经合组织-粮农组织2023-2032年农业展望（英）-2023

OECD

-FAO

AgriculturalOutlook

2023-2032OECD‑FAO

AgriculturalOutlook

2023‑2032This

work

is

published

under

the

responsibility

of

the

Secretary-General

of

the

OECD

and

the

Director-General

of

FAO.The

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expressed

and

arguments

employed

herein

do

not

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official

views

of

the

Membercountries

of

the

OECD,

or

of

the

Food

and

Agriculture

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of

the

United

Nations

or

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Members.The

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and

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territories

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in

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herein,

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of

Jerusalem

is

contained

in

General

Assembly

Resolution

181(II)

of29

November

1947,

and

subsequent

resolutions

of

the

General

Assembly

and

the

Security

Council

concerning

thisquestion.Please

cite

this

publication

as:OECD/FAO

(2023),

OECD-FAO

Agricultural

Outlook

2023-2032,

OECD

Publishing,

Paris,

/10.1787/08801ab7-en.ISBN

978-92-64-61933-3

(print)ISBN

978-92-64-45854-3

(pdf)ISBN

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(HTML)ISBN

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(epub)OECD-FAO

Agricultural

OutlookISSN

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(print)ISSN

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(print

and

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credits:

Cover

©

Original

cover

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designed

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to

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2023Theuseofthiswork,whetherdigitalorprint,isgovernedbytheTermsandConditionstobefoundat/termsandconditions.

3ForewordThe

Agricultural

Outlook2023-2032

is

a

collaborative

effort

of

the

Organisation

for

EconomicCo-operationand

Development

(OECD)

and

the

Food

and

Agriculture

Organization

(FAO)

of

the

United

Nations.

It

bringstogether

the

commodity,

policy

and

country

expertise

of

both

organisations

and

input

from

collaboratingmember

countries

to

provide

an

annual

assessment

of

prospects

for

the

coming

decade

of

national,regionalandglobalagriculturalcommodity

markets.TheAgricultural

Outlook

ispreparedjointlybythe

OECDandFAO

Secretariats.At

the

OECD,

the

baseline

projections

and

Outlook

report

were

prepared

by

members

of

the

Trade

andAgriculture

Directorate:

Marcel

Adenäuer,

Annelies

Deuss,

Armelle

Elasri

(publication

co-ordinator),Hubertus

Gay

(Outlook

co-ordinator),

Céline

Giner,

Gaëlle

Gouarin,

Tomoo

Higuchi,

Lee

Ann

Jackson(Head

of

Division),

Edith

Laget,

Claude

Nénert,

Daniela

Rodriguez

Niño,

and

Grégoire

Tallard

of

the

Agro-Food

Trade

and

Markets

Division,

and

for

fish

and

seafood

by

Claire

Delpeuch

and

Will

Symes

of

theAgricultural

Resources

Policy

Division.

The

partial

stochastic

modelling

builds

on

work

by

the

Economicsof

Agriculture

Unit

of

the

European

Commission's

Joint

Research

Centre.

The

organisation

of

meetingsand

publication

preparation

were

provided

by

Caitlin

Boros,

Edmund

Linton,

Catalina

Mas,

andMichèle

Patterson.

Wilfrid

Legg

provided

language

review

for

the

publication.

Technical

assistance

in

thepreparation

of

the

Outlook

database

was

provided

by

Karine

Lepron,

Marc

Regnier

and

Eric

Espinasse.Many

other

colleagues

in

the

OECD

Secretariat

and

member

country

delegations

provided

usefulcommentsonearlierdrafts

ofthereport.At

the

Food

and

Agriculture

Organization

of

the

United

Nations,

the

baseline

projections

and

Outlook

reportwere

prepared

by

members

of

the

Markets

and

Trade

Division

(EST)

under

the

leadership

of

BoubakerBen-Belhassen

(EST

Division

Director),

with

the

overall

guidance

of

Máximo

Torero

(FAO

ChiefEconomist)

and

by

the

Economic

and

Social

Development

Stream

Management

team.

The

coreprojections

team

consisted

of:

Sabine

Altendorf,

Sergio

René

Araujo

Enciso,

Giulia

Caddeo,

AndréCroppenstedt,Holger

Matthey

(TeamLeader),SvetlanaMladenovic,SabinaTuspayevaandIrmak

Yaka.Forfish,theteamconsistedofPierreCharlebois,AdrienneEgger,andStefaniaVannuccinifromtheFAOFisheries

and

Aquaculture

Division.

