跨文化交际unit4解析

Unit4 词汇与意义教学内容：1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。2）中英词汇对比基本要求：了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。ImportanceIfwewanttostudythedifferencebetweentwolanguages,wehavetobeginwiththestudyofthewordsinthetwolanguages.Becausethecloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureismostreadilyseeninwords.Section1Typesofmeanings1.Conceptualmeaning概念意义thebasicmeaningpresentedbyaword.Itreferstological,cognitive(认知的),referential(指示的),ordenotative（外延的）content.alsoknownassurfacemeaningordenotativemeaning外延意义,dictionarymeaningorliteralmeaning字面意义ofaword.FeaturesofConceptualmeaning概念意义1.Itisthecoreofthemeaningofaword.Itisthebasicmeaningrepresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits.It ’srecordedinthedictionary.E.g.woman-anadultfemalehumanbeing.Dog-afour-leggedanimalwhichcanmakethesoundofbarkingItcanbedividedintosomesemanticcomponents(语义成分).Woman:+animate(有生命)+human(人) -male(男性)-adult(成年)Iboy：Itisrelativelyconstantandstable,becauseitisthemeaningagreeduponbyallthemembersofthesamespeechcommunity.Butitmayalsovary.Manuscript= 手“稿” nowalsoincluding文稿printedfromtypewriterorcomputerNote:Manydifferentwordscanhavethesameconceptualmeaningwalktomoveforwardbyplacingonefootinfrontoftheother.Thenewlyweds新婚夫妇strolleddown漫步thestreetsofParis.Thewealthybusinessmanswaggered大摇大摆地 intotherestaurantanddemandedatable.Theoverweightmanlumbered笨重地行动 along,breathingheavilyandoccasionallytripping.Thesesynonyms,althoughwithdifferentconnotativemeanings内涵意义,havethesameconceptualmeaning.TheEnglishWordsuniqueinEnglishcultureA.wordsrelatedwithgeographye.g.NewEngland,Canberra,NorthernIreland,Sydney,London,Edinburgh,Greenwich,Quebec,Ottawa,TheThamesRiver,St.Lawrence,BritishIsles,TheRockyMountains（落基山脉）,TheMississippiRiver,TheNiagaraFalls,koala,kangaroo,tornado(龙卷风)TheGreatBarrierReef,SiliconValley,YellowstonePark,Summary：All thesehavetheirowngeographicalfeatures:places,plantsandanimalsuniquelyfoundinUSA,GreatBritainandAustralia;TheyallrepresentmeaninguniqueintheirownculturesTheirChineseequivalentsareonlyusedbytheChinesepeopleasmerenames,whichhavelosttheirdistinctivegeographicalandculturalfeatures.

