俄罗斯及乌克兰矿业对欧盟及世界的重要性

Russia’sand

Ukraine’smetal-

and

mineral

productionand

theirimportance

forEUand

theworldAstudyfor

Svemin-

the

SwedishAssociationof

Mines,

Mineral

and

Metal

ProducersApril

2022IntroductionTheimport

dependency

of

theEU

formetals

like

iron

ore,copper

and

bauxite/aluminiumas

well

asCriticalRaw

Materials

(CRM)

is

well

known.

When

theRussian

invasionof

Ukraine

runsintoitsthirdmonth

thequestion

arises:

How

is

EU’s

supply

situationaffected

by

changing

tradelinks

andby

thedestructionofmines

andsmeltersin

Ukraine.This

study

covers:oooooooRussia

as

amining

country

historicallyRussian,Ukrainianand

Belarussianproductionof

metals

and

mineralsRussianexports

of

these

metals

and

mineralsEU’s

import

dependence

on

Russia

and

UkraineThemost

important

Russian

andUkrainianmining

companiesRussia’s

importance

as

a

supplier

ofmetals

and

mineralsforcertainbranches

ofindustryResultsof

potentialsanctionsagainstRussian

metalsandmineralsproduction

and

effects

ofdestruction

inUkraine2SummaryIooHistoricallyRussia

has

been

an

important

mining

nation.

Itsrole

ona

worldscale

has

howeverdiminishedafter

the

Soviet

Union

collapsed.Russia

is

stillan

important

producer

and

exporter

ofnickel,palladiumand

othermetalsintheplatinumgroup

ofmetals(PGM),

vanadium,

goldand

a

host

of

other

metals.

Amongtheindustrialmineralspotash

and

phosphates

are

themostimportant,

both

raw

materialsto

produce

feretilizers.ooAs

a

formerworld

power

Russia

,

as

theonlycountry

except

China,

mines

most

if

notalloftheCRMs.Metals

and

mineralsfrom

Russia

are

much

less

economically

important

fortheEU

than

theRussianexports

of

oil

andgas.ooNickel

and

palladium(and

other

PGM)arethe

mostimportant

metals

for

whichRussia

accounts

for

amajorshareof

EU’s

imports.Since

15th

of

March

itis

prohibitedto

importcertainsteel

products

andluxurygoods

fromRussia

totheEU.”Strictlynecessary”

transactions

offossil

fuels,titanium,

aluminium,

copper,

nickel,palladiumand

ironore

arestillpossible.3Summary

IIShort

termconsequences

forthe

EUoRussian

production

of

nickeland

PGM

isusinghigh

quality

ores

fromthe

Kola

peninsula

and

Siberia.If

these

mineswould

be

replaced

byoresfrom

other

minesthecarbon

dioxide

foot

print

would

increaseconsiderably.

Partly

because

other

ores

have

adifferent

compositionand

often

lower

grade

and

partly

as

transports

to

the

EU

would

belonger.oooGold

isthe

largest

iteminEU’s

metal

trade

with

Russia

(marginallylessthan

20

billiondollar).

Stopping

the

trade

ingoldwould

havecertain

effects

on

Russia,

but

only

limited

ones

forthe

EU.For

allmetals

and

minerals,which

Russia

minesand

exports,alternative

suppliers

exist

at

least

inthe

slightly

longerterm.

Intheshort

term

some

problems

mightarise

ifRussian

exports

would

stop.ooSuppliers

of

miningequipment

haveput

their

trade

with

Russiancustomer

on

holdtemporarily.

If

businesswith

Russia

will

stopcompletelyan

important

market

will

be

lost

inparticular

forunderground

equipment

as

the

Russian

minesare

more

oftenunderground

operations

than

the

world

average.If

the

export

from

Ukraine

of

high-quality

iron

ore

products

wouldstop

completelyshortages

in

the

EU

could

arise.

