大连医科大学生物化学试题(英文卷)

欢迎光临大连医科大学百度贴吧百度贴吧_大医吧/f?kw=%B4%F3%D2%BDChapter1NucleicAcidsI、Chooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.ThedirectionofnucleicacidisFromNtoCB.From5’toC.FromCtoND.From3’toE.Noneofabove2.ThedescriptionofthesecondarystructureofDNAdoublehelixarecorrect,EXCEPTTwoantiparallelstrandsDeoxyribose-phosphateframelocatedoutsidethestrandsTwostrandsarejoinedbyhydrogenbondformedbetweenA-TandG-CDiameterofhelixis2nm,and10basesineachturnNucleosomeisthestructureunitofDNAdoublehelix3.ThecorrectdescriptionaboutTmisThetemperatureatwhichhalfofthemaximumabsorbancevalueofDNAat260nmduringheatdenaturationThetemperatureatwhichmaximumabsorbancevalueofDNAat260nmduringheatdenaturationTheoptimumtemperatureforDNAsynthesisHighTmvalueisrelatedtolowG-CcontentThetemperaturetoformDNAandRNAhybridmolecule4.IfthecodenofmRNAisACG,thentheanticodenoftRNAisUGCB.TGCC.GCAD.CGUE.TGC5.Thelinkagebetweennucleotidesis2’,-33’,-52’,-5’HydrogenbondPeptidebond6.ThetemplatestrandofDNAis5’-ATTCAG-3’,itstranscriptis5’-GACTTA-3’5’-CTGAAT-3’5’-UAAGUC-3’5’-CUGAAU-3’5’-TAAGTC-3’II、Fillintheblanks.1.EukaryoticmRNAscanbemodifiedaftertranscriptionatthe5’endwithamodifiedresiduecalleda____________,atthe3’end80to2.Eachnucleotideconsistsofthreecomponents,_____________,______________,______________.3.TheconformationforDNAproposedbyWatsonandCrickiscalledBform,theothertwoconformationsexistinginthecellare____________,______________.III、Explainthefollowingterms.HybridizationofnucleicacidsTmribozymecodonanticodonHyperchromiceffectDNAdenaturationAnnealingsnmRNnucleosomeⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.StatethefunctionsofthreemajorkindsofRNA(mRNA,tRNAandrRNA).2.PleasedescribethesecondarystructureofDNAproposedbyWatsonandCrick.3.StatebrieflythedifferencesbetweenDNAandRNA.4.PleasedescribethestructuralfeaturesofeukaryoticmRNA.Chapter2ProteinsI、Chooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.Allofthefollowingaminoacidsareacidicorbasicaminoacids,EXCEPTAspGluLysArgSer2.Whichisthelinkagebondforthepeptide?HydrogenbondPeptidebondHydrophobicinteractionsElectrostaticinteraction3’,5’3.Theproteinmolecule(pI=6.5)willmobilethetopositiveelectrodewhenthepHofelectrophoresisbufferispH=3.0pH=4.0pH=5.0pH=6.5pH=8.04.TheaminoacidinproteinsisL-β-aimnoacids;D-β-aimnoacids;L-α-aimnoacids;D-α-aimnoacids;Allofabove5.ThechemicalbondinchargeofmaintainingsecondarystructureofproteinsisSaltbridge;DisulfidebondHydrogenbond;Peptidebond;Hydrophobicinteraction6.ThechemicalbondinchargeoftheprimarystructureofproteinsisSaltbridge;DisulfidebondHydrogenbond;Peptidebond;PhosphodiesterbondII、Fillintheblanks：1.Thesecondarystructuresofproteininclude___________,___________,___________,and___________.2.Theabsorbancepeakvalueofproteinisat___________nm,andthatofthenucleicacidisat___________nm.3.Theforcemaintaininghigherstructureofproteinsarenoncovalent.Theyare______________,______________,_______________,________________.III、Explainthefollowingterms.GSH(glutathione)MotifproteindenaturationpetptideunitdomainpIofproteinα-helixPeptidebondaminoacidresiduesaltingoutⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.