国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter2 Quantity Quality and Packaging of Commodity

InternationalTradePractice

国际贸易实务

Chapter2

Quantity,QualityandPackagingofCommodity

商品的品质、数量和包装

2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质DescriptionofCommodityandItsSignificance

商品的品名及其意义SignificanceofStipulatingtheDescriptionofCommodity

列明品名的意义Thedescriptionofcommodityisactuallyalegaldefinitionofthesubjectmatterinthetransaction.Termsofquality,quantityandthedeliverytimearedefinedasthetermsandconditionsinAnglo-AmericanContractLaw.Breachofcontractisdividedintobreachofconditionsandbreachofwarranty,whichhavedifferentlegalconsequences.2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质DescriptionofCommodityandItsSignificance商品的品名及其意义PointsforAttentioninStipulatingDescriptionofCommodityClause规定品名条款本卷须知Inthedescriptionofcommodityclauseofthesalescontract,thestipulationofthecommoditymustbepreciseandspecific.Makearealisticstipulationbasedonthegoods,avoidexaggerationaboutthecommodity.2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质DescriptionofCommodityandItsSignificance商品的品名及其意义PointsforAttentioninStipulatingDescriptionofCommodityClause规定品名条款本卷须知

Adoptinternationalcommontermsaspracticalaspossible.Payattentiontotheappropriatechoiceofcommodityname.2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质QualityofGoods商品的品质

DefinitionofQualityofGoods品质的定义Thequalityofgoodsistheintegrationoftheintrinsicattributesandtheouterformsorshapesofgoods.SignificanceofQualityofGoods品质的重要性Qualityofgoodsnotonlyreferstothevalueofuseandthevalueofthecommodity,butalsoaffectsthemarketpriceandmarketabilityofthecommodity,involvingtherelevantcorporateandevenacountry'sreputation.

2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质QualityofGoods商品的品质

QualityRequirements对品质的要求ISO9000StandardISO9000标准

ISO14000EnvironmentalStandardsISO14000环境保护标准CEMarkCE标志ULMarkUL标志2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质

MethodsofStipulatingQualityofGoods

表示品质的方法

SalebyActualCommodity凭实物表示品质SalebyInspection看货买卖SalebySample凭样品买卖

Concept概念TwoBasicRequirementsforSalebySampleTypes种类

PointsforAttentioninSalebySample

凭样品买卖应注意的事项2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质

MethodsofStipulatingQualityofGoods

表示品质的方法

SalebyDescription凭文字说明表示商品的品质SaleBySpecification凭规格的买卖SalebyGrade凭等级的买卖SalebyStandard凭标准的买卖SalebySpecificationsandIllustrations凭说明书和图样买卖SalebyBrandNameorTradeMark凭商标或品牌的买卖SalebyProductOrigin凭产地名称的买卖2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质

PointsforAttentionWhenSigningCommodityQualityClause签订品质条款的本卷须知QualityTolerance品质公差Definition定义

Thetolerancethatisrecognizedinternationallysuchasmanufacturedgoodslikewatchwhichisallowedaqualitytolerancewithin60secondsperday.2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质

PointsforAttentionWhenSigningCommodityQualityClause签订品质条款的本卷须知QualityTolerance品质公差PointsforAttention本卷须知Thebuyershouldnotrequirereturninggoodsandcompensationwithintherangeofqualitytolerance. 在公差范围内，买方不得要求退货和赔偿。Withintherangeofqualitytolerance,priceadjustmentisnotallowed.在公差范围内不得调整价格。Thequalitytoleranceisusedintermsofindustrialmanufacturedgoods.针对工业制成品而言。

2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质

PointsforAttentionWhenSigningCommodityQualityClause签订品质条款的本卷须知QualityTolerance品质公差Definition定义

Thetolerancethatisrecognizedinternationallysuchasmanufacturedgoodslikewatchwhichisallowedaqualitytolerancewithin60secondsperday.2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质

PointsforAttentionWhenSigningCommodityQualityClause签订品质条款的本卷须知QualityLatitude---intermsofbulkagriculturalbyproducts,metalsandminerals 品质机动幅度―――针对大宗农副产品、五金矿产品Acertaindeviationisallowedinthequalityclause对品质的规定，允许有一定差异MethodofStipulatingQualityLatitude规定品质机动幅度的方法TostipulatemoreorlessallowanceTostipulate“max〞or“min〞Tostipulateacertainscope2.1QualityofCommodity