Ferrexpo,

theUkrainian

iron

ore

miner,has

already

beenforced

to

stop

someof

itsexports.

The

Swedish

LKAB

and

other

suppliers

of

competing

productscould

benefitfrom

new

customers

and

possiblyhigher

prices.

Theproduction

of

greensteelcould

be

affected

bya

lack

of

suitable

rawmaterials.Chinese

OEMs

and

Chinese

importers

ofores

could

benefitif

Russiantrade

withthe

EU

declines.Long

term

consequences

for

RussiaoMetal

prices,

which

are

already

today

at

an

elevatedlevel

couldremainhigh

inthe

short

term.

In

the

longerrun

the

market

willprobably

reach

anew

equilibriumat

lowerlevelsthan

today.oRussian

miningcompanies

willcontinue

to

lose

market

shares

andRussia’s

importance

as

global

supplierand

exporter

of

metalsandminerals

willcontinue

to

decline.oOligarchs

are

controlling

almostallmajor

miningand

smeltingcompanies

inRussia.

The

effectsof

diminishingeconomic

returns

onthe

support

of

these

oligarchs

forthe

present

regimeinRussia

are

animportant

unknown

inthe

present

political

situation.Long

term

consequences

for

the

EUoInvestments

into

new

minesoutside

of

Russiamightincrease.

Mineralrich

developingcountries

could

benefit.oChina

and

other

potential

buyers

of

metals

and

mineralscould

benefitfrom

trading

with

Russiaas

priceswillmostprobably

be

discounted.

Ifleadingglobal

equipment

producers

opt

out

of

Russia

Chineseproducers

mightfill

this

space

and

increase

their

market

shares.4Summary

IIIConsequences

forUkraineoThe

bombing

and

destruction

of

mines

and

smeltersas

wellasenergy

plants,

distribution

networks

and

other

infrastructure

willmakeitverydifficult

forUkraine

to

keeppresent

productionlevels

of

metals

and

minerals.oMany

minesand

smeltershave

already

beenforced

to

reducetheirproduction

and

many

employeesmightloose

theirjobs.

Thecountry

willalsoloseexport

income.Consequences

forBelarusoooBelarus

isa

world

class

producer

of

potash.

Potassium

isone

ofthe

three

constituents

of

fertilizers.Theproduction

isundersanctions

fromthe

USalready

since

the

violations

of

human

rightsduring

the

2020

presidential

elections.AftertheRussian

invasionof

Ukraine

Lithuania

has

stopped

theexports

of

potash

from

Belarus,

which

is

transited

on

its

way

tothe

Lithuanian

port

ofKlaipeda.

Thisexport

incomeis

crucial

forBelarus.Sanctions

willpush

Belarus

closer

to

Russiathe

onlypotentialbuyer

of

Belarussian

potash.5Valueof

mine

production*2021

(billion

USD)OTHERCISSWEDEN

736%Russia64%107

CIS**248EU

2713NORTH-AMERICAUKRAINE89ASIAAFRICA140LATIN-AMERIKAGlobal

production

in2021

of

metals

andminerals

was

worth

1030

billiondollar

at

theminestage.

If

coal

isincluded

the

valueincreases

to

over2000

billiondollar.208The

formersoviet

block

(todaycalled

CIS)accounts

for

12%

ofthe

total

value

of

production.EU’s

list

of

30

critical

rawmaterials

(CRM)

are

only10%of

the

total

value

(PGMincluded).