Listtheapproachescommonlyusedinseparationandpurificationofproteinmolecules,andexplainsimplythemajormechanismofeachone.2.Brieflyexplainthestructuralfeaturesandclassificationofaminoacidsconstituteofdifferentproteins.3.Whatisprimarystructureofprotein?Pleasestatetherelationshipsbetweentheprimarystructureandfunctionsofproteinsbyanexample.Chapter3VitaminsI、Chooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.VitaminDbelongstoFatsolubleWatersolubleBothAandBInsolubleNotaboveall2.TheactiveformofVitaminDis25-(OH)D31,25-(OH)2D31,24,25-(OH)3D324,25-(OH)2D3Notaboveall3.TheactiveformoffolicacidisFFH2FH4NAD+FAD4.Thedeficiencyofwhichwillcauseanmia?VitaminB6VitaminB12FH4AlloftheaboveNotaboveallII、Fillintheblanks：1.____________and____________arethecofactors(coenzymes)ofthedehydrogenases,andtheyarederivedfromVitaminB2;____________and____________arealsothecofactors(coenzymes)ofthedehydrogenases,andtheyarederivedfromVitamin____________.2.TheactiveformsofvitaminAare____________,___________and___________.AnearlysymptomofvitaminAdeficiencyis___________III、ExplainthefollowingvitaminAlipid-solublevitaminswater-solublevitaminsⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.TrytoexplainthebiochemicalfunctionsofvitaminCanditsdeficiencies.Chapter4EnzymesI、Chooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.Thefactorsrelatedtothekineticsofenzymereactionareincluded,EXCEPTpHandtemperature[Enzyme][Substrate]InhibitorTimeAboutcompetitiveinhibitors,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?SimilartothesubstratesBindtotheactivecentreoftheenzymesBindtotheenzymereversibly.Bindtotheenzymebynon-covalentbondNoneoftheabove3.Aboutnon-competitiveinhibitors,whichoneistrue?Km↑,VmaxremainsconstantKm↑,Vmax↓Kmremainsconstant,Vmax↓Km↓,Vmax↑Km↓,Vmaxremainsconstant4.InhibitionofphosphatepesticideoncholineesterasebelongstoIrreversibleinhibitionReversibleinhibitionCompetitiveinhibitionNoncompetitiveinhibitionUncompetitiveinhibitionII、Fillintheblanks：1.Theessentialgroupsinactivecenterofanenzymeare______________and_________________.2.Holoenzyme=_____________+____________.3.Thethreepropertiesofenzymaticcatalyzedreactionsare_____________,______________,_________________.4.WhenVequalsto80%Vmax,[S]=______Km.WhenVequalsto90%Vmax,[S]=______Km.5.Thespecificitiesofenzymescanbebrieflydividedintothreetypes:_____________,______________and________________.III、Explainthefollowingterms.IsoenzyymeKmActivecenterofanenzymeAllostericenzymeCompetitiveinhibitionOptimumtemperatureⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.Whatistheactivationofzymogen?Statethebiologicalsignificanceoftheprocess.2.BrieflystatethesignificanceofKmandVmax.3.Comparethecharactersofthreetypesofreversibleinhibition.Chapter5CarbohydrateMetabolismChooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.TheuniquepathwayformatureredbloodcellstoobtainATPis()A.pentosephosphatepathwayB.tricarboxylicacidcycleC.β-oxidationoffattyacidD.glycolysisE.gluconeogenesis2.WhichcompoundcanNOTbeusedtodogluconeogenesis?A.AcetoacetateB.GlycerolC.PyruvateD.GlutamateE.Succinate3.ThepathwayformatureredbloodcellstoobtainNADPHis()A.pentosephosphatepathwayB.tricarboxylicacidcycleC.