；TheEnglishWordsuniqueinEnglishcultureA.wordsrelatedwithgeographye.g.U.S.A:NewEngland,TheRockyMountains,TheMississippiRiver,TheNiagaraFalls,YellowstonePark,SiliconValleyBritain:BritishIsles,NorthernIreland,London,Edinburgh,Greenwich,TheThamesRiver,RoseCanada:Ottawa,Quebec,St.Lawrence,Australia:Canberra,Sydney,TheGreatBarrierReef,koala,kangarooB.wordsandhistorytheMayFlower(theshipinwhichagroupofBritishPuritanswhowerealsoknownaspilgrimfatherssailedtoAmericain1620.Therevolutionarywar(thestruggleofthe13coloniesinNorthAmericaforindependencefromtheBritishrulebetween1775-1783)Scalp(头皮)(toteartheskinonthetopandbackofheadandthehairattachedfromanenemybyanNorthAmericanIndianasatrophy战利品)Knight(amangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishMonarchinrecognitionofmeritsinpublicservice)Hippy/Hippie(ayoungmanandyoungwomanwhorejectsauthority,existinginstitutionsandconventionalattitudestowardsmorality,styleofdress,etc.)C.wordandpoliticsUSA:President,Secretary,Congress,Senate,theHouseofRepresentatives,TheDemocraticParty,TheRepublicanParty,theSupremeCourtGreatBritain:Parliament议会:thesupremelegislativebodyoftheUnitedKingdom.Itcomprisesthesovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关;PrimeMinister,TheConservativeParty,TheLabourParty,SupremeCourtofJudicature司法Governor行政长官theofficialtitleoftherepresentativeoftheBritishmonarchinaBritishcolony.Governorgeneral总督thepersonalrepresentativeoftheBritishcrownintheindependentnationsofthecommonwealth.e.g.TheCanadianGovernorGeneralConstitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制amonarchyinwhichthepowersoftherulersarerestrictedtothosegrantedundertheconstitutionandlawsofthenationD.wordsandreligionBibleacollectionofreligiousbookscomprisingtheOldTestamentandNewTestamentreformation:宗教改革a16thcenturyreligiousmovementagainsttheabusesintheRomanCatholicChurch,endingintheformationofProtestantChurches.Christmasbox耶诞礼物或礼金moneygivenatChristmastimetothedustmenandotherswhoprovideaservicethroughouttheyear.Boxingday节礼日thefirstweekdayafterChristmas,alegalholidayinEnglandEasterthechiefChristianfeast,whichcelebratestheResurrectionofChrist,onthefirstSundayafterthefullmoonthatcoincideswithorcomesafterthespringequinox.E.wordsandHolidaysChristmascake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFatherChristmas),SantaClaus(A)F.wordsandcurrencyPound,penny;theAmericandollar,cent,quarter,nickelG.WordsandlawCourt,judge,jury,lawyer,attorney(A)H.WordsandwayoflifeSnackBar,roastbeef,hamburger,sandwich,barbecue,cocktail,champagne;pajamas,suite,dress;subway,Greyhoundbus;drive-ins,diner,I.wordsandsportsFootball,soccer,rugby,hockey,cricketJ.wordsandsexStriptease,sexstore,sexualinterference,prostitute,whorehouseK.wordsandpersonalityGB:reserve,practical,insularism偏执USA： individualism,rapidpaceoflife,direct,promptness,informality,originality,materialismEnglishworkspartlycorrespondingwithChinesewordsinconceptualmeaningIntellectual--知识分子socialsciences--社会科学drugstore--药店[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料 ,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺 )4.Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午5.Young(18-40),middle-aged(40-60),old(over60)------- 老中青Discussion:discusstheconceptualdifferencesbetweenthewordsineachpairyard--院子peasant--农民idealist-唯心主义者materialist--唯物主义者"family"andjiating(家庭)AnAmerican(A)attendedherChinesefriend's(B)wedding.Twoyearslater,thetwometagain.Haveyoustartedafamily'!Oh,yes.Youattendedmywedding,remember?Imeanifyou'vehadchildren.Hereweseethat'family'meansmorethanjiating(家庭)equivalents.

，thoughtheyseemtobe2.Connotativemeaning内涵意义theimplication（含义，暗示） ofwords,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.It isthecommunicativevaluethatanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.ItvariesfromculturetocultureandfromindividualtoindividualE.g.WomanPhysical:biped(双足的),havingawomb(子宫)Personality:gentle,compassionate,sensitive,hard-working,frail 脆弱的,emotional,pronetotears,irrational, inconstant 变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capableof speech,experiencedincookery,skirtordresswearing,Dogloyaltoowner,fierce凶猛的,violentFeaturesofConnotativemeaning内涵意义1.Despiteculturalbackgrounddifference,somecorrespondingwordsintwolanguagesmayconveythesameconnotativemeaning.e.gtiger,老虎--crueltyE.g.Woman2.wordswiththesameconceptualmeaningyetdifferentconnotativemeaning书,book老，old同志，comrade宣传， propaganda狗，dogConnotativemeaningsvaryaccordingtodifferentpeople,times,ages,societiesetc.E.g.Home:warm,loving,comfortable,safelikeaprison,cold,boring终身大事工作？ 事业？ 婚姻?生死？ConnotativemeaningmaychangewiththetimesgoingE.g. traditional:positiveinthepast“old,conservative ”atpresent3.Socialmeaning社会意义Socialmeaningiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse,suchasthelanguageusers(whoareusingthelanguage),settings(whereislanguageused),topics(whatarelanguageusersaretalkingorwriting).E.ghome(general), residence(formal), domicile（law）,abode(literature),horse, steed（战马）,nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）throw(general), cast(literatureandreligious), chuck(slang)salt,sodiumchloridedisobedient,recalcitrant反抗的Agoodselectionofwordsisimportant.Exercise！Wordswhichstandforwhatpeopledoinordertomakealiving:job,vocation,profession,occupation,career,trade,workProfession(anoccupationrequiringspecialeducation,especiallyintheliberalartsorsciences) 所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。通常指脑力劳动。例如： theteachingprofession(教书的职业)，theprofessionofjournalism(新闻业)。以前profession专指三种职业：法律、医药、神学，称作 thelearnedprofessions(学者的职业)。而随着技术的发展和职业的细化 (occupationalspecialization)，渐渐越来越多的职业可以划归到“profession中，”如：engineers(工程师)，educationalists(教育家)，accountants(会计)。现在profession覆盖的范围更大了。Vocation(theparticularoccupationforwhichyouaretrained)是指经过训练后从事的职业，需要一定职业技能。vocationaleducation(职业教育)，vocationalschool(职业学校)。Occupation(theprincipalactivityinyourlifethatyoudotoearnmoney) 指生活中为了赚钱而从事的主要活动。我们可以说 Byoccupationsheisahousewife.(她的职业就是做家务。 )而occupationaldisease则是职业病。Trade(theskilledpracticeofapracticaloccupation)更侧重技巧、手艺而非高深的学问、理论等。如：carpenter(木匠)，barber(理发师)等。我们说“三十六行”这里的“行”就是trade。Career(long-termorlifelongjob)指长期的，甚至终身从事的职业。 acareersoldier(职业军人)，acareerpolitician(职业政客

