皮尤-越来越多的美国成年人没有配偶或伴侣（英）-2021.10-20正式版

1PEWRESEARCHCENTERFORRELEASEOctober5,2021BYRichardFryandKimParkerFORMEDIAOROTHERINQUIRIES:RichardFry,SeniorEconomistKimParker,Director,SocialTrendsResearchTanyaArditi,CommunicationsManager202.419.4372RECOMMENDEDCITATIONPewResearchCenter,October2021,“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”每日免费获取报告1、每日微信群内分享7+最新重磅报告；2、每日分享当日华尔街日报、金融时报；3、每周分享经济学人4、行研报告均为公开版，权利归原作者所有，起点财经仅分发做内部学习。扫一扫二维码关注公号回复：研究报告加入“起点财经”微信群。。2PEWRESEARCHCENTERAboutPewResearchCenterPewResearchCenterisanonpartisanfacttankthatinformsthepublicabouttheissues,attitudesandtrendsshapingAmericaandtheworld.Itdoesnottakepolicypositions.TheCenterconductspublicopinionpolling,demographicresearch,contentanalysisandotherdata-drivensocialscienceresearch.ItstudiesU.S.politicsandpolicy;journalismandmedia;internet,scienceandtechnology;religionandpubliclife;Hispanictrends;globalattitudesandtrends;andU.S.socialanddemographictrends.AlloftheCenter’sreportsareavailableat.PewResearchCenterisasubsidiaryofThePewCharitableTrusts,itsprimaryfunder.©PewResearchCenter20213PEWRESEARCHCENTERHowwedidthisThisanalysisusesdecennialcensusandAmericanCommunitySurveydatatoexaminethesingle,25-to54-year-oldU.S.populationandcompareitwithadultswhoareeithermarriedorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.Thoughthedecennialcensushascollectedinformationonmaritalstatusformanydecades,itwasnotuntilthe1990censusthatunmarriedpartnersofthehouseholdheadweredistinguishedfromroommatesandhousemates.Thebreadthanddetailofcensusdatafacilitatesanexaminationofnotonlyhowtheunpartneredpopulationatprimeworkingagehasgrownsince1990,butalsoitschangingcharacteristicsintermsofeducationalattainment,labormarketsuccessandlivingarrangements.4PEWRESEARCHCENTERTerminology“Unpartnered”referstoadultswhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.“Single”isusedinterchangeablywithunpartneredinthisreport.Referencestoprime-working-age

adultsrefertothoseages25to54.ReferencestoWhite,Black

andAsian

adultsincludeonlythosewhoarenotHispanicandidentifyasonlyonerace.Hispanics

areofanyrace.5PEWRESEARCHCENTERAsrelationships,livingarrangements

andArisingshareofU.S.adultsarelivingwithoutaspouseorpartnerfamilylife

continuetoevolveforAmericanadults,arisingsharearenotlivingwitharomanticpartner.AnewPewResearchCenteranalysisofcensusdatafindsthatin2019,roughlyfour-in-tenadultsages25to54(38%)wereunpartnered–thatis,neithermarriednorlivingwithapartner.1Thisshareisupsharplyfrom29%in1990.2Menarenowmorelikelythanwomentobeunpartnered,whichwasn’tthecase30yearsago.%ofpopulationages25to54whoare…Thegrowthinthesinglepopulationisdrivenmainlybythedeclineinmarriage

amongadultswhoareatprimeworkingage.Atthesametime,therehasbeenariseinthesharewhoarecohabiting,butithasn’tbeenenoughtooffsetthedropinmarriage–hencetheoveralldeclineinpartnership.Whiletheunpartneredpopulationincludessomeadultswhowerepreviouslymarried(thosewhoareseparated,divorcedorwidowed),allofthegrowthintheunpartneredpopulationsince1990hascomefromariseinthenumberwhohaveneverbeenmarried.Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof1990and2000decennialcensusand2010and2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”PEWRESEARCHCENTERThistrendhasbroadsocietalimplications,asdoesthegrowinggapinwell-beingbetweenpartneredandunpartneredadults.Lookingacrossarangeofmeasuresofeconomicandsocial1Theanalysisfocusesonadultsages25to54,whoareprimeworkingage,andtheeconomicandlabormarketoutcomesoftheseadults.Byage25,mostadultshavecompletedtheirformalschooling.Olderadultswithdrawfromthelaborforceatdifferentages.Theageatwhichadultsareexpectedtobeemployedissubjective,butlaboreconomistsoftenfocus