商品的品质

PointsforAttentionWhenSigningCommodityQualityClause签订品质条款的本卷须知QualityLatitude---intermsofbulkagriculturalbyproducts,metalsandminerals 品质机动幅度―――针对大宗农副产品、五金矿产品Commoditypricecanbeadjustedwithintherangeofqualitylatitude品质机动幅度范围内价格可以调整。Fixthepriceaccordingtothequalityandstipulate“PriceAdjustmentClauseRelatingtoQuality〞.Adoptdiscountpricewhenthequalityisbelowthestipulationofthecontract.2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量

SignificanceofStipulatingQuantityofGoods 约定商品数量的意义Quantityclauseisalsooneoftheessentialtermsandconditionsinacontract.BritishSaleofGoodsAct1893(1993Revision)provides,"Ifthequantitydeliveredbythesellerisgreaterthantheamountstipulatedinthecontract,thebuyerisentitledtorejectthegoodsexcessiveinquantity,orhemayrejectthewholelot.〞2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量

MeasurementUnits计量单位ToCalculatebyWeight按重量计量1metricton(metricsystem)=1000kg1longton(Britishsystem)=1016kg1shortton(U.S.system)=907kgToCalculatebyNumber按数量计算piece,pair,set,dozen,roll,ream,gross,bag,bale2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量

MeasurementUnits计量单位ToCalculatebyLength按长度计算cloth,rope,etc.,e.g.meter,foot,yard…ToCalculatebyArea按面积计算glass,carpets,leather…etc.,e.g.squaremeter,squarefoot,squareyard2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量

MeasurementUnits计量单位ToCalculatebyVolume按体积计算woods,naturalgas,chemicalgas,etc,e.g.cubicmeter,cubicfoot…ToCalculatebyCubage按容积计算grains,liquidcargo,alcohol,oils,etc.,e.g.Liter,gallon…2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量

Calculating度量衡Becausedifferentcountrieshavedifferentsystemsofcalculatingunits,thesamemeasurementunitmayindicatedifferentquantity.Themainsystemscomprisemetricsystems,Britishsystem,U.S.system,InternationalSystemofUnits(SI).2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量

MethodsofCalculatingWeight计算重量的方法GrossWeight毛重Grossweightisthesumoftotalweightofthecommodityitselfandthepackageweight.NetWeight净净重GrossforNet以毛作净NetWeight净重2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量PointsforAttentioninStipulatingQuantityClauseinImportandExportContracts 在进出口合同中规定数量条款的本卷须知Quantityclauseincludesquantityandmeasurementofthetradedcommodities.Ifthequantityiscalculatedbyweight,theclauseshouldalsocontainthemethodofcalculatingweightsuchasgrossweight,netweight,conditionedweight,etc.2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量PointsforAttentioninStipulatingQuantityClauseinImportandExportContracts 在进出口合同中规定数量条款的本卷须知ConceptofMoreorLessClause 溢短装条款的概念 Thebuyerandsellerstipulateinasalescontractthatthesellerisallowedtodeliverthegoodswithinacertainpercentageofmoreorlessthanthecontractedquantity.E.g. Zincingot:1000metrictons,with5%moreorless(namely,between9500metrictonsand10500metrictons)2.2QuantityofGoods

商品的数量PointsforAttentioninStipulatingQuantityClauseinImportandExportContracts 在进出口合同中规定数量条款的本卷须知ContentofMoreorLessClause 溢短装条款的内容

TheRangeofQuantityDifference溢短装的幅度RightofChoiceRelatingtoQuantityDifference机动幅度的选择权PricingApproach作价方法

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SignificanceofPackaging包装的重要意义

Packagingisacontinuationofthecommodityproduction.Thevastmajorityofgoodscanonlygointocirculationtorealizeitsusevalueandvalueafterpackaged.packagingisofgreatimportancetoprotect,glorify,promotecommoditiesandplaysasignificantroleinstorage,transportation,saleandtheuseofthegoods.

