2023年高一暑假话题阅读天天练：世界与环境（含答案）

第第页2023年高一暑假话题阅读天天练：世界与环境（含答案）2023年高一暑假话题阅读天天练：世界与环境

（共4题）

一、阅读理解题（共4题）

Globalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,butregardlessofwhetheritisorisn't,wewon'tdomuchaboutit.Wewillargueoveritandmayeven,asanation,makesomefairlysolemn-soundingcommitmentstoavoidit.Butthemoredramaticandmeaningfulthesecommitmentsseem,thelesslikelytheyaretobeobserved.

AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan"inconvenienttruth",asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.Buttherealtruthisthatwedon'tknowenoughtorelieveglobalwarming,and—withoutmajortechnologicalbreakthroughs—wecan'tdomuchaboutit.

From2023to2050,theworld'spopulationisprojectedtogrowfrom6.4billionto9.1billion,a42%increase.Ifenergyuseperpersonandtechnologyremainthesame,totalenergyuseandgreenhousegasemissions(mainly,CO2)willbe42%higherin2050,butthat'stoolow,becausesocietiesthatgrowricherusemoreenergy.Weneedeconomicgrowthunlesswecondemntheworld'spoortotheirpresentpovertyandfreezeeveryoneelse'slivingstandards.Withmodestgrowth,energyuseandgreenhouseemissionsmorethandoubleby2050.

Nogovernmentwilladoptrigidrestrictionsoneconomicgrowthandpersonalfreedom(limitsonelectricityusage,drivingandtravel)thatmightcutbackglobalwarming.Still,politicianswanttoshowthey're"doingsomething."ConsidertheKyotoProtocol(京都议定书).Itallowedcountriesthatjoinedtopunishthosethatdidn't.Butithasn'treducedCO2emissions(upabout25%since1990),andmanysignatories(签字国)didn'tadopttoughenoughpoliciestohittheir2023—2023targets.

Thepracticalconclusionisthatifglobalwarmingisapotentialdisaster,theonlysolutionisnewtechnology.Onlyanaggressiveresearchanddevelopmentprogrammightfindwaysofbreakingourdependenceonfossilfuelsordealingwithit.

Thetroublewiththeglobalwarmingdebateisthatithasbecomeamoralproblemwhenit'sreallyanengineeringone.Theinconvenienttruthisthatifwedon'tsolvetheengineeringproblem,we'rehelpless.

(1)Whatissaidaboutglobalwarminginthefirstparagraph

A．Itmaynotproveanenvironmentalcrisisatall.

B．Itisanissuerequiringworldwidecommitments.

C．Seriousstepshavebeentakentoavoidorstopit.

D．Verylittlewillbedonetobringitundercontrol.

(2)Accordingtotheauthor'sunderstanding,whatisAlGore'sviewonglobalwarming

A．Itisarealitybothpeopleandpoliticiansareunawareof.

B．Itisaphenomenonthatcausesusmanyinconveniences.

C．Itisaproblemthatcanbesolvedonceitisrecognized.

D．Itisanareaweactuallyhavelittleknowledgeabout.

(3)Greenhouseemissionswillmorethandoubleby2050becauseof_____.

A．economicgrowth

B．thewideninggapbetweentherichandpoor

C．wastefuluseofenergy

D．therapidadvancesofscienceandtechnology

(4)Theauthorbelievesthat,sincethesigningoftheKyotoProtocol,_____.

A．politicianshavestartedtodosomethingtobetterthesituation

B．fewnationshaveadoptedrealtoughmeasurestolimitenergyuse

C．reductionsinenergyconsumptionhavegreatlycutbackglobalwarming

D．internationalcooperationhascontributedtosolvingenvironmentalproblems

FormostAmericans,acleanglassofwaterisjustamatteroftamingonafaucet(水龙头).

OnWednesday,theUnitedNations(UN)markedWorldWaterDaybytryingtocutthenumberofpeoplewithoutgooddrinkingwater—onebillionhumanbeingsworldwide—inhalf.Inthenexttenyears,theUNwillworkwithgovernmentsaroundtheworldtoreducetheshortage.InIndia,manypeoplebatheandwashtheirclothesinriversthatarepollutedbyhumanwaste.

"Thelinksbetweenwaterandhumanhealtharepowerful,"saidDr.LeeJong-wookdirector-generaloftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)."Wecannotlivewithoutcleanwater."Theagencyprovidedcleanwatertonearly500,000peopleinIndonesiaandSriLankaafterthetsunami.