Advice

on

fishmeal

and

fish

oil

issues

and

historical

data

were

providedby

Enrico

Bachis

from

the

Marine

Ingredients

Organisation

(IFFO).

Macroeconomic

projections

benefitedfrom

theinput

by

Oxford

Economics.

The

sugar

and

cotton

sections

were

contributed

by

MamounAmroukand

Fabio

Palmeri,

with

data

and

technical

advice

by

Lorena

Ruiz

from

the

International

Cotton

AdvisoryCommittee(ICAC).

The

section

on

bananas

and

major

tropical

fruits

was

prepared

by

Sabine

Altendorf,Giuseppe

Bonavita

and

Pascal

Liu.

Carola

Fabi,

Salar

Tayyib

and

Francesco

Tubiello

advised

onFAOSTAT

data.

Commodity

expertise

was

provided

by

Erin

Collier,

Shirley

Mustafa,

G.A.

UpaliWickramasinghe,

and

Di

Yang.

Marion

Delport

and

Jodie

Hattingh

from

the

Bureau

for

Food

andAgricultural

Policy

(BFAP)

contributed

material

and

expertise

to

Box

1.1.

Research

assistance

anddatabase

preparation

were

provided

by

David

Bedford,

Harout

Dekermendjian,

Annamaria

Giusti,

GraceMaria

Karumathy,

Yanyun

Li,

Lavinia

Lucarelli,

Emanuele

Marocco,

and

Marco

Milo.

This

edition

alsobenefited

from

comments

made

by

various

colleagues

from

FAO

and

member

country

institutions.

TheOECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO20234

authors

would

like

to

thank

Araceli

Cardenas,

Yongdong

Fu,

Jonathan

Hallo,

Jessica

Mathewson,

KimberlySullivan,andEttoreVecchionefortheir

invaluableassistancewithpublicationandcommunicationissues.Tracy

Davids

from

BFAP

led

the

drafting

of

the

Regional

Briefs.

They

were

produced

with

generous

supportfrom

the

FAO

Regional

offices

and

national

collaborators.

Special

thanks

go

to

Mohammed

Ahmed

(RNE),Nicolas

Coppellotti

(RLC),AzizElbehri

(RAP),ChengFang

(REU),StephanGagne

(AAFC/AAC),DanielaGodoy

(RLC),

Suffyan

Koroma

(RAF),

Mario

Lubetkin

(RLC),

Ameir

Mbonde

(RAF),

Ahmad

Mukhtar(RNE),TamaraNanitashvili(RNE),MayaTakadi(RLC)andPieter

VanLierop(RLC)).Finally,

information

and

feedback

provided

by

the

International

Cotton

Advisory

Committee,

InternationalDairy

Federation,

International

Fertilizer

Association,

International

Grains

Council,

International

SugarOrganization,

Marine

Ingredients

Organisation

(IFFO)

and

World

Association

of

Beet

and

Cane

Growersisgratefullyacknowledged.The

complete

Agricultural

Outlook,

including

the

fully

documented

Outlook

database

that

includes

historicaldataand

projections,canbe

accessedthroughtheOECD-FAOjointinternetsite:

.The

published

Agricultural

Outlook

2023-2032

is

available

in

the

OECD’s

iLibrary

and

FAO

DocumentRepository.OECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO2023

5Table

of

contentsForeword3111720AbbreviationsandacronymsExecutiveSummary1Agriculturalandfoodmarkets:Trendsandprospects1.1.

Macroeconomicandpolicyassumptions242842576675761.2.Consumption1.3.

Production1.4.Trade1.5.

PricesReferencesNotes2Regionalbriefs772.1.Regional

Outlook:Developedand

EastAsia2.2.Regionaloutlook:SouthandSoutheastAsia2.3.Regionaloutlook:SubSaharanAfrica2.4.Regionaloutlook:Near

EastandNorthAfrica2.5.Regionaloutlook:EuropeandCentralAsia2.6.Regionaloutlook:NorthAmerica2.7.Regionaloutlook:LatinAmericaandthe

CaribbeanReferences788795105113122131140141Notes3Cereals1433.1.

Projectionhighlights3.2.Currentmarkettrends3.3.