PGM

(mainlyplatinum

and

palladium)account

for4%

of

these.TOTALWORLD196OCEANIAThe

singlemostimportant

raw

material

is

ironore

accounting

for35

%

of

the

total

globalvalue.Övrigt12%CRM6%PGMJärnmalm35%Second

after

ironore

are

base

metals

copper,lead/zinc

and

thirdprecious

metals

(goldandsilver)

each

of

those

two

groups

accounts

for20

%

of

the

total

value.Australia

is

the

mostimportant

miningcountry

and

Russia

isnumber

4after

China

and

Brazil.4%

1030Gold/silver21%Basmetaller*The

valueof

mine

productionofmetals,industrial

minerals,diamondsanduranium.See

annexforcompletelist

of

metals/imdustrial

minerals

included.22%**CIS-Commonwealth

of

independentstates:

Azerbaijan,

Armenia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan,

Moldova,Russia,

Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,

UzbekistanGmining’s

contributiontonational

economiesThe

mapshows

mining’scontribution

to

national

economies.In

countries

that

are

colored

inblack

onthe

map,

the

miningindustry

contributes

greatly

to

theeconomy.

DRC

(Congo

Kinshasa)

isthe

country

where

the

miningindustry

contributes

the

mosttothe

economy.

In

Russia,

the

value

ofminingproduction

of

mineralsandmetals

is:

2.2%

of

GDP

and

mineralsand

metals

represent

10.8%

ofexports.

Ukraine:

2.9%

ofGDP

and9.5%

of

exports.

Thus,

Russia

ranks48th

out

of

allcountries

and65.

Sweden48.Russia58.UkraineUkraine

58th

interms

of

theimportance

of

mining.Swedenranks

65th

incomparison.

Justas

inSweden,

the

miningindustry

isregionally

important

in

both

Russiaand

Ukraine.Read

more

about

how

the

index

behindthe

map

isstructured

inthe

annex.1.

DRCHigh

contribution

towealthLowcontribution

to

wealth7Russian

mine

productionRussia

amajor

mining

country.

Ranked

bythevalue

of

its

metal

andmineral

production

attheminestage

thetotal

value

is69billion

USDnumber

fourin

the

world

(7%of

thetotal

value),same

orderof

magnitudeas

BrazilandSouthAfrica.

Gold

andiron

ore

accounts

forroughly

halfof

theRussian

production.

Iron

ore

98

Mt/4%

ofthetotal

world

production,

gold

305ton/9%,copper

813

kt/4%,

nickel

226kt/8%.

Russiancompanies

arealso

major

producers

ofvanadium(23%),

PGM

(20%),

andphosphates

(6%).

Duringthecold

war

Russia/Soviet

Union

developedcapacity

to

producemore

orless

allmetals

andminerals

includingthe

CRM.

Thedemand

of

themilitary

industrial

complex

was

themain

driverofthisdevelopment.Metall/MineralValue$”

Russian

shareofMetall/mineralVärde

$”

Russian

shareofCRMCRM2021total2021totalREETungstenSaltTalkGipsFältspatBorGraphiteTantalumZirconMercuryTelluriumSvavelFloursparMicaBismuthAluminiumGalliumGermaniumBaryteHafniumSiliconNiobiumIndiumTitanium(sponge)0.060.050.040.040.030.030.030.030.010.010.000.000.000.000.000.00*********1.2%3.1%0.3%2.0%2.3%0.9%3.8%1.5%1.4%0.5%1.8%8.0%1.0%0.1%1.6%1.4%5.8%6.3%6.3%0.0%0.5%8.6%1.2%0.5%13%xxCoalGoldIron

orePalladiumPotashCopperDiamondsNickelAsbestRhodiumSilverPhosphaterockPlatinumZincLeadVanadiumKaolinAntimonyBauxiteChromeUraniumMagnesiumCobalt56.617.6515.507.216.645.844.122.921.581.421.101.040.750.580.480.280.240.190.180.150.140.130.090.070.075.4%9.1%4.3%40.9%16.3%3.9%30.4%8.4%64.4%7.7%5.2%6.1%11.6%2.5%4.7%22.7%6.2%16.9%1.6%1.8%5.3%1.4%4.5%0.7%0.8%xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxRussia

mines

most

of

themetals/minerals

on

EU’slist

ofcritical

materials.

Russia

isthelargestproducer

of

palladium.