β-oxidationoffattyacidD.glycolysisE.gluconeogenesis4.Inthemuscle,glucose6-phosphhatecanconvertintothefollowingcompoundsEXCEPTA.GlycogenB.AcetylCoAC.LactateD.GlucoseE.Fructose6-phosphate5.WhichcompoundisNOTthecoenzymeofpyruvatedehydrogenasecomplex?A.FADB.NAD+C.BiotinD.CoASHE.Lipoicacid6.Whichenzymeisthekeyenzymeinglycogenolysis(glycogendegradation)?A.PhosphorylaseB.HexokinaseC.PhosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseD.HMG-CoAreductaseE.PyruvatekinaseFillintheblanks.1.Theactiveformofglucoseinglycogenesisis,theactiveformofcholineinphospholipidsynthesisis,theactiveformofSO42-insulfationis,theactiveformofmethylinmethylationis.2.Glucose6-phosphate(G-6-P)isanimportantintermediatecompoundinvolvedinthecarbohydratemetabolismpathways,e.g.,____________,____________,____________,____________,and____________.Explainthefollowingterms.GlycolysisTricarboxylicacidcyclePentosephosphatepathwayGlycogenesisGlycogenolysisGluconeogenesisBloodsugarCoricycle(Lactatecycle)Glycogenosisorglycogenstoragedisease10.AerobicoxidationⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.Themajorfunctionofpentosephosphatepathway.2.ListthemajorproductsofTricarboxyliccycleandpentosephosphatepathways,andstatetheirbiologicalsignificance.3.Simplystatetheseveralstepsofaerobicoxidationpathway.4.Statethesource,fateandregulationofbloodglucose.Chapter6BiologicalOxidationChooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.TheorderofthemembersofNADHoxidativerespiratorychainisA.NAD+complexIIcomplexICoQcomplexIIIcytochromeCcomplexIVB.NAD+complexIcomplexIIICoQcytochromeCcomplexIVC.NAD+complexIIcomplexIIICoQcomplexCcomplexIVD.ComplexIINAD+CoQcomplexIIIcytochromeCcomplexIVE.NAD+complexICoQcomplexIIIcytochromeCcomplexIV2.NADP+maybereducedtoNADPHinA.GlycolysisB.GluconeogenesisC.PentosephosphatepathwayD.ThepathwayoffattyaciddegradationE.Thereactioncatalyzedbymalatedehydrogenase3.Twohydrogenatoms(2H)incytosolicNADH(+H+)aretransportedfromcytosoltomitochondriathroughA.CitrateB.Citrate-pyruvateshuttleC.Malateor-glycerolphosphateshuttleD.Oxaloacetate-pyruvatecycleE.Pentosephosphatepathway4.ElectronsfrompyruvateenterthemitochondrialelectrontransportchainatthelevelofA.CoQB.LDHC.NADH-CoQreductase(complexI)D.CoQ-cytochromecreductase(complexIII)E.Cytochromecoxidase(complexIV)Fillintheblanks.1.Thetworespiratorychainsofoxidativephosphorylationare____________and____________.2.Biologicaloxidationisaprocessinwhichthe____________arecompletelyoxidizedto____________,____________andalargeamountof____________released.Explainthefollowingterms.ATPsynthaseMixedfunctionoxidaseReactiveoxygenspecies,ROS-PhosphoglycerolshuttleMalate-aspartateshuttleBiologicaloxidationOxidativerespiratorychainOxidativephosphorylationFreeradicalSubstratecycleⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.Whatisbiologicaloxidation?Comparethedifferencebetweennutritionoxidationinvivoandnutritionoxidationinvitro.2.WhatisOxidativephosphorylation?Statetheorderofthemembersoftwoimportantoxidativerespiratorychains.Chapter7LipidMetabolismChooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.Therate-limiting(key)enzymeforcholesterolbiosynthesisisA.HMG-CoAsynthaseB.MevalonatekinaseC.HMG-CoAreductaseD.HMG-CoAlyaseE.Squaleneepimerase2.Therate-limiting(key)enzymeforfattyacidsynthesisisA.AcetylCoAcarboxylaseB.Carnitine-acyltransferaseC.PalmitatedecarboxylaseD.AcylCoAtransferaseE.