Marketprojections3.4.RisksanduncertaintiesNote1441451461541574Oilseedsandoilseed

products1584.1.

Projectionhighlights4.2.Currentmarkettrends4.3.

Marketprojections1591601611694.4.RisksanduncertaintiesOECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO20236

5Sugar1705.1.

Projectionhighlights1711721731821835.2.Currentmarkettrends5.3.

Marketprojections5.4.RisksanduncertaintiesNotes6Meat1846.1.

Projectionhighlights6.2.Currentmarkettrends6.3.

Marketprojections6.4.RisksanduncertaintiesNotes1851871881972017Dairyanddairyproducts2027.1.

Projectionhighlights7.2.Currentmarkettrends7.3.

Marketprojections7.4.RisksanduncertaintiesNote2032042052112138Fish2148.1.

Projectionhighlights8.2.Currentmarkettrends8.3.

Marketprojections8.4.RisksanduncertaintiesNotes2152162172222249Biofuels2259.1.

Projectionhighlights9.2.Currentmarkettrends9.3.

Marketprojections9.4.RisksanduncertaintiesNotes22622722823423510Cotton23610.1.Projectionhighlights10.2.Currentmarkettrends10.3.Marketprojections10.4.Risksand

uncertaintiesNotes23723823924524711Otherproducts24811.1.Rootsand

tubers11.2.Pulses11.3.BananasandmajortropicalfruitsNote249251253261OECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO2023

7AnnexA.Glossary262266271AnnexB.MethodologyAnnexC.StatisticalAnnexTablesTable2.1.

RegionalIndicators:

DevelopedandEastAsiaTable2.2.

RegionalIndicators:

SouthandSoutheastAsiaTable2.3.

Regionalindicators:

SubSaharanAfricaTable2.4.

Regionalindicators:

NearEastandNorthAfricaTable2.5.

Regionalindicators:

Europeand

CentralAsiaTable2.6.

Regionalindicators:

NorthAmerica8694104112121130138148228Table2.7.

RegionalIndicators:

LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanRegionTable3.1.

Riceper

capitafood

consumptionTable9.1.

Biofuelproductionranking

andmajorfeedstockFiguresFigure1.1.

Market

conditionsforkeycommodities22242626293030313233343536363738383940414143444546464748495051545556585961Figure1.2.

WorldpopulationgrowthFigure1.3.

Per

capitaincomeFigure1.4.

AnnualGDPgrowthratesFigure1.5.

GlobaluseofmajorcommoditiesFigure1.6.

Use

ofagriculturalcommoditiesby

typeand

regionFigure1.7.

Averageannualgrowthin

demand

for

keycommoditygroups,2013-22

and

2023-32Figure1.8.

Contributionoffoodgroupsto

totaldailypercapitacalorie

foodconsumptionby

regionFigure1.9.

Regionalcontributionsto

fooddemandgrowthbyregion,2013-22and2023-32Figure1.10.Evolutionofdailypercapitacalorieconsumption,byfoodgroupsand

income

levelFigure1.11.Foodas

ashareofhousehold

expendituresbyregionFigure1.12.Globalstaplesandother

fieldcrop

lossesalong

thevaluechainFigure1.13.GlobaldistributionwasteFigure1.14.Foodlossandwastealongthe

foodvaluechainFigure1.15.Evolutionin

per

capitafoodconsumptionof

sugar,byworldregion,2020-22to2032Figure1.16.Contributionof

proteinsourcesto

totaldailypercapitafoodconsumptionFigure1.17.Meatconsumptioninthe

largestconsumingcountries,2032Figure1.18.Feeddemandbycomponentandby

region,2013-22and2023-32Figure1.19.Annualchange

in

feeduseand

in

livestockproduction,2023-2032Figure1.20.Changesin

biofuelconsumptionin

keyconsumingcountriesFigure1.21.Shareof

biofuelandotherindustrialusesin

totaluse

ofagriculturalcommoditiesFigure1.22.Trendsin

globalagriculturalproductionFigure1.23.Sourcesof

growthin

crop

productionFigure1.24.Changeinprojectedyieldsforselectedcropsandcountries,2023to

2032Figure1.25.Mainproducersandtradersofnitrogen-basedfertilisers(average2016-2020)Figure1.26.ChangeinN-fertiliserapplicationper

