time;the

arrived

train;the

worked

hours)§3.2被动语态

（2）表示状态的及物动词（have,afford等）

（3）表示被动含义的“不及物动词+介词”★consistof“由……组成”resultfrom“由……引起”arisefrom“由……引起”§3.2被动语态serveas“用作为……；起……作用”actas“用作为……；起……作用”behaveas“用作为……；起……作用”

（4）表示被动含义的“及物动词+名词”（finduse[applications]“得到应用”）§3.2被动语态functionas“用作为……；起……作用”

1、表示“……得多”的句型

一些程度副词+比较级常见的程度副词有：

much★,verymuch,far,byfar,well,greatly,alot,agreatdeal,considerably,appreciably,significantly,substantially,incredibly,enormously,immeasurably等。§3.3比较等级

Thiscomputeris

muchsmaller

thanthatone.

Mostcomputerfacilities（设施）continuetoprotecttheirphysicalmachine

farbetter

thantheydotheirdata.

Thiscircuitrequires

manymore

components（元件）thanthecircuitshownonpage3.§3.3比较等级

Ifq2isHIGH,itmeansthat

twomore

CLipulses（脉冲）

thanCLopulsesarrive.

Equation(8–10)contains

muchmore

thanameredescriptionofhowthegain（增益）

saturates（饱和）.

§3.3比较等级

2、表示“越来越……”的句型（1）最常用的方式

对单音节词：

采用“～erand～er”

对多音节词：

采用“moreandmore～”

Electronicdevicesarebecoming

smallerandsmaller

but

moreandmorecomplicated

.§3.3比较等级

（2）采用“ever+～er”（主要用于单音节词）

Computersare

eversmaller.

（3）采用“increasingly+原级”（主要用于多音节词）

Computersaregetting

increasinglycomplicated

.§3.3比较等级

（4）“含有比较级的主句+表示时间的as-从句[随着]”★

Theskineffect（集肤效应）is

morepronounced（明显的）as

thefrequencyincreases.

Theaccelerating（加速）force

becomessmaller

asthebodyapproachesthecenter.§3.3比较等级

3、“as

形容词as

数量”要译成“～达[到]……”▲

这块芯片(chip)薄达零点几毫米（millimeter）。§3.3比较等级

Thischipis

asthinas

afewtenthsofamillimeter.[≠Thischipisafewtenthsofamillimeterthin.]§3.3比较等级

地球离月球的距离远达24万英里。§3.3比较等级

Thedistanceoftheearthfromthemoonis

asgreatas

240,000mi.§3.3比较等级

Efficienciesof

asmuchas99%

areachievedinlargetransformers（变压器）.§3.3比较等级

4、在“as…as”句型中省去第2个“as部分”的情况

Digitaltransmissionneednothave

ashighanS/Nratio.[可看成省去了“asanalogtransmission”]

Todissipate（耗散）50

wattsofheat,thetemperaturedifferencemustbe

twiceasgreat.§3.3比较等级

Measuringanythingmeanscomparingitwithsomestandardtosee

howmanytimesas

big

itis.[可看成省去了“asthestandard”]

Howmanytimesasgreat

isthekineticenergyifthevelocityisdoubled?§3.3比较等级

Aforcewhichcausesabodytohavetwicetheacceleration（加速度）anotherforceproducesmustbe

twiceasgreat.§3.3比较等级5、一种特殊的“as…as”句型

asmany(+名词A)asthereare+名词B

译成“有多少个B就有多少个A”§3.3比较等级

Thereare

asmanydesignsastherearedesigners.

Theseenergybands（能带）

areactuallycomposedofamultitudeof（许许多多）individual（单个）energylevels（能级）,

asmanyasthereareatomsinthecrystal（晶体）.§3.3比较等级

6、句型“more

名词Athan

名词B”译成“与其说是B不如说是A”

Thedesignandimplementation（实现）ofprogramminglanguageshasbeen

moreartthanscience

.§3.3比较等级

7、“much和long”常起形容词和名词的双重作用

Theflip-flop（触发器）canstayhighforas

long

as2min.

TherecommendedpracticeistoletRscontributeas

much

of45

Ωaspossible.§3.3比较等级

8、表示最高级的比较范围“在……之中”时“of”和“in”的用法区别

in：后跟表示整体的集合名词单数Of

allphysicalpropertiesofmatter,electricalresistanceperhapsshowsthegreatestrangeofvalues.of：后跟可数名词复数§3.3比较等级

9、表示“……越～，……就越～”的句型(1)通常的句型

“the