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

TransportPackaging运输包装Transportpackagingisalsocalledgiantpackingorouterpacking.Itisusedmainlytokeepthegoodssafe,facilitatethetransportation,storage,identificationandcount,reducefreightandcutcosts.

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

TransportPackaging运输包装ShippingMarks运输标志Definition定义 Shippingmarksrefertothediagrams,wordsandfigureswhicharewritten,printedandbrushedontheouterpackage,withthefunctiontoidentifythegoodsintheprocessoftransporting,loadingandunloading,storage,customsclearanceandhandoverininternationaltrade.2.CompositionofaStandardShippingMark 一个标准唛头的组成

3.TheLegalSenseofShippingMarks 运输标志的法律意义

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

TransportPackaging运输包装ShippingMarks运输标志2.CompositionofaStandardShippingMark 一个标准唛头的组成Initialsorabbreviationsoftheconsignee‘snameReferencenumber(contractnumber,ordernumber,creditnumber)Destination目的港〔地〕Numberofpackage(piecenumber)件数号码〔件号〕E.g.B.B.C2007wf208m007LondonC/No.1-1000

3.TheLegalSenseofShippingMarks 运输标志的法律意义

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

TransportPackaging运输包装ShippingMarks运输标志

3.TheLegalSenseofShippingMarks 运输标志的法律意义Inaccordancewiththelawsinsomecountries,theshippingmarksagreedbybothpartiesinthecontractarepartofthecommodityinstructions.

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

TransportPackaging运输包装IndicativeMarks指示性标志Indicativemarksareremarkablediagramsandwordsprintedontheouterpackingofthecommoditywhichisfragile,delicateorperishable,

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

TransportPackaging运输包装WarningMarks警告性标志alsocalledhazardousmarks,refertonoticeablediagramsandwordsprintedontheouterpackingofdangerousgoodsthatareflammable,explosive,toxic,radioactiveandsoon.

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SalesPackaging销售包装RequirementsforSalesPackaging 对销售包装的要求1.Easytodisplay便于陈列2.Easytoidentify便于识别3.Easytocarryanduse便于携带和使用4.Artisticallyattractive有艺术的吸引力

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SalesPackaging销售包装ClassificationsofSalesPackaging销售包装的分类designedwithvariouspackagingmaterials,differentstructuresandstylesdividedintohangingpackaging,stackedpackaging,portablepackage,easy-openpackaging,spraypackaging,setpackaging,giftpackagingandreusablepackage.

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SalesPackaging销售包装ClassificationsofSalesPackaging销售包装的分类designedwithvariouspackagingmaterials,differentstructuresandstylesdividedintohangingpackaging,stackedpackaging,portablepackage,easy-openpackaging,spraypackaging,setpackaging,giftpackagingandreusablepackage.

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SalesPackaging销售包装InstructionsandSignsonSalesPackaging 销售包装上的标志和说明Decoration装潢Verbal

Instructions文字说明LabelsonthePackage包装上的标签BarCode条形码

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SalesPackaging销售包装NeutralPackingandBrandDesignatedbytheBuyer中性包装和定牌NeutralPacking中性包装markedwithneithercountryoforigin,nameandaddressofthemanufacturernortrademarksorbrandnames

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SalesPackaging销售包装NeutralPackingandBrandDesignatedbytheBuyer中性包装和定牌BrandDesignatedbytheBuyer定牌生产Branddesignatedbythebuyerreferstothepackingofthegoodswhichshouldbepackedwiththetrademarksandbrandsprovidedbythebuyer.Eg.supermarkets,largedepartmentstores,specializedstores,chainstores…MeansofCommissioning

2.3PackagingofGoods

商品的包装

SalesPackaging销售包装NeutralPackingandBrandDesignatedbytheBuyer中性包装和定牌PointsforAttentioninStipulatingPackagingClause规定包装条款应注意的问题AmbiguousexpressionsshouldbeavoidedThesellershouldadoptappropriatepackageCasestudyCase1:AcertaintradecompanyofChinaexportedabatchofcannabistoGermany.Itisspecifiedinthecontractthat:moisture,15%max;admixtures,3%max.Butwehavesentthesampletothebuyerbeforethetransactionisconcluded.Wealsotelephonedthebuyerthatthedeliveredgoodsaresimilartothesampleaftercontracting.AfterthegoodsarrivinginGermany,thebuyerprovidedaninspectioncertificatestatingthatthequalityofthegoodsislowerthanthatofthesampleby7%,andaccordingtothis,theyalsoclaimedfor600poundsasthecompensationagainstthelosses.Couldweignoretheclaimforthereasonthatthedealwasnotconductedbasedonsalebysample?