-ketoacylCoAsynthetase3.TheprecursorforacetoacetateformationintheliverisA.-hydroxybutyrateB.AcetoacetylCoAC.-hydroxybutyrylCoAD.Mevalonate E.HMG-CoA4.Therate-limiting（key）enzymeforfattyacidsynthesisisA.AcetylCoAcarboxylaseB.Carnitine-acyltransferaseC.PalmitatedecarboxylaseD.AcylCoAtransferaseE.-ketoacylCoAsynthetase5.TheoxidationanddegradationoffattyacidsinthecellA.BeginswiththefattyacidthioesterofCoAB.DoesnotproduceusefulenergyforthecellC.OccursprimarilyinthenucleusD.IsinhibitedbycarnitineE.Proceedsthroughsuccessiveshorteningoffattyacidsbythree-carbonunits6.Whichofthefollowinglipasesishormonesensitive?A.PancreaticlipaseB.LipoproteinlipaseC.LivertriacylglycerollipaseD.AdiposetissuetriacylglycerollipaseE.PhospholipaseII、Fillintheblanks.1.Oneofthecommonusedtechniquesforplasmalipoproteinclassificationis,accordingtothismethod,thelipoproteinscanbeclassifiedinto,,_____,.2.TheinitialmaterialforKetonebodysynthesisis____________,thekeyenzymeis____________.Ketonebodiesare____________,_____________,and____________.Explainthefollowingterms.1.Ketogenesis2.Depotfatmobilization3.Lipoprotein4.β-oxidationoffattyacids5.Ketonebodies6.LDL7.Lipid8.Unsaturatedfattyacid9.Essentialfattyacid10.Hormone-sensitivelipase,HSLⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.Whatisthemeaningofapolipoprotein,explaintheirfunctions.2.Explaintheeffectofinsulinonlipidmobilization.3.Statetheclassification,themajorcomponents,synthesissiteoflipoproteinsandtheirfunctions4.Pleasestatetheregulationfunctionsofinsulinonlipidmetabolism.Chapter8ProteinCatabolismChooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.TheimportantroleofPAPSisA.toreplenishribose5-phosphateB.asaninitialmaterialforsynthesizingpyrimidineC.toprovideactivesulfategroupforsulfationofsomecompoundstoprovidemethylgroupformethylationofsomecompoundsanenzymeinvolvedinbiosynthesisofcholesterol2.TheimportantroleofS-adenosylmethionineisA.toreplenishmethioninetosynthesizetetrahydrofolicacidtoprovidemethylgroupformethylatontoproduceadenosinetosynthesizehomocysteine3.Whichofthefollowingaminoacidsisnutritionallynon-essentialaminoacid?A.PhenylalanineB.GlutamateC.MethionineD.TryptophanE.Threonine4.Whichaminoacidisnutritionallyessential?A.AspartateB.GlutamicacidC.AlanineD.TyrosineE.Methionine5.ThetransportationformofammoniainbloodisA.GlutamateB.TyrosineC.GlutamineD.GlutathionineE.Aspartate6.Onecarbonunitsproducedinaminoacidmetabolismareincluded,EXCEPTA.CH3-B.CH2-C.O=CH-D.NH=CH-E.COFillintheblanks.1.istheactiveformofmethionineforprovidingmethylgrouptomethylationofmanybiologicalmolecules.2.istheactiveformofsulfateforaddingsulfategrouptosulfationmanybiologicalmolecules.3.Thetransaminationreactionsofaminoacidare____________,_______________,and_______________.Themajortransaminaseintheheartis_______________,andintheliveris____________.Explainthefollowingterms.1.Nitrogenbalance2.Ureacycle(Ornithinecycle)3.Onecarbonunit4.Transamination5.Combineddeamination6.Essentialaminoacid7.Putrefaction8.Glucogenicaminoacids9.Activemethionine10.PyridoxalphosphateⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.Themajorprocessofureasynthesis.2.Statethesourceandfateofaminoacidinvivo.3.Stateproteinputrefactionandtheimportantproductsofputrefaction.Chapter9NucleotidemetabolismChooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1．Thefirstsynthesizedpurinenucleotideinthedenovosynthesisofpurinenuecleotidesis A.AMPB.GMPC.CMPD.IMPE.UMP2.OneofthepropertiesinpurinedenovosynthesisisthatA.thefirststepistheproductionofPRPPB.onecarbonunitisprovidedbyS-adenosylmethionineC.orotatephosphateisanintermediateD.glycinedoesnotincorporateinthepathwayE.aspartateisthedirectnitrogendonor3.TheendcatabolicproductofpurinenucleotidesinhumanisA.UreaB.UricacidC.CreatinineD.CreatineE.-alanine4.Oneofthepropertiesinpyrimidinesynthesisisthat()A.thebaseissynthesizedbasedon5-phosphoriboseB.OnecarbonunitisprovidedbyFH4C.WholeglycinemoleculeincorporatesinthesynthesisD.ThefirstsynthesizedintermediateiscarbamoylphosphateE.Glutamateisthenitrogendonor5.Whichistheendproductofpurinedegradationinhumans?A.NH3B.CO2C.UricacidD.β-alanineE.β-aminoisobutyrateFillintheblanks.1.Therearetwopathwaysofsynthesisnucleotides:____________and____________.2.Thedegradationofpyrimidinenucleotideproduces____________,____________,____________or____________.Explainthefollowingterms.1.Ribonucleotide reductase2.Anti-metabolitesofnucleotides3.Phosphoribosylpyrophosphatekinase4.Salvagepathway5.Denovosynthesis6.Nucleotide7.Aspartatetranscarbamoylase8.Glutamine-PRPPamidotransferase9.Inosinate,IMP10.GoutⅣ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.Whataretheimportantbiologicalfunctionsofnucleotides?Statemaincharacteristicsofdenovosynthsisofnucleotideandmainkeyenzymesduringthesynthesisprocess.Chapter10RegulationofMetabolismI、Chooseonecorrectanswer.Markyouranswerbycirclingthecapitalletteryouchoose.1.ThecomponentinmuscletissuethatcontainstheATPaseactivityrequiredforcontractionA.ActinB.MyosinC.SarcoplasmicreticulumD.Motorend-plateE.Calcium2.ThemajorityofenergyformuscularcontractionisstoredinmuscletissueintheformofA.ADPB.PhosphoenolpyruvateC.CyclicAMPD.ATPE.Creatinephosphate3.Whichofthefollowingbiochemicalphenomenaischaracteristiconlyofmammalianliver?A.GluconeogenesisB.GlycogensynthesisandstorageC.SerumalbuminsynthesisD.HydroxylationofphenylalanineE.Epinephrinesensitivity4.Ofthefollowingbodyfluids,theonewiththelowestpHisA.PlasmaB.PancreaticjuiceC.LiverbileD.GastricjuiceE.SweatII、Fillintheblanks.1.Themetabolicregulationatmammalianincludesthreelevels,theyare,and.2.Thefastregulationofenzymeactivitiesincludesand.3.Themechanismofallostericregulationisbindstooftheenzyme，causingthechangeoftheenzyme,sotheenzymeactivityischanged.Explainthefollowingterms.ChemicalmodificationFeedbackregulationCompartmentationRegulatoryenzymeMetabolismRate-limitingenzymeRate-limitingreactionAllostericregulationMetabolicregulationCovalentmodification