水泥窑余热发电概述

水泥窑余热发电概述水泥窑余热发电概述<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">水泥窑余热发电技术是直接对水泥窑在熟料煅烧过程中窑头窑尾排放的余热废气进行回收，通过余热锅炉产生蒸汽带动汽轮发电机发电。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">一条日产5000<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">吨水泥熟料生产线每天可利用余热发电21-24<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">万度，可解决约60%<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">的熟料生产自用电，产品综合能耗可下降约18%<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，每年节约标准煤约2.5<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">万吨，减排二氧化碳约6<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">万吨。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">水泥纯低温余热发电技术是指在新型干法水泥熟料生产线生产过程中，通过余热回收装置——余热锅炉将水泥窑窑头、窑尾排出大量的低品位废气余热进行热交换回收，产生过热蒸汽推动汽轮机实现热能向机械能的转换，从而带动发电机发出电能，窑头锅炉所发电能供水泥生产过程中使用。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">水泥窑纯低温余热发电背景<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">随着水泥熟料煅烧技术的发展，发达国家水泥工业节能技术水平发展很快，低温余热在水泥生产过程中被回收利用，水泥熟料热能利用率已有较大的提高。但我国由于节能技术、装备水平的限制和节能意识影响，在窑炉工业企业中仍有大量的中、低温废气余热资源未被充分利用，能源浪费现象仍然十分突出。新型干法水泥熟料生产企业中由窑头熟料冷却机和窑尾预热器排出的350<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">°C左右废气，其热能大约为水泥熟料烧成系统热耗量的35<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">%，低温余热发电技术的应用，可将排放到大气中占熟料烧成系统热耗35<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">%的废气余热进行回收，使水泥企业能源利用率提高到95<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">%以上。项目的经济效益十分可观。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我国是世界水泥生产和消费的大国，近年来新型干法水泥生产发展迅速，技术、设备、管理等方面日渐成熟。目前国内已建成运行了大量2000t/d<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">以上熟料生产线，新型干法生产线与其他窑型相比在热耗方面有显著的降低，但新型干法水泥生产对电能的消耗和依赖依然强劲，因此，新型干法水泥总量的增长对水泥工业用电总量的增长起到了推动作用，一定程度上加剧了电能的供应紧张局面。而目前国内运行的新型干法水泥熟料生产线采用余热发电技术来节能降耗的企业极少，再者，国内由于经济潜力增长加剧了电力短缺的矛盾，刺激了煤电项目的增长，一方面煤电的发展会加速煤炭这种有限资源的开采、消耗，另一方面煤电生产产生大量的CO2<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">等温室气体，加剧了对大气的环境污染。因此在水泥业发展余热发电项目是行业及国家经济发展的必然。此外，为了提高企业的市场竞争力，扩大产品的盈利空间，国内的许多水泥生产企业在建设熟料生产线的同时，也纷纷规划实施余热发电项目。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">随着世界经济快速发展、新型节能技术的推广应用，充分利用有限的资源和发展水泥窑余热发电项目已经成为水泥业发展的一种趋势，也完全符合国家产业政策。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">截至2009<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">年，全国新型干法熟料生产线为934<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">条<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">熟料产能7.6<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">亿吨，<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">预计到2010<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">年全国新型干法熟料生产线为1080<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">条左右，熟料生产能力为8.6<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">亿吨左右。虽然在水泥行业余热发电推广和普及迅速,<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">除已建和在建外，到2010<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">年全国还有50%<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">的全国新型干法熟料生产线可以配置余热发电装置,<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">如果以上新型干法熟料线全部配套余热发电，每年可实现节电270<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt"＞亿度，相当于节约煤炭消耗1000＜spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt"＞万吨（标煤），可减排CO2＜spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt"＞约24400＜spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt"＞万吨。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">根据国家现行产业政策和“八部委'文件要求，截止2010<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">年国内新型干法水泥生产线配套建设纯低温余热电站的比例将达到40<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">%，即到2010<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">年底以前还将有约400<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">多座纯低温余热电站建成并投入运行。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我国水泥窑纯低温余热发电机组建设原则及模式<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">水泥窑纯低温余热发电的建设和设计应遵循以下原则：<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">条件允许时，企业应对生产线进行系统热工标定，对运行数据的稳定性及原因进行系统分析；<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在满足水泥生产工艺自身余热的需要、不影响水泥窑的热工操作、不增加水泥熟料烧成热耗及电耗的前提下，最大限度获取利用余热资源；<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">合理梯级利用不同品位余热，充分发挥余热的作功能力；<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">根据企业的实际情况，通过性价比分析，确定热力系统循环方式；<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在建设新生产线设计中，不同步建设余热发电系统时，应在窑头和窑尾留有建设余热发电系统的余地。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">水泥余热发电建设模式<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">水泥余热发电建设模式有三种。第一种为传统模式，由设计单位提供技术方案和电站设计，企业自己安排建设和管理。设计单位只承担设计，工作量较大，利润较薄，一些设计单位不愿意提供这种模式的服务。由于目前余热发电建设是买方市场，这种服务模式的比例逐年下降。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第二种为EPC<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">模式，即工程总承包模式。目前水泥余热发电建设采用EPC<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（总承包）模式比较普遍，市场占有率大约60%<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">左右。采用这种模式主要原因是水泥余热发电市场比较火爆，技术供应商希望以工程总承包方式承接任务；另一方面水泥生产企业对水泥余热发电的设备采购、技术管理比较生疏，这方面正是技术供应商的优势。一般采用EPC<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:0pt">模式时将土建工程拿出去，由业主自行招标。<spanstyle="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Helvetica;mso-hansi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-bi