历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

--历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案--历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案0308托福试题阅读(55minutes)Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.(d)Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtby3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(a)benefitfrom(b)appearsimilarto(c)jointogetherwith(d)growfrom5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether.Theword“it”inline22refersto(a)anutrientsolution(b)aglassflask(c)boiling(d)spontaneousgeneration.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair(c)Heat(d)Thepresenceofnutrients.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassociety’shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.ThenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesandlaunchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagriculturalproducts.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecomemorescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersrespondedlesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided..Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer.Theword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained.TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asanexampleof(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment.Thephrase“subscribedto”inline8isclosestinmeaningto(a)contributedto(b)agreedwith(c)thoughtabout(d)expandedon.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinparagraph1?(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’sviewsofagricultureandfarmers.(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’seconomy..Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT(a)buildroads(b)importnewplantvarieties(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts.Allofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers’meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth(c)plantingnewcrops(d)becomingmorescientific.Theword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthetwo.AridAmerica’ssoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothatwateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe1970's,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwaterandfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehypothetical.Nonetheless,thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsofNorthAmericatenttomakeabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossestheborderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)ThewidevarietyofclimatesSoiltypesandvegetationpatternsImprovedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagricultureThechangeinprecipitationpatterns22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningto(A)distinguisheliminateprotectcreate23Theword“partitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)divisionmodificationopeningcirculating24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwith(A)ahighsaltcontentanincreaseinfarminglargeamountsofrainglacialmeltwater25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)impliedincreasedindicatedinformed26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmerica?(A)ItredistributedthesoiltypesItaddedsalttothesoilItmadethesoilmoreneutralincontentItaddedmineralstothesoil27Thephrase“thisregionalizationscheme”inline19referstothe(A)movementsofglacialdepositspatternsofnaturalvegetationhumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentdistinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)elevationchangeadvantagecondition29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdesertsMostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumansTheaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigationGlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsion---thatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglass---will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswellastocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreportedthat“thisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulftheroomindensesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.”Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,wereintroducedonlyinthe1920’s.Intheearliesttype,themetalwasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercombinations,suchasthepairingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenouttoheattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfromtheirstillglowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)ThehistoryofthephotoflashTheoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolightThetechnologyofmodernphotographyThedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequiredforthe(A)recordingofanimageonfilmgenerationofartificiallightcreationofaphotographicemulsionhumaneyetoreacttolight32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatit(A)canproducerepeatedburstsoflightintensitiescolorsinphotographsisshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyessupplementsexistinglighting33Theword“ignited”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)setonfirecutintoopenedshaken34Whichofthefollowingphrasesisdefinedinparagraph1?(A)”appreciableperiod”(line1)(B)”photographicemulsion”(line3)(C)”high-speedmovement”(line5)(D)”oddposes”(line11)35Theword“evolution”inline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)publicityadoptiondevelopmentmanufacture36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswasto(A)producethesparkthatinitiatedtheflashmagnifythelightproducedbytheflashprotectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflashkeepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash37Theword“it”inline18refersto(A)oxygenbatterywirecurrent38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclosestinmeaningto(A)effortlesslybrieflyelectronicallygradually39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributesto(A)rapidcoolingbrightilluminationelectricalconductivityintenseheat40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusing(A)thickerwiremoreoxygenthinnerglasscontinuouselectricityQuestions41-50ThestylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870’s.TheImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindoorstocompletetheworkformmemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionists’paintingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenairwasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccesstothecountrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemicaldyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangryartloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,whenagroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizedanexhibitionoftheirpaintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,Monet’spaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy,slapdash,andanaffronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonet’stitle,artcriticsextendedtheterm“Impressionism”totheentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.5)Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoirputit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyoftheothersmovedontonewstyles.Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theimpactofsomeartist