onthelabormarketattachmentof25-to54-year-olds.2The1990decennialcensuswasthefirstthatdistinguishedunmarriedpartnersoftheheadofhouseholdfromroommates.6PEWRESEARCHCENTERstatus,unpartneredadultsgenerallyhavedifferent–

oftenworse–

outcomesthanthosewhoaremarriedorcohabiting.Thispatternisapparentamongbothmenandwomen.Unpartneredadultshavelowerearnings,onaverage,thanpartneredadultsandarelesslikelytobeemployedorUnpartneredadultsnotfaringaswellaspartneredpeersonarangeofoutcomesAdultsages25to54Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.Theanalysisofearningsislimitedtothosewithpositiveearnings.“Financiallyvulnerable”referstoadultswithincomesbelow150%ofthepovertylevelforaone-personhousehold,or$19,950,basedontheCensusBureau’spovertylinefor2019.Figuresmaynotcomputetodifferenceduetorounding.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”PEWRESEARCHCENTEReconomicallyindependent.Theyalsohavelowereducationalattainmentandaremorelikelytolivewiththeirparents.Otherresearchsuggeststhatmarriedandcohabitingadultsfarebetterthanthosewhoareunpartneredwhenitcomestosomehealthoutcomes.Thegapsineconomicoutcomesbetweenunpartneredandpartneredadultshavewidenedsince1990.Amongmen,thegapsarewideningbecauseunpartneredmenarefaringworsethantheywerein1990.Amongwomen,however,thesegapshavegottenwiderbecausepartneredwomenarefaringsubstantiallybetterthanin1990.Thegrowinggapineconomicsuccessbetweenpartneredandunpartneredadultsmayhaveconsequencesforsinglemenwhowouldliketoeventuallyfindapartner.Ina2017PewResearchCentersurvey,71%ofU.S.adultssaidbeingabletosupportafamilyfinanciallyisveryimportantforamantobeagoodspouseorpartner.Similarsharesofmenandwomensaidthis.Incontrast,7PEWRESEARCHCENTER32%ofadults–andjust25%ofmen–saidthisisveryimportantforawomantobeagoodspouseorpartner.Increaseinshareofunpartneredadultshasbeengreateramongmen%ofadultsages25to54whoareunpartneredAmericans’maritalandlivingarrangements3936403020100Menhavechangedconsiderablyoverthepast30years.Theshareofadultsages25to54whoarecurrentlymarriedfellfrom67%in1990to53%in2019,whilethesharecohabitingmorethandoubledoverthatsameperiod(from4%in1990to9%in2019).3Thesharewhohaveneverbeenmarriedhasalsogrown–from17%to33%.Allofthischurnhasresultedinasignificantincreaseinthesharewhoareunpartnered.2929Women1990200020102019Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof1990and2000decennialcensusand2006to2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”Thegrowthinunpartneredadultshasbeensharperamongmenthanwomen.In1990,menandwomenages25to54wereequallylikelytobeunpartnered(29%ofeachgroup).By2019,PEWRESEARCHCENTER39%ofmenwereunpartnered,comparedwith36%ofwomen.Intermsoftheirdemographiccharacteristics,prime-working-agesingleadultsaresomewhatyoungerthantheircounterpartswhoaremarriedorlivingwithapartner.Amongadultsages25to54,themedianageofthosewhoareunpartneredwas36in2019;thiscompareswith40amongpartneredadults.Somemayassumethat,asthemedianageoffirstmarriage