Casestudy

Case1:AnalysisInthiscase,itwasasalebothbysampleandbydescription,sothatthesellerwasinaverypassivesituation.Ifwecanuseonemethodtoindicatethequalityofgoods,wedonotadopttwo.Originally,thedeliveredgoodsareuptostandard,butitalsorequiredthatthequalityshouldbeequaltothesample,whichleadstothebreachofcontract.Caserevelation:Astoagriculturalproductssuchasginseng,cannabisandsoon,itisadvisabletoillustratethequalityofgoodsbyscientificindicatorsratherthansalebysample.

Casestudy

Case2:AcertaintradecompanyofChinahasexportedseveralbatchesofwooltextilestoacountryintheMiddleEast.Whenthegoodsarrived,thebuyerreceivedonebyone,withoutraisinganyobjections.Butafewmonthslater,thebuyersentasetofclothingmadebythewooltextiles,claimingthatthereisanobviouscolorshadingoftheclothingmadebyourproductsanditisdifficulttoputintothemarket,thusfilingaclaimforcompensation.Howtosolvethisproblem?

Casestudy

Case2:Analysis(1)Accordingtointernationalpractice,oncethetextilescut,thebuyercannotreturnthegoods.Inthiscase,theimporterhassoldthegoodstogarmentfactories,andthetextileshavealreadybeenmadeintotheclothing,indicatingthattheimportershaveacceptedourgoods.Sincetheformofthegoodshasbeenchanged,itisunreasonablefortheimportertoreturnthegoodsandlodgeaclaim.

Casestudy

Case2:Analysis(2)IntheArticle82of"UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods",itstipulatesthatthebuyerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractvoidortorequirethesellerdeliveringsubstitutegoodsifitisimpossibleforhimtomakerestitutionofthegoodssubstantiallyintheconditioninwhichhereceivedthem.

Casestudy

Case3:AChineseexportcompanyexportedapplestotheabroad,boththecontractandcreditstipulatedthattheappleshouldbeGradeThree.Butonlywhenthesellermadetheshipment,theyfoundthestockofthird-gradeapplesrunout,sothesellersentthesecond-gradeapplesinsteadandnotedontheinvoicethat“ApplesofGradeTwosoldatpriceofGradeThree〞.Doyouthinkwhetheritisappropriatefortheexportertoreplacetheinferiorbythesuperiorandkeepthepricefixedasbefore?

Casestudy

Case3:AnalysisSellingsuperiorasinferiorisalsoregardedasabreachofcontract.Inthiscase,ifthethird-gradeapplesareinshortsupply,weshouldaskthebuyerforadvicetochoosesubstitutes,otherwise,itstillconstitutesabreachofcontract.Ifthemarketisinthepoorsituation,theotherpartycanrejectthegoodsandclaimforcompensation.

Casestudy

Case4:AcertaintradecompanyofChinaexported1000fanstoAmerica.Partialshipmentsarenotallowedaccordingtothecredit.However,whenthesellermadetheshipment,hefound40fanswithbrokenpackage,someofthefancoversdeformedandsomeswitchesoff.Thereplacementwasalreadytoolate.Toensurethequalityofthegoods,theshipperregardedthat,accordingto“UCP400〞,evenifpartialshipmentsarenotallowed,thereisatoleranceof5%ofthequantity.Hethought40fanswerewithintherangeof5%ofthewholequantity,soheshipped960fansactually.Whenthesellerwenttothebankwiththedocumentsfornegotiating,thebankrefusedtonegotiate.Whatisthereason?

Casestudy

Case4:AnalysisAsstipulatedinthe“UCP600〞,ifthenumbersoritemsofgoodscanbeaccountedaccurately,themoreorlessclauseisnotapplicable.Inthiscase,fanisjustthiskindofcommodity,s