Other

critical

metalsmined

in

Russia

are

among

others

vanadiumtitanium,

cobalt,

tungsten

(seetable

totheleft).Except

palladium

andvanadium

Russia

is

not

amajor

producerof

any

of

theotherCRM.xxMolybdenTin*Biprodukter

och/eller

utvinns

i

smältverk”Miljarder

USDOther19%Gold/silver27%Base-metals14%69BillionUSDIron

ore23%CRM17%8Kupol

goldmine.

One

of

theworld's

largestgoldmines,

owned

by

Canadian

goldminer

Kinross.Agreement

ofsaletoHighland

Goldinplace.

Production

wasstopped

on

March

22.Russian

minesNornickel

PolarDivision.

Some

of

theworld'srichestdepositsarelocated

around

the

cityofNorilsk.Nickel,

copper,

platinum,palladium,

rhodium,

cobalt,

goldareproduced

here.AlrosadiamondminesNornickel

KoladivisionRusal

bauxitminesGusevogorskoye

ironoremine

where

vanadium

isalsofoundin

the

ore.Owned

by

Evraz.Gold

-

Russiais

theworld'sthird

largestgoldproducer.Uralkali

potash

mines.Represent

16%

ofworldproduction.In

theUralmountains,

UMMCmainly

mines

copper

butalso,lead,

zinc,

selenium,

tellurium,and

indium.MoskvaIron

oreGoldBauxitePhosphate/

potashCopperNickelDiamondsUraniumSteelworkOther9Zinc/

leadUkrainian

mineproductionUkraine

is

byfarthemost

important

mining

countryof

Europe

(Russia

excluded).

Iron

oreisthemainproduct,

77Mt

or

3%of

total

world

production.

Itisthesixth

largest

producer.Manganese

ore

2

Mt,eighthlargest

producingcountry.

Theiron

oreproductsof

Ukraine

areofhighquality

includingpellets.

It

is

theseventh

largest

pellet

producer(4%).Thesteel

andmining

industries

aremostly

controlledbyoligarchs

in

verymuch

the

same

way

asinRussia.ArcelorMittal

owns

onesteel

work

with

captive

ironoremines.Ukraine

shareofMetall/

mineralValue$”

2021CRMtotalIron

ore11.973.33.3%0.3%3.3%7.5%7.7%0.7%1.5%1.6%1.3%0.8%0.1%1.6%0.7%CoalMangan

(malm)Kaolin(lera)Titan

(ilmenit,

rutil)Salt0.360.290.240.120.040.030.020.010.00*xUranIron

oreis

mined

in

several

areas

mainly

in

the

KrivyRih

area.

Cokingcoal

for

theblastfurnaces

ismined

intheDonbass.

Important

steel

centresarefound

in

theDnepropetrovsk

region

andintheneighbourhood

ofDonetsk

in

eastern

Ukraine.

Azovstal

steelworks

inMariupol

hasbeen

almost

completely

destroyed

byRussian

bombardment.

Themanganese

andferroalloy

production

arelocated

inandaround

thecityNikopol

in

anarea

already

hitbythewar.ZirkonGrafitxxGipsFältspatHafniumKisel**Biprodukter

och/eller

utvinns

i

smältverk”Miljarder

USDOther7%CRM2%Russia

andUkraine

are

major

coal

mining

countriesproducing

439Mtand255Mt

respectively

annually.13Ukraine

also

produces

limited

amounts

of

thecriticalraw

materials

titanium,

graphite,silica,

zirconium

anduranium.Iron

ore91%10BillionUSDUkrainian

minesSeveral

steelworks

arelocated

inthe

Donetsk

regionArcelorMittalsNovokrivorozhsky

iron

oremineKievMostcoalmines

are

found

intheDnepropetrovsk

region

aroundDonetskin

eastern

Ukraine.