hectare

andyieldsfor

maize,2023to

2032Figure1.27.Changeinagriculturalcommoditypricesdueto

25%increasein

fertiliserpricesFigure1.28.GloballivestockandfishproductiononaproteinbasisFigure1.29.Globalmeat

productionincarcassweightequivalentFigure1.30.Changesin

inventoriesofdairyherdsand

yields,

2020-2022

to

2032Figure1.31.RegionalfishproductionFigure1.32.DirectGHGemissionfromcropand

livestockproduction,by

activityFigure1.33.Annualchange

in

agriculturalproductionanddirectGHGemissions,2023

to2032Figure1.34.Changeinagriculturalland

use2020-22to

2032Figure1.35.Growthintradevolumes,

bycommodityFigure1.36.Shareof

productiontraded,bycommodityFigure1.37.Nettradebyregion,in

constantvalueOECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO20238

Figure1.38.GrowthinagriculturalandindustrialtradeFigure1.39.Averageconnectivitybetweencountriesintheglobalfoodandagriculturaltradenetwork,1995-2019626365676869697070717273Figure1.40.Tradeas

ashareoftotalproductionandconsumptionby

region,in

calorieequivalentsFigure1.41.Long-termevolutionof

commodityprices,in

realtermsFigure1.42.FAOFoodPriceIndexFigure1.43.Medium-termevolutionof

crop-basedcommodityprices,in

realtermsFigure1.44.Cereals’priceratiosFigure1.45.BiofuelpriceratiosFigure1.46.Medium-termevolutionofanimal-basedcommodityprices,inrealtermsFigure1.47.Meatto

feedpriceratiosFigure1.48.DairypriceratiosFigure1.49.Baselineand

stochasticintervalsforselectedinternationalreferencepricesFigure2.1.

Chinaamajordriver

ofgrowthinagricultureandfish

outputin

theDevelopedandEastAsiaregion

83Figure2.2.

Changeinareaharvestedandland

usein

DevelopedandEastAsiaFigure2.3.

LivestockproductioninDevelopedandEastAsia8484Figure2.4.

Demandforkeycommodities,

foodavailabilityandagriculturaltradebalancesin

DevelopedandEastAsia85919292Figure2.5.

Slowinggrowthofagricultureandfishoutputin

SouthandSoutheast

AsiaregionFigure2.6.

Changeinareaharvestedandland

usein

SouthandSoutheastAsiaFigure2.7.

LivestockproductioninSouthandSoutheastAsiaFigure2.8.

Demandforkeycommodities,

foodavailabilityandagriculturaltradebalancesin

SouthandSoutheastAsiaFigure2.9.

Per

capitanetvalueofagricultureandfishproductionin

Sub-Saharan

AfricaFigure2.10.Fertiliser

applicationper

hectareoflandusedfor

crop

productionislowin

Sub-Saharan

AfricaFigure2.11.Changeinareaharvestedand

landuseinSub-Saharan

AfricaFigure2.12.Livestockproductionin

Sub-Saharan

AfricaFigure2.13.Demandfor

key

commodities,foodavailabilityandagriculturaltradebalance

inSubSaharanAfricaFigure2.14.Valueofnetfoodimportsper

capitainNearEastandNorthAfrica(includingprocessedproducts)

10993101101102102103Figure2.15.Self-sufficiencyratiosfor

selectedcommoditiesinNearEastandNorthAfricaFigure2.16.Changeinareaharvestedand

landuseinNear

EastandNorthAfricaFigure2.17.Livestockproductionin

NearEastandNorthAfricaFigure2.18.Demandfor

key

commodities,foodavailabilityandagriculturaltradebalance

inNearEastandNorthAfrica109110110111Figure2.19.Netexportsofagricultureand

fishproductsfromEuropeandCentralAsia(includingprocessedproducts)118119119Figure2.20.Changeinareaharvestedand

landuseinEuropeandCentralAsiaFigure2.21.Livestockproductionin

EuropeandCentralAsiaFigure2.22.Demandfor

key

commodities,foodavailabilityandagriculturaltradebalance

inEuropeandCentralAsia120126127128128Figure2.23.Caloriesusedinfood,feedand

other

usein

NorthAmericaFigure2.24.Trendsin

exportmarketsharesof

selectedcommoditiesofNorthAmericaFigure2.25.Changeinareaharvestedand

landuseinNorthAmericaFigure2.26.Livestockproductionin

NorthAmericaFigure2.27.Demandfor

key

commodities,foodavailabilityandagriculturaltradebalancesinNorthAmerica

129Figure2.28.Trendsin

exportmarketsharesof

the

LatinAmericaand

theCaribbeanFigure2.29.Changeinareaharvestedand

landuseinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanFigure2.30.Livestockproductionin

LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanFigure2.31.Demandfor

key

commoditiesandfoodavailabilityin

LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanFigure3.1.

