英美概况-名词解释

英美概况-名词解释（共5页）-本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-14. theBillofRights14. theBillofRights#In1689,WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRightstobecrownedjointly.ThebillexcludedanyRomanCatholicfromthesuccession,confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyandguaranteedfreespeechwithinboththetwoHouses.Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.15.WhigsandTories15.WhigsandToriesItreferredtothetwopartynameswhichoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionof1688.TheWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNoncomformists.TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheWhigsformedacoalitionwithdissidentToriesandbecametheLiberalParty.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.16.JamesWatt16.JamesWattTheScottishinventorwhoproducedanefficientsteamenginewithrotarymotionthatcouldbeappliedtotextileandothermachinery.TheScottishinventorwhoproducedanefficientsteamenginewithrotarymotionthatcouldbeappliedtotextileandothermachinery.17.WinstonChurchill17.WinstonChurchillPrimeMinisterofBritainduringtheSecondWorldWar.HetookoverChamberlainin1940andreceivedmassivepopularsupport.Heledhiscountrytofinalvictoryin1945.Hewasdefeatedinthegeneralelectionof1945,butreturnedtopowerin1951.18.Agribusiness18.AgribusinessItreferstothenewfarminginBritain,becauseit’sequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintothefarmofprocesseswhichoccuronthefarm,andoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm.Theemphasisisuponintensivefarming,designestogivethemaximumoutputofcropsandanimals.19.theBritishConstitution19.theBritishConstitutionThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatues.ciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatues.20.QueenElizabethII20.QueenElizabethIIThepresentSovereign,bornin1926,cametothethronein1952andwascrownedin1953.TheQueenisthesymbolofthewholenation,thecenterofmanynationalceremoniesandtheleaderofsociety.theOpposition

IntheGeneralElection,thepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsbecomestheoffcialOpposition,withitsownleaderand“shadowcabinet”.TheaimsoftheOppositionaretocontributetotheformulationofpolicyandlegislation,toopposegovernmentproposals,toseekamendmentstogovernmentbills,andtoputforwarditsownpoliciesinordertowinthenextgeneralelection.thePrivyCouncilFormerlythechiefsourceofexecutivepower.ItgavetheSovereignprivate(“privy”)adviceonthegovernmentofthecountry.Todayitsroleismainlyformal,advisingtheSovereigntoapprovecertaingovernmentdecreesandissuingroyalproclamation.Itsmembershipisabout400.commonlawAwrittenlawgatheredfromnumerousdecisionsofthecourtsandothersources.thejuryAlegalsystemestablishedinEnglandsincekingHenryII.Thejuryconsistsofordinary,independentcitizenssummonedbythecourt:12personsinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,and15personsinScotland.Incriminaltrialsbyjury,thejudgepassessentencebutthejurydecidetheissueofguiltorinnocence.theNHSTheNationalHealthServicewasestablishedintheUKin1948andbasedfirstonActsofParliament.ThisServiceprovidesforeveryresidentafullrangeofmedicalservices.Itisbasedupontheprinciplethatthereshouldbefullrangeofpubliclyprovidedservicesdesignedtohelptheindividualstayhealthy.ItisnowalargelyfreeserviprehensiveschoolsStatesecondaryschoolswhichtakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.About90percentofthestatesecondaryschoolpopulationinGBattendcomprehensiveschool.27.publicschools27.publicschoolsFee-payingsecondaryschoolswhicharelongestablishedandhavegainedareputationfortheirhighacademicstandards,aswellastheirexclusivenessandsnobbery.Theboys’publicschoolsincludesuchwell-knownschoolsasEtonandHarrow,andgirls’famousschoolsincludeRoedean.MostofthemembersoftheBritishEstablishmentwereeducatedatapublicschool.theGreatLakesTheGreatLakesarethemostimportantlakesintheUnitedStates.TheyareLakeSuperior,whichisthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld,LakeMichigan——theonlyoneentirelyinthe.——LakeHuron,LakeErieandLakeOntario.TheyarealllocatedbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexceptLakeMichigan.NewEnglandNewEnglandismadeupofsixstatesoftheNorth-East.TheyareMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut.ItissometimescalledthebirthplaceofAmerica.来源：（-英美概况备考资料!-——名词解释部分2.蝉蝉angie_新浪博客babyboom“babyboom”referstothegreatincreaseofbirthratebetween1946and1964.PeopleborninthisperiodarecalledbabybammerstheChineseExclusionActItwaspassedbythe.Congressinmay,1882.ItstoppedChineseimmigrationfortenyears.theBillofRightsIn1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentationsaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andbecamethefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution——theBillofRights.theEmancipationProclamationDuringtheCivilwar,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtogetmoresupportfortheUnionathomeandabroad.Itgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.theConstitutionalConventionIn1787,aconferencewasheldinPhiladelphiatoconsiderwhatshouldbedonetomaketheArticlesofConfederationadequate.AllthedelegatesagreedtorevisetheArticlesofConfederationanddrawupanewplanofgovernment.Afterstruggle,theConstitutionwasratifiedatlast.ThisconferenceiscalledtheConstitutionalConvertion.theProgressiveMovementTheProgressiveMovementisamovementdemandinggovernmentregulationoftheeconomyandsocialconditions.Itspreadquicklywiththesupportoflargenumbersofpeopleacrossthecountry.Itwasnotanorganizedcampaignwithclearlydefinedgoals.thePeaceConferenceThePeaceConferenceortheParisConference,beganonJanuary18,1919.TheconferencewasactuallyaconferenceofdivisionofcoloniesofGermany,Austro-HungaryandtheOttomanEmpireandthegrabbingofasmuchaspossiblefromthedefeatednations.ItwasdominatedbytheBigFour(theUnitedStates,Britain.France,andItaly)37.theTrumanDoctrine:OnMarch12,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinaspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheTrumanDoctrinemeanttosaythatthe.governmentwouldsupportanycountrywhichsaiditwa