)。work它是泛指一切长期从事的职业，

不管专业、技巧，不管是否需要学问等等。

“What'syourwork?”(你做什么工作 ?)是最常见的问别人工作的一句话。Job(aspecificpieceofworkrequiredtobedoneasadutyorforaspecificfee)常指一件具体工作。Youhavedoneagoodjob．(你做的很好。)暑期工就可以是asummerjob。Hisjobistosellnewspapers.(他的活就是卖报纸。)SocialMeaningsofSomeEnglishWordsTable1，2 PairsofsynonymsinEnglishTable3TriplesofsynonymsinEnglishAffective(emotional)meaning情感意义Communicatedwhenfeelingsorattitudesareexpressedeitherdirectlyorindirectlyinlanguage.Affectivemeaningcanbeexpressedbyconceptualmeaning,connotativemeaningandinterjection(感叹词).E.g.(1)Iamfirm.Youareobstinate.（固执己见，执迷不悟）Heisapig-headedfool.（愚蠢的固执）(2)stingy（吝啬的，小气的） vsfrugal（节俭的，朴素的）(3)skinny,well-built,slender,thin,fat，plump(4)neutral:landlord,capitalist,boss,lovernegative:地主，资本家，工头，情人Examples周总理是一位杰出的政治家。PremierZhouisanoutstandingstatesman.Thepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelections,whereasthestatesmanisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.Reflectedmeaning反映意义Itiscommunicatedwhenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersenseoftheword.指听话人在听到一个词时所联想到的这个词的其他词义。E.g.(1)Comforter，HolyGhost==上帝Venus（金星）=themorningstar,theeveningstar(定更星)greenhouse,温室blacktea，红茶stopwatch,deskwatch;挂钟，座钟contactlenses;隐形眼镜---causeandresultCollocativemeaning搭配意义Itiscomposedofassociationsawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit. 指词汇在同一语境中共现。由一个词从经常与它连用的词语引起的联想构成。E.g.(1)pretty--handsomePretty:girl,boy,woman,flower,garden,color,villageHandsome:boy,man,car, overcoat,airliner,typewriter“副”Vice副，次，代理:vice-chairman,vice-president，Associate副，次:associateprofessor,associatedirector,associateeditor，借自拉丁语Assistant:assistantmanager,assistantsecretaryDeputy:deputydirector,deputychief-of-staff(参谋长）,deputymayor,deputyhead,deputycommand-in-chief在上级不在的时候代行职责，源于法语Lieutenant:lieutenantgovernor,lieutenantgeneralUnder:undersecretary(ofstate,US)，源于英语Connotativemeanings,socialmeaningsandaffectivemeanings,reflectedmeaningsandcollocativemeaningscanbegroupedtogetherasassociativemeanings（联想意义）.Section2DifferencesbetweenChinesewordsandEnglishWords1.Termsinonelanguagethathaveequivalents(ornearequivalents)intheotherlanguage.Comparativelytherearefewersuchwords.Fox,forexample,isoneofthem.Inbothlanguagesitsdenotationisananimal,anditsconnotationcunning.Manytermsfornaturalsubstancesareofthiskind:water,rain,snow,etc.2.Termsinonelanguagethatdonve’anythacounterpartsintheotherlanguage.在一种语言里有些词在另一语言里没有对应词。Forexample,inChinesetherearesanfu(三伏)andsanjiu(三九)(夏炼三伏；冬炼三九：Insummerkeepexerciseduringthehottestday;inwinterdothesamethingduringthecoldestweather),forwhichyoufindnoequivalentsinEnglish.一个中国青年到附近游泳池去游泳， 一会儿就回来了。 和他同住一室的中国人和一个外国朋友都感到奇怪。他解释说： “游泳池里人太多，水太脏，早该换了。 简直象芝麻酱煮饺子 。”Itwaspackedlikesardines.汉语中没有表达cowboy和hippie（或hippy）的意思的对应词。往往蓄长发，身穿奇装异服，甚至行为颓废，染上吸毒恶习，不少人对待社会问题很严肃，对社会怀有某种不满情绪，Termsinonelanguagethatdon’thaveanycounterpartsintheotherlanguage在一.种语言里有些词在另一语言里没有对应词。“节气”把“节气”译成solarterms，大部分西方人仍然不懂。）如一部常用的现代《汉英词典》中，把“雨水”译成RainWater（2ndSolarTerm），把“惊蛰”译成WakingofInsects（3rdSolarTerm），把“清明”译成，PureandBrightness（5thSolarTerm）。但有些“节气”的名称在英语中确实有对应词：春分=SpringEquinox；夏至=SummerSolstice；秋分=AutumnalEquinox；冬至=WinterSolstice。在表示自然力和宇宙方面，如“阴”“阳”，在英语里没有对应词，《朗曼现代英语词典》对“阴”和“阳”的解释是：“按道教的宇宙观，‘阴’和‘阳’是两种力量，这两种力量的本质产生了宇宙，保持宇宙和谐。 ‘阴’表示黑暗、雌性、消极的。 ‘阳’表示光明、雄性、积极的 。”在《汉英词典》中“阴”、“阳”两词只好分别注释为：（inChinesephilosophy,medicine，etc．）yin,；yang,themasculineorpositiveprincipleInnature.thefeminineornegativeprincipleinnature