Regionalcontributionof

growthin

cerealproduction2020-22

to

2032Figure3.2.

Globaluseofcerealsin2032135136136137145146147149151151153154Figure3.3.

Globalcerealdemandconcentrationin

2032Figure3.4.

Globalcerealproductionconcentrationin

2032Figure3.5.

Tradeas

apercentageof

productionand

consumptionFigure3.6.

Globalcerealtradeconcentrationin2032Figure3.7.

Monthlypricesforwheat,maizeand

barleyFigure3.8.

WorldcerealpricesFigure3.9.

Effectsof

maizeyieldincreasesin

Mexico

on

productionandtradein

MexicoandtheUnitedStates156Figure4.1.

Proteinmealandvegetableoilproductionbytype159OECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO2023

9Figure4.2.

Per

capitafoodconsumptionofvegetableoilin

selectedcountriesFigure4.3.

Share

of

vegetableoil

usedfor

biodieselproductionFigure4.4.

Averageannualgrowthin

proteinmealconsumptionandanimalproduction(2023-32)Figure4.5.

Oilseedcrushbycountryorregion161162163164165166Figure4.6.

OilseedproductionbyregionFigure4.7.

Averageannualyieldgrowthfor

palmoilandoilseedsFigure4.8.

Share

of

exportsin

total

productionofoilseedsand

oilseedproductsforthetopthreeexportingcountriesFigure4.9.

Exportsofoilseedsandoilseedproductsby

regionFigure4.10.Evolutionofworldoilseed

pricesFigure5.1.

Sugar

productionandtrade,by

region167168168172174175177178180181181Figure5.2.

Carbohydrateconsumptionper

capitaandby

type,in

thedifferentregionsFigure5.3.

Carbohydrateconsumptionper

capita,pertype,

inthe

differentregionsFigure5.4.

Worldproductionofsugarcropsclassifiedaccordingto

theirendproductFigure5.5.

Mainsugarproducingcountries/regions

classifiedbysugar

cropsFigure5.6.

Rawandwhitesugarimports,by

regionsFigure5.7.

Sugar

exportsfor

major

countriesandregionsFigure5.8.

Evolutionofworldsugar

pricesFigure6.1.

GrowthinGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)

andchangeinpercapitaconsumptionfor

meat,

1990to2040186190192193193194195197199200203206207208209210211215218219220221226229229233234238239241242242243244245250253255260Figure6.2.

Share

of

proteinsforeachmeat

typein

totalmeatproteins

consumptionFigure6.3.

Totalanimal-basedfood

energydemandprojectionsperregionover

timeinEJFigure6.4.

Growthof

meatproductionbymeat

type,2032vs.

2020-22Figure6.5.

Kilogramof

drymatterfeedrequiredperkilogramofedibleweight,2013Figure6.6.

AnimaldiseasesaroundtheworldFigure6.7.

Assumptionsonthe

impactofAfricanSwineFeveron

meat

productionFigure6.8.

Worldreference

pricesfor

meat‒risingin

nominal,but

fallingin

real

termsFigure6.9.

Increasingshareof

meat

tradedfromFMDfree

zoneto

FMD

marketsFigure6.10.SelectedbeefandpigmeatreferencepricesFigure7.1.

Per

capitaconsumptionofprocessedandfreshdairyproductsin

milksolidsFigure7.2.

Per

capitaconsumptionof

cheesein

selectedregionsFigure7.3.

Annualchangesin

inventoriesofdairyherdandyieldsbetween2022and

2032Figure7.4.

Milkproductionandyieldin

selectedcountriesandregionsFigure7.5.

Exportsofdairyproductsby

regionFigure7.6.

Importsof

dairyproductsby

regionFigure7.7.

Dairyproductprices,2002-2032Figure8.1.