continuestorise,unpartneredadultsaremerelylaggingbehindratherthanforegoingpartnershipaltogether.Thatmightnotbethecase.Amongadultsages40to54,therehasbeenasignificantincreaseinthesharewhoareunpartneredfrom1990(24%)tonow(31%in2019).Therearedifferencesbyraceandethnicityintheshareofprime-working-ageadultswhoarepartneredandunpartnered.Amongthoseages25to54,59%ofBlackadultswereunpartneredin2019.ThisishigherthanthesharesamongHispanic(38%),White(33%)andAsian(29%)adults.3Censusdatadatingbackto1880indicatesthattheproportionof25-to54-year-oldswhoweremarriedpeakedat83%in1960.8PEWRESEARCHCENTERFormostracialandethnicgroups,menaremorelikelythanwomentobeunpartnered.TheexceptionisamongBlackadults,wherewomen(62%)aremorelikelytobeunpartneredthanmen(55%).Partnershipstatusalsodiffersbynativity.Foreign-bornadultsatprimeworkingagewerelesslikely(28%)tobeunpartneredin2019thantheirnative-bornpeers(40%).Thispatternisapparentamongadultsofeachmajorracialorethnicorigin.Forexample,29%offoreign-bornHispanicadultsweresingle,comparedwith46%ofnative-bornHispanicadults.Someofthisdifferenceinpartnershipstatusmayreflectthatforeign-bornprime-working-ageadultsareolderthantheirnative-borncounterparts.UnpartneredmenarefaringmuchworseeconomicallythanpartneredmenAdultsages25to54UnpartneredPartneredDifference-11Completedatleastabachelor'sdegree(%)Onavarietyofoutcomes,beiteducation,employmentorlivingarrangements,Men26%37Women-103343unpartneredadultsfaredifferentlythanpartneredadults.BecausethesizeofthegapassociatedwithAreemployed(%)Men-1873%91Women37477partnershipdiffersbetweenmenandwomen,resultsarepresentedseparatelyforbothgenders.MedianearningsMen-$21,400-$8,000$35,600$32,000$57,000Women$40,000Arefinanciallyvulnerable(%)Whenitcomestoeducationalattainment,26%ofMen23-113%3638Womenunpartneredprime-working-agemenhadcompletedatleastabachelor’sdegreein2019.Thismarkedlytrailsthe37%ofpartneredmenwhohadfinishedcollege.Similarly,370100Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.“Financiallyvulnerable”referstoadultswithincomesbelow150%ofthepovertylevelforaone-personhousehold,or$19,950,basedontheCensusBureau’spovertylinefor2019.Figuresmaynotcomputetodifferenceduetorounding.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”PEWRESEARCHCENTER9PEWRESEARCHCENTER33%ofunpartneredwomenin2019hadfinishedatleastabachelor’sdegree,comparedwith43%ofpartneredwomen.Theeconomicoutcomesofprime-working-agemendiffersubstantiallybypartnershipstatus.In2019,73%ofmenwithoutapartnerwereemployed,comparedwith91%ofpartneredmen.Thegapinemploymentamongwomen,whichismoremodest,goesintheoppositedirection:77%ofsinglewomenheldajobin2019,comparedwith74%ofwomenwithapartner.Outcomesdifferformarried,cohabitingandunpartneredadultsThisanalysisisbasedonthepremisethatadultswholivewitharomanticpartner–whethertheyaremarriedorcohabitating–havesignificantlydifferent(oftenbetter)economicoutcomesthanthosewhoarenotlivingwitharomanticpartner.Butit’simportanttonotethatoutcomesalsodifferbetweenmarriedandcohabitingadults.In2019,themedianearningsofmenwithoutapartnerwere$35,600,laggingfarbehindthoseofpartneredmen($57,000).4Unpartneredwomenalsotrailtheirpartneredcounterpartsinmedianearnings($32,000and$40,000,respectively),butthegapisnotaslarge.Cohabitingadultstendtofarebetterthanunpartneredadults,andmarriedadultsfarebetterstill.Onmanydimensions,cohabitingadultsaremoresimilartomarriedadultsthantosingleadults.Thereareexceptionsaswellasdifferencesbygender.Forexample,amongwomen,thoseincohabitingrelationships(80%)aremorelikelytobeemployedthanunpartnered(77%)ormarried(73%)women.Amongmen,whilethosewhocohabit(89%)arelesslikelytobeemployedthanthosewhoaremarried(92%),they’remuchmorelikelythansinglementohaveajob(73%).Anothermeasureofeconomicstandingcomparesanindividual’sincomewithathresholdoftheresourcesneededtoliveSincearelativelysmallshareofadultsages25to54arecohabiting(9%),combiningthemwithmarriedadultstopaintafullerpictureofthosewhoarelivingwitharomanticpartnerdoesnotmarkedlychangethesizeorthedirectionofthegapsthatexistbetweenpartneredandunpartneredadults.(SeeAppendixAforadetailedbreakdown.)4Themediansareestimatedbasedonadultswhohadpositiveearningsovertheyear.Unpartneredadultstendtobeyoungerthanpartneredadults.Someoftheearningsgapreflectsthisagedifference.Butsizableearningsgapsareevidentamongnarrowerageranges,suchas25-to39-year-olds.10PEWRESEARCHCENTERindependently.5Inthisanalysis,anincomeof150%oftheofficialpovertylevelforaone-personhousehold($19,950basedonapovertycutoffof$13,300in2019)isusedasabenchmarkforlivingindependently.Adultswhosetotalincomeisbelowthisthresholdareconsidered“financiallyvulnerable.”In2019,36%ofunpartneredmenwouldhavebeenconsideredfinanciallyvulnerablebasedontheirindividualincome.Thisisnearlythreetimestheshareofpartneredmenwithvulnerableincomes(13%).Incontrast,therewaslittledifferenceintheshareofunpartneredandpartneredwomenwhowerefinanciallyvulnerable(37%and38%,respectively).Theparityamongwomenpartlyreflectsthedifferingchildcareresponsibilitiesofpartneredversusunpartneredwomen.Asreportedbelow,partneredwomenareabouttwiceaslikelyastheirunpartneredcounterpartstolivewithoneormoreoftheirownchildren,andmothersaregenerallylesslikelytoworkfull-timeandfull-year.5See,forexample,arecentPewResearchCenteranalysis,aswellasBell,Burtless,GornickandSmeeding