与《朗曼现代英语词典》一致，但西方人还是不易明白。Wordswhoseconceptualmeaningsappeartobethesame,butactuallydifferent有些概念在英语和汉语中都有，但它们又是不同义的.highschool--高中servicestation--服务站restroom--休息室busboy--公共汽车上的男孩busybody--忙碌的身体politicalcampaign--政治运动highschool≠高等学校 highschool是美国的中学。英国的中学叫 secondaryschool,servicestation≠服务站 servicestation是给汽车加油及进行简单维修的地方。Restroom≠休息室 在美国英语中，restroom是剧院、大商店或大建筑物中的一间房子，面设有厕所、盥洗设备等，供顾客、雇员等使用。这是浴室、厕所的委婉说法。汉语中的

里“休息室”应译为英语中的 lounge或lobby。busboy≠公共汽车上的售票员或司机 busboy与公共汽车没有任何关系，它指的是在餐馆中收拾的碗碟，擦桌子的杂工。 （美国英语）goldbrick≠金锭 goldbrick不是用以称赞人的词，它是美国英语中的俚语，指逃避工作的人，尤其是爱偷懒的士兵、懒汉。大忙人≠ busybody英语的busybody相当于汉语的“爱管闲事的人”。汉语中为“大忙人”可译为averybusyperson，也可以直接说：He／Sheisalwaysbusy．He／Sheisalwaysbusywithsomething．从词的组成看，人们会认为 goldbrick和busybody是褒义词，其实都是贬义词。指“政治活动”、“社会活动”等的词语：politicalcampaign≠政治运动politicalcampaign指英美政府职务的候选人为了树立自己的形象，争取选票而组织的活动，即竞选活动。DiscussionDiscussthemeaningsofthefollowingphrases.Busman’sholiday

cookerhousewarming

policeactionDonkeywork

freelovelowboy

loverwesterbusyworkBusman’sholiday没有休息的节假日Housewarming祝迁喜宴，乔迁喜宴Donkeywork苦差事Lowboy短脚衣橱wester(带来暴风雨的 )西风busywork无生产性工作，机关工作：占用时间但不必要获得生产结果的活动，如学校工作或机关工作Policeaction(资本主义国家借口维持国际秩序调动正式部队对其他国家采取的所谓Freelove<美>自由性爱(不受婚姻或其他法律义务约束的两性关系 )

