演讲的文体特点

StylisticFeatureofSpeechWhatisPubicSpeaking?Publicspeakingisthewayofmakingyourideaspublic,ofsharingthemwithotherpeopleandinfluencethem.TypesofPublicSpeakingInformative信息性演讲Persuasive劝说性演讲QualificationofaGoodSpeechApropertopicwithaclearpurpose选题合适，意图明确Wealthycontentsandconvincingmaterials内容丰富，有理有据Reasonablestructureandlogicaldevelopment展开得当，布局合理AppropriateRhetoric修辞得体BasicStructureofaSpeechIntroductionBodyConclusionBeginningtheSpeechGettheAudience’sAttentionEstablishtheneedRevealthetopicandyourinterestorpointofviewEstablishcredibilityandgoodwillwiththeaudiencePreviewthebodyofthespeechHowtoopenyourspeechAskingrhetoricalquestion设问Creatingasuspense悬念Relatingastory/anexample讲故事/举例Citingaquotation引言Acknowledgingaudience/referringtotheaudience致谢/点题Reviewinghistory回顾历史DevelopmentoftheBodySupportingMaterialsExamples事例Statistics数据Testimony/Quotation证言/引言TransitionsOrganizationalPatternsTopicalChronologicalPast/present/futureSpatialClassificationProblem/solutionCause/effect/solutionTopicalWhatissueswilldeterminethe2004PresidentialElection?-----HealthCare-----Economy-----NationalSecurityclassificationWhowillwinthe2004PresidentialElection?------Independence------Democrats------RepublicansConclusion/endingthespeechSummarizeSignaltheendofthespeechMotivetheaudienceHowtoconcludeSummingupgist总结要点Citingaquotation引言Referringtotheintroduction首尾呼应Issuingachallengeoranappeal提出挑战，呼吁行动LanguagestyleClarityandEconomy简洁、清晰Precision准确Vividness生动Appropriate恰当ClarityoflanguageAvoidpolysyllabicwords.Useforeignwordsandphrasessparingly.Avoidtechnicallanguagewhenspeakingtolistenersoutofyourprofession.PrecisionoflanguageUse“omnibus”wordssparinglyAvoidhazywordsAvoidwordsthathavebecomeemotionallychargedlabels(Synonyms)Concreteandprecise具体准确Taxeswillgoup.Taxeswillincreaseby22percent.Sheiswealthy.Shemakes＄400,000ayear,hasawinterhomeinSanDiegoandasummerhomeinSwitzerland,andownsfourdifferentsportscars.用alarmingly（贬义）代替surprisingly（中性）使听众体会的巨大危险或不愉快来临时的吃惊，紧张得情绪。用turnout(贬义）代替result(中性）使听众体会到结果得出人意料和不知所措。用challenging(褒义)代替difficult(中性）使听众感受到困难的相对有趣和积极性。用determined(褒义)代替unyielding(中性)时听众感受到讲话人坚决地毫不动摇的决心。VividnessoflanguageAvoidtheoverworkedwordsandexpressionsUsepersonalpronouns.Varythesentence.Usefigurativelanguageoccasionally.UseassertivesentenceUseactivevoicevividness形象的描绘色彩、声音、光、味觉、嗅觉等的感性语言称之为生动的语言（Beebe,1994:294）富兰克林罗斯福于1941年在日本偷袭珍珠港后在国会所做的演讲Adatewhichwillliveinworldhistory.Adatewhichwillliveininfamy.(一个遗臭万年的日子)美国人们的愤慨和对日本侵略者的谴责AssertivesentenceThecommitteerejectedtheproposal.TheproposalwasfavoredbymanagementActivevoiceManagementfavoredtheproposal.Theproposalwasfavoredbymanagement.Varythesentence“Itisinvain,sir,toextenuatethematter.Gentlemenmaycry,Peace,Peace--butthereisnopeace.Thewarisactuallybegun!Thenextgalethatsweepsfromthenorthwillbringtoourearstheclashofresoundingarms!Ourbrethrenarealreadyinthefield!Whystandwehereidle?Whatisitthatgentlemenwish?Whatwouldtheyhave?Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath!”“先生，大事化小，小事化无的做法无济于事。各位先生可以呼喊和平，和平！但是和平并不存在。事实上战争已经开始！不久北方刮起的风暴即将带来震耳的隆隆炮声。我们的弟兄已经开赴战场，为什么我们还在这里投闲置散？诸君究竟希望什么？他们会得到什么？难道生命真的这样可贵，和平真的这样美好，竟值得用枷锁和奴役为代价？全能的上帝啊，制止他们这样做吧！我不知道别人选择什么样的道路，但对我来说，不自由，毋宁死！”————不自由，毋宁死——帕特里克.亨利里根总统就挑战者号航天飞机失事做的悼词：Thisisatrulynationalloss.Nineteenyearsagoalmosttotheday,welostthreeastronautsinaterribleaccidentontheground.Butwe’veneverlostanastronautinflight.We’veneverhadatragedylikethis.Andperhapswe’veforgottenthecourageittookforthecrewoftheshuttle.appropriateness

occasion/purpose/audienceChecktomakesurethatthewordsyouareusingarenotgoingtooffendanyone.Sexist,ageist,racistTipsforEffectiveSpeakingOvercomingStageFrightVocalEffectsVisualAidsNonverbalMeansofCommunicationTypesofDeliveryVocalEffectsVolumePronunciationandArticulationPitchandInflectionsRatePauseNonverbalMeansofCommunicationPersonalappearanceEyecontactPostureGestureFacialExpressionTypesofDeliveryManuscriptDelivery念稿演讲MemorizedDelivery背诵演讲ImpromptuDelivery即兴演讲Outline/ExtemporaneousDelivery提纲演讲FiguresofspeechSimileMetaphorPersonificationAntithesisClimaxSynecdocheMetonymyAlliterationonomatopoeiaSimile“Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProclamation.ThismomentousdecreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.Itcameasajoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightoftheircaptivity.”“100年前，一位伟大的美国人——今天我们就站在他象征性的身影下——签署了《解放宣言》。这项重要法令的颁布，对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴，犹如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔，恰似结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅黎明。”————我有一个梦想——马丁·路德·金Metaphor“Butonehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishedinthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.Andsowe'vecomeheretodaytodramatizeashamefulcondition.”“100年后，黑人依然没有获得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物质繁荣翰海的贫困孤岛上。100年后，黑人依然在美国社会中间向隅而泣，依然感到自己在国土家园中流离漂泊。”

————我有一个梦想——马丁·路德·金PersonificationBookscannotbekilledbyfire.Peopledied,butbooksneverdie.Nomanandnoforcecanabolishmemory…Inthiswar,weknow,booksareweapons.----byFranklinD.RooseveltAntithesis“Idonotshrinkfromthisresponsibility--Iwelcomeit.Idonotbelievethatanyofuswouldexchangeplaceswithanyotherpeopleoranyothergeneration.