(2007)andSironiandFurstenberg

(2012).11PEWRESEARCHCENTERTherearestarkdifferencesinthelivingarrangementsofpartneredandunpartneredprime-working-ageadults,particularlyamongmen.Roughlythree-in-tenunpartneredmen(31%)livedinthehomeofatleastoneoftheirparentsin2019.AmongmenwhoAboutthree-in-tenunpartneredmenarelivingintheirparent(s)’homeweremarriedorcohabiting,only2%ofthemresidedinthehomeoftheirparent(s).Someofthegapreflectsthatunpartneredmentendtobeyoungerthanpartneredmen.However,evenwhenlookingonlyatunpartneredmenages40to54,asizableshare(20%)livedintheirparent(s)’home.%ofadultsages25to54who…UnpartneredPartneredDifference29Liveinparent(s)'homeMen2231%24Women23AreinstitutionalizedMenWomen05115Aboutaquarter(24%)ofunpartneredwomenlivedwithatleastoneparentin2019(comparedwithonly2%ofpartneredwomen).1Havechildunderage18inhouseholdMen86160-53-28Asof2019,5%ofunpartneredmenresidedininstitutionalizedgroupquarters.(ForadultsofprimeWomen320100Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.“Institutionalized”

referstothoselivinginaninstitution,suchasacorrectionalfacility.“Childinhousehold”

referstooneormorestep-,adoptedorbiologicalchildren.Figuresmaynotcomputetodifferenceduetorounding.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”workingage,thislargelyreferstoadultcorrectionalfacilities.)Thiscompareswith1%ofpartneredmen.Theshareofwomenwhowerelivinginaninstitutionalsetting(whethertheyarepartneredornot)wasPEWRESEARCHCENTERextremelylow–1%forunpartneredandfewerthan1%forpartneredwomen.Notsurprisingly,unpartneredadultsaremuchlesslikelythanpartneredadultstohaveachildoftheirownintheirhousehold.Amongmen,8%oftheunpartneredlivedwithachildoftheirownin2019.(Thisincludesstepchildrenandadoptedchildrenaswellasbiologicalchildren.)Amongpartneredmen,61%werelivingwithatleastonechild.Thegapissmalleramongwomen:Roughlyathirdofunpartneredwomen(32%)livedwithatleastonechild,comparedwith60%ofpartneredwomen.12PEWRESEARCHCENTERResearchershaveconsideredwhythisrelationshipbetweenpartnershipstatusandeconomicoutcomesexists,particularlyformen.Isitdrivenbythefactthatmenwithhigherlevelsofeducation,higherwagesandbetterprospectsforthefuturearemoredesirablepotentialspouses?Oristheresomethingaboutmarriageorpartnershipthatgivesaboosttoaman’seconomicoutcomes?Theresearchsuggeststhatbothfactorsareatplay.Marriedmenearnmore