)警察行动4.wordshavingsimilarconceptualmeaningbutdifferentassociativemeanings5.Thingsorconceptsthatarerepresentedbyoneorperhapstwotermsinonelanguage,butbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage;同一个事物、生物或概念，在某些语言中可能只用一个词来表达，在另一种语言中可能有几个或更多的词来表达。“公”和“母”（或“雌”和“雄”）总称雄性名称雌性名称小动物名称chicken鸡cock,roosterhenchickduck鸭drakeduckducklinggoose鹅gandergoosegoslingpig猪boarsowshoat/pigletdog狗dogbitchpuppysheep羊ramewelambuncle伯父father’selderbrother叔父father’syoungerbrother姑父Husbandoffather’ssister舅父Mother’sbrother姨父Husbandofmother’ssister湾bay(intheshapeofahalfcircle),gulf(deepandlong),bight(smallandshallow),尤指海岸线cove(smallwithrocksonbothsidesoftheentrance),creek(narrow),fiord(longandnarrowwithcliffonbothsides)Section3 NamesNamesincludegivennames,surnames,fullnames,withorwithoutatitle,andnicknameorpetnames.Surnamesareinherited.A.Englishnames:fullname= givenname+surname/familynameex.LindaJones(名+姓,琳达.琼斯)Ithasbeensaidthattherearemorethan35,000surnamesadoptedbyEnglishspeakers,whocurrentlyhaveonly1000orsogivennamesavailable.B.Chinesenames:王刚 (姓+名)Therearemorethan100surnamesinChinese.However,intheoryatleast,anyChinesecharactercanbeadoptedasgivennames.SotheChinesepeoplehaveawiderrangeofpossibilitiestoselectfromwhennamingtheirchildren.Thoughthereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenapersonandthenameassignedtohimbyhisparents,namesbynotbecleartospeakerofotherlanguages.Andthenamingoftheirbabiesisapersonalaffairoftheparentswhocanfreelyselectanynameoftheirchildren.However,parentsselectnamesfortheirchildrenaccordingtotheirmortal,aesthetic,political,philosophicalconceptsshapedbytheculturetheyarein.Givenames,areinfact,culturerichlanguageitems.FourtypesofcommonEnglishpersonalnames1.religiousnamesThereligiousnamesareassociatedwithChristianitywhichisforeigntomostoftheChinesepeople.Thesenamesremindusofthecloserelationshipofthewesternlife-styletoChristianity.2.plantofflowernamesPlant,especiallyflower,namesarepopularamongfemaleEnglishspeakers.AndweknowthatmanyChinesefemalesbearflowernames,too.Flowersarebeautyembodied.Anditisahumannaturetolovebeauty.Itisonlynaturalforhumanbeings,especiallyfemales,toloveflowersandflowernames.PlantofflowernamesOthernaturalthings3.weaponnamesThereareweaponnamesinEnglish,whicharebornebymoremalesthanfemales.ManyEnglishspeakersweresoldierstowhomweaponsareindispensible.ItseemsthatEnglishspeakersareparticularlyfondofpikesarepersonalnames.Incontr“and盾“”arefoundmoreoftenthanothersinChinesepersonalnames.★weaponnames★4.Nameofknowledge,authority,virtue,fame★Nameofknowledge,authority,virtue,fame3.NamingChildrenEnglish(1)namedafterinfluentialfigurese.g.Nixon’smotherhad5sons,namedHarold,Richard,Arthur,Edward.Byron,Jackson,Lincoln,Monroe(2)namedaftertheirgrandparentorotherrelativesE.g.QueenElizabethI,QueenElizabethIIHenryVIII,FranklinRoosevelt,CharlesRobertDarwin(RobertDarwin,CharlesDarwin)thGeorgeColmantheElder(Britain)

ast,

“剑Notes1Note1.Englishgivennamesarealwaysshortenedamongfriendsandcolleaguese.g.Anthony--TonyMichael--MikeWilliams—Bill,Will,Billy,WillieRobert—BobRichard--DickJames–Jim,JimmyElizabeth—Bess，Liz,LizaAnn—Nancy,Annetta

Betsy,Betty,Elise,Libby,Note2Peoplehavetobecarefuloftheinitiallettersofthenamestheygivetotheirchildren.e.g.AndrewSimonSmithNicholaAnnGreenFionaAliceTannerMichaelAdamDaviesPeterEwanStevenThompsonGrahamAdamYiendChinesenamingprincipleselegantsoundlooksharmoniouslyhaspositiveassociationsnovelty肖尧岳，吴岳一，尹晨菲，于泰之，浩歌，王法Thefirsttenpopularnamesinthe1980sMale:John,James,Charles,Henry,David,William,Robert,Andrew,Richard,GeorgeFemale:Mary,Jane, Louise,Anna,Elizabeth,Helen,Sarah,Margaret,Lucy,DorothyOriginofEnglishsurnamesProfessionalnames职业姓氏(Britaincountryside)JohnBarber,JohnBaker,Smith,Taylor,Carpenter,Cook,Shoemaker,Fisher,Hun