2022年考研英语一真题及参考答案

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2020年考研英语一SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.andmark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting__1__workersproductivity.Instead，thestudiesended__2__givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery__3__tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behaviorTheideaarosebecauseofthe__4__behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto__5__oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6__whatwasdoneintheexperiment.__7__somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A(n)__8__thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe__9__toalterworkers＇behavior__10__itselfAfterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere__11__toeconometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic__13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingItturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathappened.__15__，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16__rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays__18__，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox。

Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”，saysDermis＇D,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2020,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice。

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。

TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool。

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S。

28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeans[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdisunity29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents[D]Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusualinformed,persuasive,orweconnect.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn＇texplainhowideasactuallyspread。

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“tow-stepflowofcommunication“.Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecalldrivetrends。

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers＇argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonalinfluence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon＇tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebratinginfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoonandjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluential,proveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon＇tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople。

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe。

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic[D]mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch。

Unfortunately,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives。”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement。”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid”notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but”intherealword”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules。

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains。

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions。

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem[C]thebank’slong-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers[C]actontheirowninrule-setting[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform39、Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets40、Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPartBDirections:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2020.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative。

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyardthewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed。

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold。

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo。

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”：hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe’sretailwholesalemarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,maskstwoopposingtrends。

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,SpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsiderate。

[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains。

41→42→43→44→E→45PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10Points)OnebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalueYetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintensity,theyareentitledtocontinuanceWhenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveit.WeinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportanceAtthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing。(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescurewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttheinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthemtheevidencehadtobecambricinordertobevalid。

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet.(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceofabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous。

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies”。

Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomic–mindedforesterstheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason。

Tosumup,asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats。

SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative。

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“postgraduateassociation“instead。

PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments。

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)2020英语真题参考答案一、完型填空1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C10.D11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19.B20.D二、阅读理解Text2CDCBDText3BDACCText4AACCD三、新题型41.B42.F43.D44.G45.A四、翻译46.科学家们贸然拿出一些看似站不住脚的证据来补救，其大意是：鸟类不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们人类吃掉。

47.但是至少我们几乎承认