becausehighearnersaremorelikelytomarryinthefirstplace.Cohabitingmen

alsoreceiveawagepremium.Inaddition,marriageorpartnershipmaymakemenmoreproductive

atwork,thusaddingtothewagepremiumthatalreadyexists.Lessattentionhasfocusedonthebenefitsofpartnershipforwomen,butmarriageandcohabitationareassociatedwithwagegainsforchildlesswomen.Theeffectsmaybemoremodestforwomen,butmarriagebenefitsmen’sandwomen’swagesthroughsimilarprocesses.13PEWRESEARCHCENTERTheeconomicgapbetweensingleandpartneredadultshasgenerallygrownwidersince1990,thoughexceptionsexist.Thechangehasbeengreateronsomemeasuresamongwomenthanmen,andthedynamicsunderlyingtheshiftsreflectdifferentrealitiesforeachgroup.Forwomenthegapshavewidenednotbecauseunpartneredwomenarefaringworsenowthan1990,butratherbecausepartneredwomenhaveexperiencedsignificantimprovementsintheiroutcomes.Incontrast,theeconomicgapbetweenunpartneredandpartneredmenhaswidenedmainlybecausetheformerarefaringworseonmostindicators.PartneredwomenarenowsignificantlymoreeducatedthansinglewomenWomenages25to54Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.Theanalysisofearningsislimitedtothosewithpositiveearnings.“Financiallyvulnerable”referstoadultswithincomesbelow150%ofthepovertylevelforaone-personhousehold,or$19,950,basedontheCensusBureau’spovertylinefor2019.Figuresmaynotcomputetodifferenceduetorounding.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof1990decennialcensusand2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”PEWRESEARCHCENTERIn1990,similarsharesofunpartnered(23%)andpartnered(22%)womenhadcompletedatleastabachelor’sdegree.Bothgroupshaveimprovedtheireducationalattainment,butpartneredwomenhavemadegreaterstrides.By2019,43%ofpartneredwomenwerecollegegraduates,resultinginasignificantgapineducationalattainmentbetweenthetwogroups.14PEWRESEARCHCENTERPartneredwomenhaveclosedsomeofthegapinemploymentwithsinglewomen.In1990,singlewomenweresignificantlymorelikelytobeworkingthanpartneredwomen.Employmenthasincreasedamongbothgroups,butespeciallyamongpartneredwomen–a7percentagepointgaphasnarrowedto3points.Thisisdueinlargeparttothegrowingshareofmotherswhohaveenteredthelaborforcesince1990.In1990,unpartneredwomenatthemedianout-earnedtheirpartneredcounterparts($32,300vs.$26,900).Unpartneredwomen’smedianearningshavesinceremainedstagnant,whilepartneredwomen’smedianearningshaveincreasedby$13,100.A$5,400gapinfavorofsinglewomenhasreversedandasof2019hadbecomean$8,000earningsgapinfavorofpartneredwomen.Relatedly,theincomereceivedbypartneredwomenhasincreasedsubstantiallysince1990,andfarfewerofthemlacktheresourcestoliveindependently.Theshareofsinglewomenwhoarefinanciallyvulnerablehasnotchangedmuch(from38%in1990to37%in2019).Bothpartneredandunpartneredwomenareslightlylesslikelytobelivingwithachildthantheywerein1990Womenages25to54Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.“Institutionalized”

referstothoselivinginaninstitution,suchasacorrectionalfacility.“Childinhousehold”

referstooneormorestep-,adoptedorbiologicalchildren.Figuresmaynotcomputetodifferenceduetorounding.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof1990decennialcensusand2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”PEWRESEARCHCENTERWhenitcomestolivingarrangements,comparedwith1990,asignificantlyhighershareofsinglewomennowresidewithatleastoneparent,sothegaponthisscorebetweensingleandpartneredwomenhaswidened(from16to23percentagepointsby2019).15PEWRESEARCHCENTERDifferencesinthesharesofsingleandpartneredwomenwhoarelivingwithachildhavenotchangedsubstantially.Bothgroupswereslightlylesslikelytohaveachildintheirhouseholdin2019thanin1990.Turningtomen,singlemenhavemadeonlyminimalgainsineducationalattainmentsince1990.By2019,26%ofsinglemenhadcompletedatleastabachelor’sdegree,upfrom24%in1990.Educationalgainshavebeenmuchmoresubstantialforpartneredmenoverthisperiod.Thesharewhohadcompletedatleastabachelor’sdegreerose11percentagepointsfrom1990to2019,increasingtheeducationalgapbetweenpartneredandunpartneredmenfrom3to11percentagepoints.Theemploymentandearningsofsinglemenhavedeclinedsince1990Menages25to54Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.Theanalysisofearningsislimitedtothosewithpositiveearnings.“Financiallyvulnerable”referstoadultswithincomesbelow150%ofthepovertylevelforaone-personhousehold,or$19,950,basedontheCensusBureau’spovertylinefor2019.Figuresmaynotcomputetodifferenceduetorounding.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof1990decennialcensusand2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”PEWRESEARCHCENTERSinglemenhavefallenfurtherbehindtheirpartneredcounterpartseducationallyatatimewhenjobopportunitiesforless-educatedmenintheU.S.labormarkethavebecomemorelimited.Thisisreflectedintrendsinemploymentandearnings.Manystudieshavedocumentedrisingjoblessness

