英语词义的演变

ChangesofWordMeaninginEnglish英语词义的演变AbstractWiththeflyingdevelopmentofhumansociety,languagesastoolsforpeopletoexpressandcommunicatetheirideaschangesconstantlyandfrequently.Englishasalivelylanguageisnoexception.Amongmanyelementsoflanguage,wordschangesfasterandmostobviously.Inthecourseofthedevelopmentoflanguageoldwordsdieout,newwordsareadded,andexistingwordschangetheirmeanings.Itisobviousthatthegradualchangeofmeaninginwordsisauniversalfeatureofhumanlanguage.Keywords:wordmeaning;changes;cause;English.摘要随着人类社会的快速发展，语言作为人们表达思想和交流思想的工具也随着不断的变化。英语作为一门有活力的语言自然也不例外。在语言的众多因素中词汇的变幻最快，最明显。随着语言的变化发展，旧的词不断消亡，新的词汇不但出现，存在的词汇的意思也不断地发生改变。显而易见，词汇意思的不但变化是人类语言的主要特征。关键词词义变化;变化;原因;英语Abstract……………….摘要……...……………...Contents…………………Introduction……………1.Causesofchanges………………1.1Historicalcauses……………….1.2socialcauses………1.3Psychologicalcause…………..1.4linguisticcauses………………..Conclusion…………CausesofchangesinmeaningWhile,changinginwordmeaninghascloserelationshipwiththesociety.Manyfactorsmaycauseittochange,history,psychological,societyfactorsandsoon.Weprobablyagreewhenevernewmeaningsareaddedtooldwords,ornewwordsarecreated.Itisinresponsetocertainread.suddenlyinourdailylife.Letquicklyexpandedtoembracetheconcept.Thereareseveralmajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaning.1.1Historyfactor.ItcandatefromAD5century,whenAnglo-Saxonspeak,withchangesanddevelopmentofthesocialhistory,someborrowingwordscrowdedinEngland.WhatinfluencetheEnglishwordsmostwasRenaissancestudyingoldGreekandRomancultureprovidedmanysynonymstotheEnglish.What’smore,aftertheEnglandcapitalstagerevolutionandindustrialrevolution,Englishpeoplebegantoexpandandconnectwithothercountries.OtherlanguageswereaddedintoEnglish.Forexample,bazzarisfromPersiaMeanwhile,EnglandkeptconnectionwithFranceandFrenchwordsconstantlyincreaseinEnglish.Shakespearewasfamousforhisworksandheisamasteroflanguage.HecreatedmanywordsbymixingFrancelanguageandnativelanguage.HeenrichedtheEnglishwords,andincreasedthepowerofEnglishwords.Althoughobjects,themeaningchanges,becausetheobjectwhichitdescribeshaschanged.Thewordcar,forinstance,isagoodexample.ThewordcarwasborrowedthroughtheAnglo-FrenchwordcarreanddirectlyfromtheLatinwordcarrain1301,pluralofcarrus,meaning”twowheeledvehicleforcarryingloads.”Thewordcarwasfirstappliedtotheautomobilein1895.ThewordatomwasborrowedformGreek.Ithasbeenregardedasthesmallestindivisibleofmatterforalongtime.Thelatestscientificdiscoverieshaveprovedthatanatomcanbesubdividedintoaproton,neutron,andelectron.Thewordisstillretainedtodescribeadifferentscientificconcept.SocialcausesWiththedevelopmentofsociety,manynewthingsandnewthoughtsappear.Tomeettheneedofpeopletoexpressnewthoughtsanddescribenewthings,besides,itpromotetonewwordsanditgivemanyoldwordsnewmeanings.Andthesepromotetothechangesofmeanings,forexample,thedevelopmentofcivilmovementandwomanrightmovementbringoldwordsnewmeanings.Thewordsoulwasusedtorepresentativeblackculture,andchairwasusedtorefertoleadersthecommonword,blackisoriginalakindofdarkcolor,