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WhatisEnglish?HistoryoftheEnglishLanguageAshorthistoryoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofEnglishThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagereallystartedwiththearrivalofthreeGermanictribeswhoinvadedBritainduringthe5thcenturyAD.Thesetribes,theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes,crossedtheNorthSeafromwhattodayisDenmarkandnorthernGermany.AtthattimetheinhabitantsofBritainspokeaCelticlanguage.ButmostoftheCelticspeakerswerepushedwestandnorthbytheinvaders-mainlyintowhatisnowWales,ScotlandandIreland.TheAnglescamefromEnglalandandtheirlanguagewascalledEnglisc-fromwhichthewordsEnglandandEnglisharederived.

GermanicinvadersenteredBritainontheeastandsouthcoastsinthe5thcentury.OldEnglish(450-1100AD)

PartofBeowulf,apoemwritteninOldEnglish.TheinvadingGermanictribesspokesimilarlanguages,whichinBritaindevelopedintowhatwenowcallOldEnglish.OldEnglishdidnotsoundorlooklikeEnglishtoday.NativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.Nevertheless,abouthalfofthemostcommonlyusedwordsinModernEnglishhaveOldEnglishroots.Thewordsbe,strongandwater,forexample,derivefromOldEnglish.OldEnglishwasspokenuntilaround1100.MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)

AnexampleofMiddleEnglishbyChaucer.In1066WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandy(partofmodernFrance),invadedandconqueredEngland.Thenewconquerors(calledtheNormans)broughtwiththemakindofFrench,whichbecamethelanguageoftheRoyalCourt,andtherulingandbusinessclasses.Foraperiodtherewasakindoflinguisticclassdivision,wherethelowerclassesspokeEnglishandtheupperclassesspokeFrench.Inthe14thcenturyEnglishbecamedominantinBritainagain,butwithmanyFrenchwordsadded.ThislanguageiscalledMiddleEnglish.ItwasthelanguageofthegreatpoetChaucer(c1340-1400),butitwouldstillbedifficultfornativeEnglishspeakerstounderstandtoday.ModernEnglishEarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)Hamlet'sfamous"Tobe,ornottobe"lines,writteninEarlyModernEnglishbyShakespeare.TowardstheendofMiddleEnglish,asuddenanddistinctchangeinpronunciation(theGreatVowelShift)started,withvowelsbeingpronouncedshorterandshorter.Fromthe16thcenturytheBritishhadcontactwithmanypeoplesfromaroundtheworld.This,andtheRenaissanceofClassicallearning,meantthatmanynewwordsandphrasesenteredthelanguage.Theinventionofprintingalsomeantthattherewasnowacommonlanguageinprint.Booksbecamecheaperandmorepeoplelearnedtoread.PrintingalsobroughtstandardizationtoEnglish.Spellingandgrammarbecamefixed,andthedialectofLondon,wheremostpublishinghouseswere,becamethestandard.In1604thefirstEnglishdictionarywaspublished.雪La颂te煌M何od快er滤n梦En蹄gl白is蛋h男(1究80枝0-善Pr凤es雹en律t)怪Th千e保ma锦in愈d奖if值fe蛮re心nc殃e券be挣tw连ee照n矩Ea鞠rl头y谷Mo娇de柏rn朝E豪ng身li逮sh副a晶nd减L爆at碍e扁Mo锈de留rn脱E锤ng盖li舍sh腿i顷s汇vo睡ca满bu须la沈ry榜.肃La跑te域M浓od步er予n挖En崇gl榨is叛h灭ha舌s服ma兔ny劳m翻or服e将wo英rd态s乳,腊ar园is裳in怖g馅fr今om眉t辨wo眨p缴ri携nc叹ip消al团f僚ac殖to吉rs狱:阴fi腥rs军tl枯y,融t帽he网I奶nd漂us源tr史ia奋l锦Re鸣vo侨lu载ti捞on领a省nd悄t惯ec但hn构ol滩og侄y保cr遣ea劲te皇d抬a机ne占ed痒f净or萍n停ew震w忽or薯ds狗;可se咬co妖nd愈ly锯,粥th响e麻Br变it先is星h认Em碑pi摆re璃a腹t敌it吐s絮he缩ig迅ht块c顿ov里er雁ed颜o许ne败q乎ua博rt斜er斤o椅f松th怨e窄ea岂rt蕉h'公s坑su挺rf右ac洪e,匆a捉nd遭t爪he锻E绵ng逼li看sh桑l奏an谎gu猜ag株e吓ad栋op慨te馒d功fo舞re销ig舞n呜wo仓rd蹄s墙f葱ro陵m验ma闪ny番c闲ou爽nt赚ri锐es粒.主Va筹ri铺et园ie迅s滨of塞E灶ng景li设sh蚂Fr愉om蹲a低ro构un台d宵16排00牌,谅th尊e扁En巾gl描is界h框co捉lo寒ni启za集ti乳on莫o版f张No汗rt丈h雨Am蜻er恭ic衰a笋r丙es念ul幅te待d幕in叶t妨he中c付re含at房io男n尚of晃a很d夫is槐ti坊nc甘t拔Am丽er违ic钱an隆v避ar戚ie平ty匪o例f驰En膀gl务is末h.元S组om欠e友En客gl聋is涝h腰pr北on待un弦ci师at耕io丙ns的a窑nd迫w说or摄ds球"袭fr效oz俊e"绍w港he公n绒th馆ey孙r出ea烈ch菠ed绑程Am孤er邀ic估a刻.沸In龙s梁om女e跳wa铜ys片,唇Am屯er兵ic销an斑E炭ng跑li躬sh悔i照s甚mo沿re驱l驾ik暴e搂th放e缝En醉gl赤is耍h减of较S取ha闯ke度sp禁ea妻re昨t构ha捡n丘mo摧de清rn佣B才ri直ti协sh宁E未ng鹅li伏sh宏i泄s.谜S件om联e低ex蛋pr既es叫si逐on艘s徐th椒at肆t日he唇B熔ri雾ti既sh铅c棒al蔬l弃"A级me捕ri央ca萝ni铲sm抵s"峡a泉re遭i窜n串fa桥ct胸o需ri扛gi朋na波l影Br私it没is摊h灾ex品pr蛮es飘si笼on浪s笋th贿at懒w浙er泪e跨pr内es能er这ve伙d陶in甜t锄he侄c巷ol估on宁ie牺s赔wh惧il足e院lo畏st浇f伸or守a馋t拢im罩e缓in困凯Br降it臣ai蓝n橡(壮fo趣r墓ex服am彼pl全e陶tr槐as凳h贡f挤or边r多ub旨bi苦sh灭,规lo尘an惠a星s垒a优ve桌rb余i皂ns宝te裤ad霉o不f借le膊nd财,钥an舱d组fa贯ll掏f吉or触a切ut区um日n;菌a摊no标th们er麻e盘xa帽mp饭le燃,国fr受am轰e-恐up钻,金wa语s脉re犹-i如mp辆or慈te浆d右in滨to约叠Br数it有ai叔n译t促hr企ou番gh夸越Ho膨ll程yw搂oo据d币g流an锹gs别te土r迁mo菠vi测es披).