WorldfishpricesFigure8.2.

Per

capitafishconsumptionFigure8.3.

Aquacultureand

capturefisheriesproductionFigure8.4.

Share

offishmealandfishoil

obtainedfromfishresiduesFigure8.5.

Tradeof

fishfor

humanconsumptionby

incomeregionsFigure9.1.

Regionalcontributionof

growthinbiofuelconsumptionFigure9.2.

Biofueldemandtrendsin

major

regionsFigure9.3.

WorldbiofuelproductionfromtraditionalandadvancedfeedstocksFigure9.4.

Biofueltrade

dominatedbyafew

globalplayersFigure9.5.

The

evolutionofbiofuelpricesand

biofuelfeedstockpricesFigure10.1.Globalplayersin

cottonmarketsin2032Figure10.2.Historicaltrendsin

consumptionoftextilefibresFigure10.3.Cottonmillconsumptionby

regionFigure10.4.Worldcottonproduction,consumption,and

stocksFigure10.5.Cottonyieldsand

areaharvestedin

majorproducingcountriesFigure10.6.EvolutionofglobalsustainableandorganiccottonFigure10.7.Tradeas

apercentageof

cottonproductionandmillconsumptionFigure10.8.WorldcottonpricesFigure11.1.Globalplayersin

rootsand

tubersmarketsin

2032Figure11.2.Per

capitafood

consumptionofPulsespercontinentFigure11.3.Exportsofbananasby

thefourmajor

LACexportersFigure11.4.Globalexportsof

thefourmajor

tropicalfruitsOECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO202310

BoxesBox1.1.Foodlossandwaste:

Definitions,globalestimatesanddriversBox1.2.Genderandfoodsystems3452Box1.3.Fromglobalisationtoregionalisation62Box3.1.Mexico’sNational

DevelopmentPlan155188191198Box6.1.EdibleretailweightBox6.2.MeatsectorfoodlossandwasteBox6.3.ImplicationsofFootandMouthDisease(FMD)

and

globalmeatmarketsegmentationFollow

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2023–2032©OECD/FAO2023

11AbbreviationsandacronymsAfCFTAAFOLUAMISASFAfricanContinentalFreeTradeAreaAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUseAgriculturalMarketInformationSystemAfricanSwineFeverB30BFAPblnAlternative

diesel

fuelconsistingof

regularpetroleumdiesel

(70%)blendedwithbiodiesel(30%)BureauforFoodandAgriculturalPolicyBillionblnLblntBillionlitresBillionmetrictonnesBRICSBSECAPCETACIFEmergingeconomiesofBrazil,RussianFederation,India,ChinaandSouthAfricaBovineSpongiformEncephalopathyCommonAgriculturalPolicy(EuropeanUnion)ComprehensiveEconomicandTradeAgreementCost,insuranceandfreightCOMTRADECOP21CPICommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase21st

ConferenceofthePartiestothe1992UnitedNationsFramework

Conventionon

ClimateChangeConsumerPriceIndexCPOCPTPPCVCrudePalmOilComprehensiveandProgressiveAgreementforTrans-PacificPartnershipCoefficient

ofvariationc.w.e.DDGsdwCarcassweightequivalentDriedDistiller’s

GrainsDryweightdwtDressedcarcassweightE10E15E20EBAFuelmixturecomposedof

10%ethanol

and

90%gasolineFuelmixturecomposedof

15%ethanol

and

85%gasolineFuelmixturecomposedof

20%

ethanol

and

80%gasolineEverything-But-ArmsInitiative(EuropeanUnion)EthanolBlendedPetrolEBPEJExajouleElNiñoEPAClimaticconditionassociatedwiththe

temperatureofmajorseacurrentsUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEconomicPartnershipAgreementsEconomicResearchServiceof

theUS

Department

for

AgricultureEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaand

thePacificUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsiaEstimateEPAsERSESCAPESCWAestEUEVsEuropeanUnion(excludestheUnitedKingdom)ElectricVehiclesFAOFBSFoodand

AgricultureOrganizationof

theUnited

NationsFoodBalanceSheetFDIForeignDirectInvestmentFFVFlex-FuelVehiclesFLWFoodlossandwasteOECD-FAOAGRICULTURALOUTLOOK

2023–2032©OECD/FAO202312

FMDFOBFTAFootandMouthDisease