canusedtorepresentativeblackman,color-blindwasusedtodescribethattreatingblackandwhiteequally.What’smore,socialvalueplaysanimportantroleinwordmeaningchange.Incurtainnotionorthingsthatpeopletrytoavoidmentioningdirectly,thoughtherearesuchterminlanguage.Withthewidelyuseofinternet,peopleintheinternetcreatemanynewwords,manyinformationwasspreaded.Theswitchesbetweentechnicaltermsandcommonwordsalsomakewordmeaningchange.Forinstance,saltinchemicaltermsignifieschemicalcompoundofametalandanacid”.“Scene”originatedfromdramaticworddesignated“placerepresentedonthestageofatheatrebuthasnowcometomean“anycasuals”“aloof”wasoriginallyanadverbinnauticaluse,meaning“awayandwingward”butnowchangedto“coolandremoteincharacter”orunconcerned”.Thetwoexamplesareusedtoexemplifywordmeaningchangefromtechnicaltermtocommonwords.Increasedscientificknowledgeanddiscoveryandalsoimportantfactorsthataccountforthechangeofwordmeaning,forinstance,atomisderivedfromtheGreekfromatoms,whichmeans“anyoftheindivisibleparticles”.Nowsciencehasprovedthatatomisnotthesmallestandcanbedividedintoevensmallerpentacles,hencetheabandonmentoftheoriginalmeaning.Languageisjustlikeamirror,reflectingeverythingthatexistsinhumansociety.Naturally,itrecordsthespeechandattitudeofdifferentsocialclass.Asaresult,differentsocialvarietiesoflanguagehavecomeintobeing.Theattitudesofclassesoflanguagehavecomeintobeing.Theattitudesofclasseshavealsomadeinroadsintolexicalmeaninginthecaseofelevationordegradation.PsychologicalcausesPeoplechangewordmeaningowingtovariouspsychologicalmotives:love,respect,courtesy,suspicious,pessimism,sarcasm,irony,contempt,hatred,etc.Thefactthatsomelow,humbleanddespisedoccupationsoftentakeonmoreappealingnamesisallduetopsychologicalreasons.Religiousinfluenceisanotherkindofpsychologicalneed.Heassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticuseofwords,etc.Ittakesthreeforms(1)euphemism(2)grandiloguence(3)cynicismTakeoneexample,wehavesucheuphemisticexpressioninreferringtodeathas“topassaway”“tobenomore”“can’tbreathanymore”andmanyothers.SincetheretoomanywecangodeepinpsychologicalcausesoIhadtoreducealotofthings.Let’smovetothenextcause.1.4LinguisticcausesTherehasbeenatendencytowardsellipsisinEnglish.Themainellipsisareasfollows.Phrasescontaining‘adjective+noun’or‘noun+noun’maybeshortenedandonewordisretainedtorepresentthemeaningofthephrases.Withthewordgeneralmeaning’completelyoralmostuniversal.’ItalsohasthemeaningofthephraseGeneralofficer,thatis,‘anofficerofveryhighrankinthearmyofAmericanairforce.’It’saparticularlyimportantcauseofchange.SometimesaSaxonwordwhichageneralsensehasbeenreplacedbyaFrenchwordoraLatinderivative,buttheoriginalwordhassurvivedwitharestrictedmeaning.Justliketheword“doer(“deer”inEnglish)”meantawildanimalofanysortfromaliontoamouse.ButwhenMiddleAges,theFrenchword“beste”becomethegeneralword.So“deer”waschangetoreferaparticularkindofanimal.Infact,scienceandtechnologyalsobringsaboutchangesofmeaning.Taketheword“engine”forexample.ItsoriginisaLatinword“ingenium”.Butwhenstreampowerwasdevelopedinthefirstquarterofthe19thcentury,theterm“engine”cometomean“arailroadlocomative”,andincontemporaryEnglishitmeans“anymachinethatusesenergytodevelopmechanicalpower,esp.Amachineforstartingmotioninsomeothermachine”ConclusionAfterallabovethepassagehasintroducedthecausesofchangesinwordmeaning,andhowdidtheytakeeffectonEnglishwords.ThiswasveryimportantforEnglishmajor,whenstudentsstudyalanguage,theycan’tjustlearnitsgrammarorvocabulary,studentsshouldknowsomethingmore,likehowdidthiscome,howwouldthischanged.Themoreweaskedthemorewegot.Holdthisattitudecanmakeusbemoreprofessionalonourmajorsubject.目录第一章总论 11.1项目背景 11.1.1项目名称及承办单位 11.1.2承办单位 11.1.3项目建设地点 11.1.4可行性研究报告编制单位 11.2报告编制依据和研究范围 11.2.1报告编制依据 11.2.2研究范围 21.3承办单位概况 21.4项目提出背景及必要性 31.4.1项目提出的背景 31.4.2项目建设的必要性 41.5项目概况 51.5.1建设地点 51.5.2建设规模与产品方案 51.5.3项目投资与效益概况 51.6主要技术经济指标 6第二章市场分析及预测 82.1绿色农产品市场分析及预测 82.1.1生产现状 82.1.2市场前景分析 92.2花卉市场分析及预测 112.2.1产品市场现状 112.2.2市场需求预测 122.2.3产品目标市场分析 132.3中药材产品市场分析及预测 132.3.1产品简介 132.3.2产品分布现状分析 152.3.3市场供求状况分析 162.3.4市场需求预测 17第三章建设规模与产品方案 203.1项目的方向和目标 203.2建设规模 203.3产品方案 213.3.1优质高产粮食作物种植基地 213.3.2无公害蔬菜种植基地 213.3.3中药材种植基地 213.3.4花卉种植基地 21第四章建设场址及建设条件 224.1建设场址现状 224.1.1建设场址现状 224.1.2厂址土地权属类别及占地面积 224.2建设条件 224.2.1气象条件 224.2.2水文及工程地质条件 234.2.4交通运输条件 234.2.5水源及给排水条件 244.2.6电力供应条件 244.2.7通讯条件 244.3其他有利条件 244.3.1农产品资源丰富 244.3.2劳动力资源充沛 254.3.3区位优势明显 25第五章种植基地建设方案 265.1概述 265.1.1种植基地运营模式 265.1.2种植基地生产执行标准 265.23000亩优质高产粮食作物种植基地建设方案 285.2.1品种选择 285.2.2耕作技术 285.2.3种植基地建设内容和产量预期 335.32000亩无公害蔬菜种植基地建设方案 345.3.1概述 345.3.2无公害蔬菜质量标准 345.3.3蔬菜栽培与田间管理 355.3.4种植基地建设内容和产量预期 375.42000亩中药材种植基地建设方案 385.4.1概述 385.4.2GAP基地建设要求 385.4.3选择优良品种 395.4.4金银花栽培与田间管理 395.4.5种植基地建设内容和产量预期 435.52000亩花卉种植基地建设方案 445.5.1概述 445.5.2技术方案 455.5.3种植基地建设内容和产量预期 49第六章田间工程及配套设施建设方案 516.1概述 516.23000亩绿色粮食作物种植基地灌溉方案 516.2.1总体布局 516.2.2设计依据 526.2.3灌溉制度的确定 526.2.4渠道衬砌工程设计 536.32000亩无公害蔬菜种植基地灌溉方案 556.3.1总体布局 556.3.2设计依据 556.3.3主要设计参数 566.3.4灌水器选择与毛管布置方式 566.3.5滴灌灌溉制度拟定 576.3.6支、毛管水头差分配与毛管极限长度确定 586.3.7网统布置与轮灌组划分 596.3.8管网水力计算 606.3.9水泵扬程及选型 646.42000亩中药材种植基地灌溉方案 656.4.1设计依据 656.4.2设计参数 656.4.3喷头选型和布置间距 656.4.4灌溉制度 666.4.5取水工程规划布置 686.4.6管网水力计算 706.4.7机泵选型 726.52000亩花卉种植基地灌溉方案 726.5.1设计依据 726.5.2微灌主要设计参数 726.5.3微灌灌水器选择与毛管布置方式 736.5.4微灌灌溉制度拟定 746.5.5微灌支、毛管水头差分配与毛管极限长度确定 756.5.6微灌网统布置与轮灌组划分 766.5.7微灌管网水力计算 776.5.8水泵扬程及选型 816.6田间道路工程 866.7灌溉工程 866.7.1机井工程 866.7.2提灌站改造 876.8沟道治理工程 896.9田间配套设施 906.9.1仓储工程 906.9.2农业技术培训中心 93第七章节能、节水 967.1研究依据 967.2能耗分析 977.3节能措施 97第八章环境与生态影响分析 988.1环境影响现状分析 988.2生态环境影响分析 988.2.1建设期对生态环境的影响 988.2.2运营期对生态环境的影响 988.3生态环境保护措施 988.3.1采用的依据和标准 988.3.2建设期对环境的保护措施 998.3.3运营期对环境的保护措施 1008.4环境影响评价 100第九章企业组织与劳动定员 1019.1公司体制及组织机构 1019.2劳动定员 1019.3人员来源及培训 1029.3.1人员来源 1029.3.2人员培训 102第十章项目组织管理与实施进度计划 10310.1基本要求 10310.2项目组织 10310.3项目管理 10310.4建设周期计划 104第十一章风险分析 10511.1风险因素 10511.2风险因素分析及风险程度 10511.3防范和降低风险的对策 106第十二章投资估算和资金筹措 10812.1投资估算 10812.1.1投资估算的编制范围 10812.1.2投资估算依据 10812.1.3投资估算方法 10812.2总投资估算 10912.4资金筹措 10912.5资金使用计划 109第十三章财务经济评价及社会效益评价 110HYPERLINK\l"_Toc307587