Ⅳ、Brieflystatethefollowingquestions.1.Statetherelationshipbetweenthreekindsofimportantnutritions(glucose,lipidandprotein),explainthereasontheycannotdisplacecompletelyeachother.Chapter11DNABiosynthesisChoosecorrectanswers.1.ThecharacteristicsofgeneexpressionareA.TemporalspecificityB.SpatialspecificityC.InducibleexpressionD.ConstitutiveexpressionE.Allofabove2.ThesequenceofoneDNAstrandisATGCAA,thecomplementarystrandofDNAisATGCAATTGCATC.UUGCAUD.TACGTTE.UAGCAA3.ThedescriptionofthesecondarystructureofDNAdoublehelixarecorrect,EXCEPTTwoantiparallelstrandsDeoxyribose-phosphateframelocatedoutsidethestrandsTwostrandsarejoinedbyhydrogenbondformedbetweenA-TandG-CDiameterofhelixis2nm,and10basesineachturnNucleosomeisthestructureunitofDNAdoublehelix4.TheenzymeinchargeofproofreadingfunctioninDNAreplicationisA．TopoisomeraseB．HelicaseC．DNApolymeraseD．PrimaseE．DNAligase5.InthereplicationofeukaryoticDNA,()theleadingstrandissynthesizedinthedirectiontakenbythereplicationfork.thelaggingstrandissynthesizedinthedirectiontakenbythereplicationfork.bothleadingstrandandlaggingstrandaresynthesizedinadirectionoppositetothatinwhichthereplicationforkmoves.thetemplateisreadinthe5’3anewDNAstrandisalwayssynthesizedinthe3’5Fillintheblanks.AboutDNAreplication,thetemplateis____________,thematerialsare____________,thedirectionis____________,andtheenzymeis____________.Explainthefollowingterms.OkazakifragmentsframeshiftmutationxerodermapigmentosisrecombinationrepairsemiconservativereplicationexcisionrepairingRDDPcDNApointmutationtelomereandtelomerasecodingstrandStatethefollowingquestions.StatethefunctionsofthemajorenzymesandproteinsinvolvedinDNAreplication.Whatistelomerase?Howitworks?Chapter12RNABiosynthesisI、Choosecorrectanswers.1.WhichbaseisnotpresentinmRNA?A.A;B.C;C.G;D.TE.U2.ThetemplatestrandofDNAis5’-ATTCAG-3’,itstranscriptisA.5’-GACTTA-3’B.5’-CTGAAT-3’C.5’-UAAGUC-3’D.5’-CUGAAU-3’E.5’-TAAGTC-3’II、Fillintheblanks.EukaryoticmRNAscanbemodifiedaftertranscriptionatthe5’endwithamodifiedresiduecalleda____________,atthe3’end80to250AresiduesareaddedtocreateaIneukaryotes,RNApolymeraseIIcatalyzesthetranscriptiontoform,thelateristhenprocessedtoform.theprocessingincludes,,,and.IneukaryoticRNAtranscription,RNApolymeraseIisresponsibleforsynthesis,RNApolymeraseIIforsynthesis,andRNApolymeraseIIIforsynthesis.4.InprokaryoticRNAtranscription,thesubunitofRNApolymeraseisresponsiblefor.III、Explainthefollowingterms.hognessbosribozymeextronmoleculardiseasecDNAreversetranscriptasePribnowboxintroncis-actingelementtrans-actingfactorRNAsplicingcodingstrand(inRNAtranscription)IV、Statethefollowingquestions.Explaintheeffectofreversetranscriptase.Listthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenreplicationandtranscription.Chapter13ProteinBiosynthesisI、Choosecorrectanswers.1.Thedirectionofproteinsynthesis(polypeptidechain)isFromNtoCFrom5’toFromCtoNFrom3’toNoneofabove2.ThesequenceofnucleotideofinitiationcodenisA.UGAB.UAAC.UAGD.AUGE.AGU3.IfthecodenofmRNAisACG,thentheanticodenoftRNAisUGCB.TGCC.GCAD.CGUE.TGC4.ThegeneexpressioncanberegulatedatthefollowinglevelsEXCEPTA.DNAreplicationB.TranscriptionC.TranslationD.Post-transcriptionE.Post-translation5.WhichofthefollowingstepsisNOTincludedintheproteinbiosynthesis?A.ActivationofaminoacidsB.InitiationofproteinbiosynthesisC.ElongationofpolypeptidechainD.TerminationofproteinbiosynthesisE.Post-transcrptionalprocessingII、Fillintheblanks.Forproteinsynthesis,theelongation(ribosomalcycle)stagecanbedividedintothreesteps:_____________,____________,and____________.2.Thecentraldogmaofmolecularbiologyshowsthegeneralpathwaysofinformationflowviathereplicationfromto,transcriptionfromto,andtranslationfromto.3.Forproteinsynthesistheelongation(ribosomalcycle)stagecanbedividiedinto_____________,__________________and______________.Thesequenceofnucleotidefromtheterminationcodonare___________,____________,and___________.Thefirstaddedaminoacylgroupintheinitiationstageofproteinsynthesisis(inprokaryotes)or(ineukaryotes).III、Explainthefollowingterms.openreadingframe(ORF)frame-shiftmutationterminationcodonsignalfecognitionparticlesSDsequenceribosomecycleanimoacyl-tRNAsynthetasesignalpeptideMolecularchaperoneIV、Statethefollowingquestions.PleasestatethefunctionsofthreemajorkindsofRNA（mRNA,tRNAandrRNA）inproteinbiosynthesis?Howmanypropertiesofgeneticcode?Comparethesimilarityanddifferenceofreplicationandtranscription.Chapter14RegulationofgeneexpressionI、Choosecorrectanswers.1.ThepotentialpointsofregulationareincludedEXCEPTA.SynthesisoftheprimaryRNAtranscript(transcription)B.PosttranscriptionalmodificationofmRNAC.MessengerRNAdegradationD.Proteinsynthesis(translation)E.Allofabove2.WhichofthefollowingexplanationsaboutenhancerisNOTcorrect?A.EnhancerisDNAcis-actingelementsB.EnhancerisquitedistantfromthepromoterC.EnhancerisboundbytranscriptionfactorsD.EnhancercanincreasetheactivityoftranscriptionE.Enhancercandecreasetheactivityoftranscription3.WhichofthefollowingmateralsisNOTthePCRcomponents?A.TemplateB.PrimerC.ddNTPsD.DNAPolymeraseE.Mg2+II、Explainthefollowingterms.attenuatoroperonenhancerTranscriptionfactorIII、Statethefollowingquestions.1.Illustratetheregulationofgeneexpressioninprokaryoticsystemwithlactoseoperonasanexample.Chapter15DNATechnologyI、Choosecorrectanswers.1.WhichofthefollowingprocessisNOTincludedinthegeneticengineering?A.acquirementofthetargetDNA.B.selectionofthepropervector.C.ligationoftargetDNAandvectorD.introductionoftherecombinantintotherecipientcells.E.genetransferbymicro-injectionRestrictionendonucleasewasoriginallyfoundin()A.BacteriumB.YeastC.PlantD.MammalianE.phageNorthernhybridizationisusedtodetect()A.DNAB.RNAC.ProteinD.CarbohydrateE.LipidII、Fillintheblanks.ThemainstepsofPCRwhicharecomposedofthreedefinedsetsoftemperaturesandtimesinclude_____________,_____________,and_____________.Thecommonlyusedmethodtoobtainthetargetgeneis.Thebasicstepsofthistechniqueare,,and.Thebasiccharacteristicsofcloningvectorsinclude,,,and.Twoimportanttoolenzymesingeneticengineeringareand.Vectorsusedingeneticengineeringinclude：,and.ThebasicstepsofPCRare:，and.III、Explainthefollowingterms.restrictiveendonucleasecNDAlibraryPolymerasechainreaction(PCR)GenetherapyKlenowfragmentIV、Statethefollowingquestions.1.Pleasedescribetheprocessesofgeneticengineering.2.Listthemethodstoobtainthetargetgene.Chapter18Glycoproteins，Prot