捞内Sp视an狐is羽h缘a众ls柏o渡ha希d楼an建i堪nf柳lu如en极ce典o恢n什Am司er旗ic鞋an荷E鼻ng请li卷sh孩(扒an斥d缝su众bs世eq其ue宾nt础ly昼B洪ri摊ti跃sh想E呀ng雀li鼻sh狗),辆w齿it挑h麦wo鞭rd奇s撇li垃ke维楚ca糟ny延on核,蕉ra吵nc璃h银,宝st件am绸pe悔de班a裁nd扶袖vi许gi挨la岔nt榆e帽b融ei锻ng讯e舟xa跟mp截le纹s彻of响S财pa展ni童sh浆w立or睡ds每t剪ha记t芒en捎te袜re孝d爱En见gl垒is耽h伴th屠ro眨ug冒h紧th框e朱se郊tt僻le献me诚nt拨o孔f侨th哗e爬Am恋er厦ic蛛an抓W吐es内t.颜F轨re袖nc壮h摄w卫or她ds熔(逼th迷ro重ug熄h泛Lo掌ui阅si矛an片a尝)今an葱d成We愉st府A泊fr汪ic磨an逗w碎or乔ds怜(耕th方ro将ug陡h昼th纠e础sl疼av为e奸tr庄ad闪e)雪a筛ls盗o奇in具fl本ue呀nc雄ed羽A岭me肠ri家ca索n亮En秃gl每is筋h辟(a攻nd欣s升o,钢t卧o杆an弃e站xt概en腰t,嫌B助ri渡ti规sh挎E悉ng昌li消sh袜).垃To缝da惭y,戴A社me妙ri她ca居n弱En扁gl威is沈h哑is企p泛ar尘ti训cu放la乡rl辫y江in寻fl字ue兴nt雾ia粒l,妙d患ue距t柱o鄙th岸e渣US鹅A哑's竹d舌om曾in压an右ce赵o聚f带ci腔ne袋ma患,旺te坑le票vi欢si叹on己,全po葵pu会la跑r玉mu塞si傲c,姑t欣ra旁de板a巩nd刮t次ec魔hn童ol兔og藏y态(i迅nc学lu汤di揭ng旺t镰he帐I他nt掠er兆ne堆t)尚.反Bu真t时th宫er焰e病ar概e至ma俘ny厅o祝th作er扰v妥ar括ie业ti稍es夜o阀f谨En凤gl邮is冤h估ar蛇ou积nd销t案he红w炉or裤ld蹄,病in摇cl罢ud顽in挤g燥fo京r齿ex补am牛pl套e楼Au陵st煎ra采li件an浸E栋ng俩li总sh劣,拍Ne违w烛Ze屿al基an浇d芽En糟gl伐is亦h,瓜C腰an投ad传ia顿n姓En包gl活is鸡h,赚S袍ou却th佣A煎fr傍ic撑an旱E慨ng量li禽sh斧,顺In麻di迅an最E草ng瓦li祥sh糖a君nd担C女ar亲ib即be缸an排E候ng死li护sh瞎.县Th昨e慌Ge泽rm煤an股ic虏F们am影il合y模of蚁L扶an遍gu筒ag谨es

炊En井gl乡is片h商is伯a耕m岗em梁be检r定of撇t裹he挥G蒙er帐ma即ni兼c虽fa秀mi走ly仆o善f零la弃ng持ua愁ge指s.

三Ge胖rm灿an惠ic拨i滔s语a柜br附an碰ch丸o斜f减th文e荡In脖do秀-E恋ur烂op富ea秧n模la穗ng复ua颂ge尖f链am撞il明y.AbriefchronologyofEnglishBC55RomaninvasionofBritainbyJuliusCaesar.LocalinhabitantsspeakCeltishBC43Romaninvasionandoccupation.BeginningofRomanruleofBritain.436RomanwithdrawalfromBritaincomplete.449SettlementofBritainbyGermanicinvadersbegins450-480EarliestknownOldEnglishinscriptions.OldEnglish1066WilliamtheConqueror,DukeofNormandy,invadesandconquersEngland.c1150EarliestsurvivingmanuscriptsinMiddleEnglish.MiddleEnglish1348EnglishreplacesLatinasthelanguageofinstructioninmostschools.1362EnglishreplacesFrenchasthelanguageoflaw.EnglishisusedinParliamentforthefirsttime.c1388ChaucerstartswritingTheCanterburyTales.c1400TheGreatVowelShiftbegins.1476WilliamCaxtonestablishesthefirstEnglishprintingpress.EarlyModernEnglish1564Shakespeareisborn.1604TableAlphabeticall,thefirstEnglishdictionary,ispublished.1607ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementintheNewWorld(Jamestown)isestablished.1616Shakespearedies.1623Shakespeare'sFirstFolioispublished1702ThefirstdailyEnglish-languagenewspaper,TheDailyCourant,ispublishedinLondon.1755SamuelJohnsonpublisheshisEnglishdictionary.1776ThomasJeffersonwritestheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence.1782BritainabandonsitsAmericancolonies.1828WebsterpublisheshisAmericanEnglishdictionary.LateModernEnglish1922TheBritishBroadcastingCorporationisfounded.1928TheOxfordEnglishDictionaryispublished.句Ch星ar凤le捞s败I设Wh迈en鼓C用ha袍rl加es塑I射s疤uc翻ce追ed陵ed丛h塘is如f午at想he信r溜in必1扩62舒5,币f叼ri脂ct负io屈n首wi顽th门P客ar驼li榜am罗en静t换be辈ga绞n边at宿o胸nc总e.栏C纠ha撞rl羡es夕b屯el抚ie薪ve蝶d斩in箩h卫is近d兰iv笛in瓶e悟ri葵gh碍t类as岂k辩in司g带an侵d穴st像ru泥gg川le循d缎to童c地on周tr赚ol隐P猫ar泛li暴am快en为t袋wh攀o浴re愁se话nt战ed喊h霞is蛛a贪tt躺em晋pt谎s遭at贪a跨bs验ol矛ut摩e顶ru近le黄.橡On才e程of帮h痒is滥f雀ir垫st仇a混ct按s辛wa世s败to霞d权is倘so左lv扶e通pa爽rl搁ia摄me效nt绘i执n腔16咸25壮,其an袭d族ag柜ai厦n典in资1义62毛6觉af千te窄r侮at乒te筝mp抗ts责t仆o戒im松pe鼓ac挣h袍th队e晃Du界ke纵o旅f猴Bu冒ck岛in叠gh败am缩o防ve绘r谁wa柴r司ag捆ai拘ns缴t击Sp望ai肝n言a冲nd只s段up耐po冈rt郊o减f然th寺e逆Fr伯en泄ch豪H煤ug敲ue德no籍ts汁.疗Ch亩ar漫le通s坚fo纹rc培ed肯a封n赛un仰po器pu嘴la管r耍‘S测hi侨p吴Mo铃ne腊y’挨t娃ax州t际o候ra项is睬e具fu撞nd垦s蚀wi骨th嘱ou升t袜th鹿e毯co孩ns幸en汉t沈of秧P槽ar歌li朴am粗en糊t.百I绩n罩16挤28挤C草ha踏rl尖es慧w亡as梁p芹re盏se定nt器ed僻w周it蓝h宏th笼e谱Pe以ti劫ti性on舒o基f办Ri朝gh售t促a阴de匀cl隙ar巾at沉io其n截of漂t例he董“陪ri燃gh领ts稼a志nd侄l己ib自er世ti茎es革o台f次th速e蹄su隶bj仗ec紫t"念,储wh芦ic脑h扩he展r蹄el薯uc晌ta桂nt获ly爪a译gr慨ee器d削to阿.榜Ho哈we责ve驰r,巡i胜n沉16泼29属h爷e旨di夫ss挪ol翅ve雹d侄Pa运rl惹ia转me员nt膨a煌ga远in状,始im莲pr阁is荡on骂ed齐i俱ts怀l羽ea见de艳rs牢a厘nd工r份ul舟ed蚁w氧it天ho罩ut吼a闸P产ar写li日am叛en胃t柳fr佛om陶1卧62哗9揉to葡1形64牧0.娘H趋is开a碗dv风is承er隶s脂Ea梳rl誉S漠tr控af豆fo租rd蜡a坦nd彼A缴rc计hb座is撞ho阴p坑La追ud凶p谈er犁se舰cu袖te伶d异th岩e基Pu郊ri葱ta券ns貌,单an楼d鸡pr午ov朽ok妙ed乱t区he阀P朴re凝sb译yt口er清ia劈n至Sc塑ot堪s胡Co众ve横na肝nt蔽er毫s栏to随r士ev伐ol僚t运wh凯en原L抗au拦d老at题te阵mp活te银d浩to狐i荡nt表ro株du按ce央t刷he住E味ng怀li满sh绳B供oo臭k告of姜C储om律mo盐n窗Pr嘱ay料er哗.

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