Morethan

100

coal

mines,

almostall

ofwhich

are

underground

minesFerrexpo’s

Poltavskaya

ironore

mine

producesconcentrate

for

DR

pellets.LuhanskZavalievskygraphite

mineDonetskMariupolAzovstal

steelworksIron

oreMetinvest

Krivoj

Rogironore

mines.Nikopolskoyemanganese

mineGoldBauxitePhosphate/

potashCopperNickelDiamondsUraniumSteelworkOther11Zinc/

leadBelarussian

mineproductionBelarusis

theworld’s

second

largest

producerofpotash,

which

is

usedin

the

production

offertilizers,

trailing

Canada.

Thethird

largestproducing

country

is

Russia

andtogethertheymine2/3of

global

production.

2020Belarussianproduction

was

7.4million

ton

valued

at

7

billiondollar.

This

isequal

to18%

of

total

globalproduction.

Belaruskali

is

thefully

state

ownedcompany

mining

potash.

Itis

oneof

themostimportant

companies

inBelarus.

Thecompany

isthesingle

largesttaxpayerandanimportantsource

of

foreign

currenciesfor

theBelarussianregime.BelarusshareofMetall/

mineralValue$”

2021CRMtotalPotashSalt7,200,1418%0,9%”Miljarder

USDMore

than50%of

EU’s

import

of

potashoriginates

in

Belarus

andRussia

(2020).Restrictions

on

tradewith

Belarussian

potash

andfertilizers

were

introduced

already

in

June

2021.Thiswas

aprotest

against

theviolations

of

humanrightsandtheviolent

oppression

ofcivil

society.Salt2%7.3Belaz,one

of

thelargestproducer

of

trucksincluding

minetrucksis

based

in

thevicinity

ofMinsk.Potash98%BillionUSD12Belarussian

minesBelaz

manufactures

miningtrucks

and

equipment

to

themining

industry.

One

of

thelargest

companies

globally.Lithuania

has

stopped

shippingBelaruskali's

products

via

theport

ofKlaipeda.

Previously,about

12million

tonnes

peryear

were

shippedto

international

markets

viaLithuania.MinskStarobinskoyepotash

minesSalt

minesIron

oreGoldBauxitePhosphate/

potashDiamondsCopperNickelUranium13Zinc/

leadOtherLocus

of

mine

production

historically70EuropeRussia’s

importance

as

a

supplier

of

metals

and60minerals

has

declinedsinceSoviet

times.USAIn

the

1980s

the

Soviet

Union

(the

white

line

inthe

graph)

accounted

for

over

20

%

of

the

valueof

total

world

metaland

mineralproduction.50403020100ChinaTowards

the

endof

the

2010s

thevalue

of

totalCIS

countries

mineoutput

was

onlyaround

10%of

the

total

world

figure.Aquick

decline.USSR/CISAustralia/CanadaThe

Russian/Soviet

share

has

sunk

during

thisperiod

fortwomainreasons:1.

Russian

mineproduction

stagnated

after

thecollapse

of

the

Soviet

Unionin

the

1990s.

Forcertain

metalsand

minerals

production

hasdeclined

and

the

peak

levelsof

the

mid1980shave

not

beenreached

again.2.

Investments

inmininginother

parts

of

theworld

have

beenincreasing

steadily.Chile,Peru,

Brazil,DRC,South

Africa,ZambiaOther14CRITICAL

RAWMATERIALSSUPPLY

RISKEUlist

ofcritical

raw

materialsEU

criticalraw

materialEU

non-critical

rawmaterial%

=Russian

shareofEU’s

importMinesinthe

EU

produce

only

1%

of

the

critical

rawmaterials.

The

largest

supplierof

critical

raw

materials

tothe

EU

is

China,

with

a

share

of

almost

40%,

followed

bySouth

Africa,

Russia,

DRC

and

Brazil.

What

and

how

largeshare

of

each

individualraw

material

the

EU

imports

fromRussia

isshown

inthe

matrix

to

the

right.Vanadium

isthemetal

for

which

European

dependence

onRussia

isgreatest,

85%

comes

fromRussia.