Sincethen,itiscelebratedeachyearonMarch22.

(1)

A．WorldWaterDaywasfirstcelebratedin1993.

B．AccordingtotheUN,nothavingenoughcleanwaterandsanitation(卫生)causesmorethanthreemilliondeathsayear.

C．Wearebadlyinneedofcleanwater.

D．Withoutcleanwater,manypeopleusewaterwhichisharmfultotheirhealth.

E．Butformanyoftheworld'spoorest,it'shardtoget.

F．Infact,theInternationalFederationoftheRedCrosssaidthatquickreactionafterlastyear'sAsiantsunamihadstoppeddisease.

G．Weprovidecleanwatertothepeopleintsunami.

(2)

A．WorldWaterDaywasfirstcelebratedin1993.

B．AccordingtotheUN,nothavingenoughcleanwaterandsanitation(卫生)causesmorethanthreemilliondeathsayear.

C．Wearebadlyinneedofcleanwater.

D．Withoutcleanwater,manypeopleusewaterwhichisharmfultotheirhealth.

E．Butformanyoftheworld'spoorest,it'shardtoget.

F．Infact,theInternationalFederationoftheRedCrosssaidthatquickreactionafterlastyear'sAsiantsunamihadstoppeddisease.

G．Weprovidecleanwatertothepeopleintsunami.

(3)

A．WorldWaterDaywasfirstcelebratedin1993.

B．AccordingtotheUN,nothavingenoughcleanwaterandsanitation(卫生)causesmorethanthreemilliondeathsayear.

C．Wearebadlyinneedofcleanwater.

D．Withoutcleanwater,manypeopleusewaterwhichisharmfultotheirhealth.

E．Butformanyoftheworld'spoorest,it'shardtoget.

F．Infact,theInternationalFederationoftheRedCrosssaidthatquickreactionafterlastyear'sAsiantsunamihadstoppeddisease.

G．Weprovidecleanwatertothepeopleintsunami.

(4)

A．WorldWaterDaywasfirstcelebratedin1993.

B．AccordingtotheUN,nothavingenoughcleanwaterandsanitation(卫生)causesmorethanthreemilliondeathsayear.

C．Wearebadlyinneedofcleanwater.

D．Withoutcleanwater,manypeopleusewaterwhichisharmfultotheirhealth.

E．Butformanyoftheworld'spoorest,it'shardtoget.

F．Infact,theInternationalFederationoftheRedCrosssaidthatquickreactionafterlastyear'sAsiantsunamihadstoppeddisease.

G．Weprovidecleanwatertothepeopleintsunami.

(5)

A．WorldWaterDaywasfirstcelebratedin1993.

B．AccordingtotheUN,nothavingenoughcleanwaterandsanitation(卫生)causesmorethanthreemilliondeathsayear.

C．Wearebadlyinneedofcleanwater.

D．Withoutcleanwater,manypeopleusewaterwhichisharmfultotheirhealth.

E．Butformanyoftheworld'spoorest,it'shardtoget.

F．Infact,theInternationalFederationoftheRedCrosssaidthatquickreactionafterlastyear'sAsiantsunamihadstoppeddisease.

G．Weprovidecleanwatertothepeopleintsunami.

Inalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan'stallestandseeminglymostbreakableoldbuildings—500orsowoodenpagodas,tower-shapedbuildings—remainedstandingforcenturiesJapanesescholarshavebeenconfusedforagesabouttheirstability.

Forcenturies,manyattributedtheresilience(抗震性)ofpagodastothemassivetrunk-likecentralcolumnsknownasshinbashira,whichbendsandswingsduringatyphoonorearthquake,justlikeatalltree.Buttheamazingthingisthattheshinbashiraactuallydoesnotcarryanyloadatallbutissuspendedfromthetopofthepagoda—hanginglooselydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.Theweightofthebuildingissupportedentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnercolumns.

Andwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralcolumnThebestwaytounderstandtheshinbashira'sroleistowatchavideomadebyShuzoIshida,astructuralengineeratKyotoInstituteofTechnology.Mr.Ishida,knowntohisstudentsas"ProfessorPagoda"hasbuiltaseriesofmodelsandtestedthemona"shake-table"inhislaboratory.Inshort,theshinbashirawasactinglikeanenormouspendulum(钟摆).Underpressure,apagoda'sloosefloorscouldbemadetoslidebackandforthindependently.Viewedfromtheside,thepagodaseemedtobedoingasnakedance—witheachfloormovingintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursaboveandbelow.Theshinbashira,runningupthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,madeitunlikelythatindividualstoreysmovedtoofarbecause,aftermovingacertaindistance,theybangedintoit,passingonenergyawayalongthecolumn.

AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanesepagodaisthat,becauseofthebuildingtapers(锥形),witheachfloorplanbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneoftheverticalcolumnsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoitscorrespondingcolumnabove.Inotherwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnotevenonecolumnthattravelsrightupthroughthebuilding.MoresurprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoreysofaJapanesepagodaarenotactuallyconnectedtoeachother.Theyaresimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.

Theextra-wideeaves(屋檐)alsoplayapart.Thinkofthemasabalancingpoleoftightropewalkers.Thebiggerthemassateachendofthepole,theeasieritisforthetightropewalkertomaintainhisbalance.Thesameholdstrueforapagoda.Withtheeavesextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfulearthquakewithagracefulswinging,neveranabruptshaking.

(1)InaJapanesepagoda,theshinbashiraisdesignedto_____.

A．bearcertainamountofweightofthepagoda

B．bendunderpressurethewayatalltreedoes

C．connectthefloorswithpagoda'sbase

D．stopthefloorsfrommovingtoofar

(2)ShuzoIshidaperformsexperimentsinorderto_____.

A．applythependulumintopractice

B．gaininsightintothe"shake-table"model

C．learnaboutthemechanismsofpagodas

D．locateshinbashira'sexactpositioninapagoda

(3)WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothearticle

A．Somecolumnsmayextendfromthebottomtothetopofapagoda.

B．Thefunctionsofextraeavesandbalancingpolesaresimilar.

C．ThestoreysofaJapanesepagodaarefittedloosely.

D．Pagodas'amazingcapacitytoresistimpacthaslongpuzzledscholars.

(4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage

A．HowShinbashiraPlaysItsRole.

B．WhyPagodasDoNotFallDown.

C．DistinctFeaturesofJapaneseArchitecture.

D．ShuzoIshida,aDistinguishedEngineer.

TheprincipaldifferencebetweenurbangrowthinEuropeandintheNorthAmericancolonieswastheslowevolutionofcitiesintheformerandtheirrapidgrowthinthelatter.InEuropetheygrewoveraperiodofcenturiesfromtowneconomiestotheirpresenturbanstructure.InNorthAmerica,theystartedaswildernesscommunitiesanddevelopedtomatureurbanisminlittlemorethanacentury.

IntheearlycolonialdaysinNorthAmerica,smallcitiessprangupalongtheAtlanticCoastline,mostlyinwhatarenowNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesintheUnitedStatesandinthelowerSaintLawrencevalleyinCanada.ThiswasnaturalbecausetheseareaswerenearesttoEnglandandFrance,particularlyEngland,fromwhichmostcapitalgoods(资产)(suchasequipment)andmanyconsumergoodswereimported.Merchandisingestablishmentswere,accordingly,advantageouslylocatedinportcitiesfromwhichgoodscouldbereadilydistributedtointeriorsettlements.Here,too,werethefavoredlocationsforprocessingrawmaterialspriortoexport.Boston,Philadelphia,NewYork,Montreal,andothercitiesflourished,and,asthecoloniesgrewthesecitiesincreasedinimportance.

ThiswaslesstrueinthecolonialSouth,wherelifecenteredaroundlargefarms,knownasplantations(种植园),ratherthanaroundtowns,aswasthecaseintheareasfurthernorthalongtheAtlanticcoastline.Thelocalisolationandtheeconomicself-sufficiencyoftheplantationswereantagonistictothedevelopmentofthetowns.Theplantationsmaintainedtheirindependencebecausetheywerelocatedonnavigable(可通航的)streamsandeachhadawharf(码头)accessibletothesmallshippingofthatday.Infact,oneofthestrongestfactorsintheselectionofplantationlandwasthedesiretohaveitsfrontonawaterhighway.

WhentheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentnationin1776,itdidnothaveasinglecityaslargeas50,000inhabitants,butby1820ithadacityofmorethan100,000people,andby1880ithadrecordedacityofoveronemillion.Itwasnotuntilafter18