amongless-educatedmenofprimeworkingageaccompaniedbyfallingrealwages16PEWRESEARCHCENTERsince1980.Thereislessconsensusonthefactorscontributingtothesedecliningfortunes,butexplanationsusuallyincludethoseinvolvingboththedemandforless-educatedworkersandthesupply.Unpartneredmenwerelesslikelytobeemployedin2019(73%)thantheywerein1990(76%).6Consequently,a16percentagepointgapinjobholdingbetweensingleandpartneredmenhaswidenedsomewhatto18points.Thegapinearningshaswidenedevenmore.Singlemenaretheonlyoneofthefourdemographicgroupstohaveexperiencedasignificantdeclineintheirinflation-adjustedmedianearnings.Thetypicalearningsofunpartneredmenhavefallenby$1,500since1990.Combinedwiththeearningsgainsamongpartneredmen,theearningsgapbetweensingleandpartneredmenwidenedfrom$16,200in1990to$21,400in2019.Singlemenareincreasinglylikelytoliveintheirparent(s)’homeMenages25to54Note:Unpartneredadultsarethosewhoareneithermarriednorlivingwithanunmarriedpartner.“Institutionalized”referstothoselivinginaninstitution,suchasacorrectionalfacility.“Childinhousehold”referstooneormorestep-,adoptedorbiologicalchildren.Figuresmaynotcomputetodifferenceduetorounding.Source:PewResearchCenteranalysisof1990decennialcensusand2019AmericanCommunitySurvey(IPUMS).“RisingShareofU.S.AdultsAreLivingWithoutaSpouseorPartner”PEWRESEARCHCENTERAsisthecaseamongwomen,unpartneredmenaremorelikelynowtobelivingwithaparentthantheywerein1990,whiletheshareofpartneredmendoingsohasremainedaboutthesame.Some31%ofsinglemenlivedwithaparentin2019,upfrom27%in1990.Thegapintheshareofmenwhoareinstitutionalizedhaswidenedoverthisperiod.6Theemploymentdeclinedoesnotreflectcyclicalfactors.Boththe1990decennialcensusand2019AmericanCommunitySurveywerecollectedatbusinesscyclepeaks.17PEWRESEARCHCENTERWhenitcomestolivingwithchildren,8%ofunpartneredmendidsoin2019,comparedwith61%ofpartneredmen.Thegapbetweenthetwogroupsofmenhasnarrowedsomewhatoverthepast30yearsbutremainsquitelarge.18PEWRESEARCHCENTERAcknowledgmentsThisreportisacollaborativeeffortbasedontheinputandanalysisofthefollowingindividuals.Findrelatedreportsonlineat/socialtrendsKimParker,Director,SocialTrendsResearchJulianaHorowitz,AssociateDirector,ResearchRichardFry,SeniorEconomistStellaSechopoulos,ResearchAssistantRachelMinkin,ResearchAssociateAnnaBrown,ResearchAssociateTanyaArditi,CommunicationsManagerMichaelKeegan,SeniorInformationGraphicsDesignerTravisMitchell,DigitalProducerDavidKent,SeniorCopyEditor19PEWRESEARCHCENTERMethodologyTheanalysisutilizes1990and2000decennialcensusdataandtheAmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS).CollectedbytheU.S.CensusBureau,theACSisthelargesthouseholdsurveyintheUnitedStates,withasampleofmore