However,the

importedvolumesare

relatively

small.Alternative

producingcountries

are

South

Africa,

Brazil

and

China,

whichLightREEsREEs13%HeavyREEsdominate

world

production

with

just

over60%

of

totalproduction.

The

Russian

steelcompany

Evraz

previouslycontrolled

parts

of

the

South

African

vanadium

production,but

inrecent

years

the

company

has

withdrawn

and

solditsoperations.

Mostof

the

Russian

production

of

nickelandthe

by-products

platinum,

palladium

and

cobalt

arecontrolled

byNornickel

(formerly

Norilsk).

The

company

isone

of

the

largest

nickelcompanies

inthe

world

andoperates

minesand

smelterson

the

Kola

Peninsula

and

innorthern

Siberia.

Allthree

main

raw

materials

for

fertilizersare

produced

inRussia:

nitrogen,

phosphorus

andpotassium.

Nitrogen

isobtained

fromthe

air

usinf

naturalgas

inthe

process.

Phosphorus

and

potassium

aremined.The

Russian

company

Uralkali

has

facilitiesinthe

Uralmountains

where

mostof

the

Russian

production

takesplace.

The

largest

phosphate

producer

isthe

verticallyintegrated

company

Phosagro,

which

isa

major

globalproducer

of

fertilizers.Niobium<1%Germanium

0%Magnesium3%Phosphorusn.a.Borate

1%Scandium

n.a.Strontium

0%Cobalt4%Graphite2%Platinum

16%Beryllium1%Bismuth0%Palladium36%Bauxite2%Antimony0%Vanadium

85%Indium

3%Lithium

12%Tungsten<1%Baryte

<1%Tantalum2%Galliumn.a.Titanium18%Silicon

metal

4%Phosphaterock

15%Coking

coal

36%Flusspat0%Hafnium

0%Potash

31%Chromium

17%Manganese

0%Aluminium

14%Zinc0%Iron

ore

12%RheniumNickel40%GoldCopper9%n.a.=not

availableECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE16Russia’s

metal

and

mineral

exportsDuring

the

Soviettimespart

of

Russia’s

powerand

influence

overthe

entire

”East

bloc”

wasbuilt

on

suppliesof

metals

and

mineralmostimportantly

fuelminerals.

Theparallells

to

thepresent

situation

are

obviousand

exports

ofminerals

of

alltypes

remain

an

corner

stone

forthe

Russian

economy.

Oiland

gas

represent

over50%

of

its

total

export,

metals

and

mineralsaround

10%.Valuetofexport(MUSD)

export

to

EU8322192922268830778917439Share

ofRussiasMetal/

mineral69%80%PtCobaltBerylliumGold95%91%88%82%80%69%66%65%57%57%54%52%51%45%45%38%36%35%32%22%20%19%16%Ni95%82%CoW88%

TungstenPlatinumNickelVanadiumREEPhosphateSilverChromeTitaniumSiliconPGM

otherDiamondsPalladiumAluminiumCopperIron

oreMet.

CoalPotashAu35%CuThe

EU

isthe

singlemostimportamn

receiverofRussian

exports

of

metals

and

minerals.In

the

listto

the

right

52%,

invalueterms,isexported

tothe

EU.

Goldisthe

singlemostimportant

itemvaluedat

more

than

19

billiondollar.

Coking

coalissecond

most

important

at

almost

11

billionUSD

followedby

PGM,

nickel,copper,

aluminiumand

diamonds.EUFe

32%42813541473707318964495224633719801074317761325234The

EU

buys

more

than

80%

of

total

Russianexports

of

cobalt,

beryllium,gold,tngsten

andplatinum.

Slightly

lessbut

stillaround

2/3

of

theRussian

exports

of

nickel,vanadium

and

REE

endup

in

the

EU.PigironZincIn

conclusion

EU

is

averyimportant

market

forRussian

exports

of

metals

and

minerals.Källa:

OECD17EU’s

imports

ofmetals

and

minerals

from

RussiaValuetavimport

från

RussiasandelRussia

av

EUs

import(MUSD)Metall/mineralThe

EU

isanet

importerof

metals

and

mineralsand

itsselfsuffiency

islow

for

mostmetals.

Theimport

dependency

is100%

for

13

ofthe

30

rawmaterials

onEU’s

list

of

CRM.VanadiumPotash*Nickel5685%54%40%36%46116932600PalladiumMet.

CoalTitaniumChromeDiamondsGold22134653813931709957836%18%17%16%16%16%Gold

dominates

in

termsof

value

EU’s

import

ofmetals

from

Russia

17

billionUSD.

However85%Auof

EU’s

importsof

vanadium

comesfrom

Russia,nickel(40%),

palladium

(36%),

coking

coal

(36%)och

potash

(31%)

are

the

metals

forwhich

thedependence

of

Russiaishighest.

For

Russia

theEU

isan

important

customer

of

itscobalt,beryllium,

silicaand

tungsten

whileforthe

EUeach

ofthese

deliveries

islessthan

5%

of

EU’stotal

imports.40%36%NiPd16%

Au54%

K

OPlatinum2Phosphate28215%85%

VaAluminiumREE22791114%13%PGM

otherIron

oreCopperSilverCobaltZircon**IndiumSiliconBerylliumBorate38510981200241173231113%12%9%8%4%4%3%2%1%1%In

the

case

of

a

complete

lossof

metals

importsfrom

Russia

of

the

CRM

the

effectson

the

EUwould

not

necessarily

be

dramatic,

at

least

not

inthe

midtermperspective.

There

are

many

otherexporting

countries

that

could

fill

the

gap

andexport

tothe

EU.3*Russia

&Belarus**ImporterasfrånUkrainaKälla:

OECD18The

transition

toa

fossil

free

future

is

atransition

fromhydro

carbonstometalsAitik

copper

mine

19PhotoCourtesy:

StefanBerg/

BolidenThe

green

transitionRussia’sshare

of

worldproductionKobolt5%AlPalla-dium41%Aluminium6%Nickel8%Copper4%FeVanadin23%The

transition

to

a

fossil

free

societywillincrease

demand

for

metals.Hugevolumesofmetals

are

neededto

produce

batteries,

wind

mills

,

electriccars

etc.MnCuNickel,

lithium,cobalt,

vanadium

and

manganese

are

usedinbatterieis.

Asinglewind

mill

willdemand

severalton

of

aluminiumand

more

than

100

kg

of

the

rareearth

metalneodymium.In

addition

huge

amounts

of

copper

willbe

neededtotransmit

the

electricityfromthe

decentralised

sources

to

the

decentralisedcustomers.

Russiaisthe

seventhlargest

copper

miningcountry

inthe

world.VaCoRussia

isa

major

producer

of

severalmetals.For

example

itisthe

third

largestnickelminer.The

nickelminedinRussia

leavesarelative

smallcarbon

dioxidefoot

print.

Nickel

isextensively

used

inbatteries

depending

on

battery

type

morethan

any

other

metal.There

isa

trend

towards

increasing

the

nickelcontent

inbatteries

inorder

to

reduce

cobalt

where

the

dependence

onminingin

onecountry

Congo

and

refiningin

another

China

isproblematic.NiPlatinum/palladium

are

usedinfuelcelltechnologies.

Russia

also

minescobalt,vanadium,

and

REE.LiUkraine

minesa

smallamount

of

graphite

which

isused

inbattery

cells.20CriticalRaw

Materials

(CRM)

forthe

EUindustry

including

defenseindustryThe

EU

report

CriticalRaw

Materials

forStrategicTechnologies

and

Sectors

inthe

EU

definesdifferent

areas

that

all

use

the

critical

rawmaterials:

advanced

batteries,

fuelcells,windp