英语句子成分与结构

英语句子成分及简单句型结构一、介绍与其重要性学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种。定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语Itoldmvbestfriendlomtopicknwup注tthg独irp*l宾语补足语iil宾语补足语同位语状语主谓定宾同位语状语钻锻语语二、英语句子成分分析解读㈠主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物Juhvisgoodatplayingthepiano.〈名词）KZwentoutinahurry,（代词）_Foui-plusfouriseight*（数词）川八eistobelieve.（不定式）Ubadforhealth・（动名词）电“ii/t曹shouldrespecttheold.C名词化的形容词）Hhaihehassaidistrue.（句子）找出句中主语Thesunrisesintheeast.Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Helikesdancing.Whatheneedsisabook.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.

㈡谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helookedaftertwoorphans.复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;HecanspeakEnglishwell.Shedoesn'tseemtolikedancing英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，分成不及物动词与和及物动词。及物动词（vt・）：及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。如：HereachedParis.不及物动词（vi・）：不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后加上某个介词。如:Look!Sheissinging・Lookatmecarefully!类似的还有：agree,go,work,listen,look,come,die,belong,fall,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,hurry,fail,succeed・・・误误误误误误误误误dealaproblemdependsb・insistdoingsth・误误误误误误误误误dealaproblemdependsb・insistdoingsth・knockthedooroperatesb・participatesth・refersth・relysb・/sth・replyaletter正：dealwithaproblem处理问题正：dependonsb・依靠（依赖）某人正：insistondoingsth.坚持要做某事正:knockon[at]thedoor敲门正：operateonsb・为某人做手术正：participateinsth.参加某事正：refertosth.查阅（参考）某物正：relyonsb./sth.依靠（依赖）正：replytoaletter回信（三）宾语动作的对象或承受者一及物动词或介词的宾语Showyourpassportplease.（名词）Shedidn^sayanything,（代词）Howmunydoyouwant?-1wanttwo.（数词）TheysenttheinjuredtohuspitaL（名词化的形容词）Theyaskedtoseemypassport.（不定式〉Ienjoyworkingwilhyou.〔动名词）Didyouwritedownht§蛊id?（句子）•宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.■Hegavemesonwbooks”接语1接语1间宾接语J直宾pleasepassme肌book*Heboughthispleasepassme肌book*Heboughthis壮iHfr池ml玄川wjSwen.常见跟双宾语动词可接双宾语的38个常用动词竹）双宾语易位吋需借助介词to的常用动词awardsb.sth.=awardsth.tosb.颁奖给某丿*bringsb.sth.=bringsth.tosb.扌巴某物带给某人handsb.sth.=liandsth.tosb.把某牛勿递给某人lendsb.sth.=lendsth.tosb.耙某物忆：给某人mailsb.sth.二mailsth.tosb.把某物寄给某人offersb.sth.=offersth.tosb.将某物给某人owesb.stir=owesth.tosb.欠某人某牛勿.►passsb.sth.=passsth.tosb_把臬物递给某人pay£b.sth.=paysth.tosb.彳寸给某丿.某物（钱postsb.sth.=poststh.tosb.把某物寄给某人returnsb.sth.=returnsth.tosb.』巴某物还给某人sendsb.sth.二sendsth.tosb.扌巴某物［羞给某人sellsb.sth.=sellsthi.tosb.扌巴某物卖给某人servesb.sth・=servesth.tosb・拿某物扌召待某人showsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.拿某物给某冬看takesb.sth.=takesth.tosb.把某物雀率秦人find密b,sth.=findsth.forsb.为某丿■找至【」某物fixsb.sth.二fixsth.forsb.为某人准备某物getsb.sth.=gelsth.forsb.为某人拿来某物makesb.sth.=makesth.forsb.为某人做某物ordersb.sth.=ordersth.forsb.为某人i］购某物picksb.sth.=picksth.Torsb.为某人采摘某物preparest>.sth.=preparesth.forsb.为某人准备某物savesb.sth.=savesth.forsb.为某人俺某物singsb.sth.=singsth.for&b.某人川昌某物（歌）sparesb.sth.=sparesth_forsb.为某人让出某物stealsb.sth.=stealsth.forsb.为某人彳俞某物（四）表语三）表语它的位置在系动词r连系动词之后。是用来说明主i吾的性质，特征j状态的-Myfatherisaprofessor容网门2・Whorsthat?Itfsme.代冈刃切Everythinghereisexpensive.彤容词adjrhematchbecameveryexcitingadjrhestoryofmylifemaybeofhelptoothers介词短语Threetimesfiveisfifteen.数词Hisplanistoseekwxkinthecity,todo不泄式Myfirsti<l七勿avsi書that対皿就feetings.句子系动词1）状态系动词（-be动词〉佰!［如土Heisateacher.2）持续系动词keep^remain,stay例如豈Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.3）表像系动词seem,appear,look,侈!［如：Helookstired.4>感官系动词feel,smell,sound,taste例如二Thiskindofclothfeelsvery弓。代.这种布手感很软口5>变化系动词become,grow,turn,fall,get?go,come,run・例如:Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他疯了。6>终止系动词prove,turnout,表达”证实S“变成"之意侈9女口:Therumorprovedfalse・这谣言证实有假。（五）定语是修饰词•单词作定i吾时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之I'heyarework-ers・容词十容闯所有格2,3.Thmfatherdidntwritehorti«untilyesterday,Maryisab^autifltlgirl,形容诃2,3.Theplayhasihr^eacts*载冋5_6.7.ThisishertriptoEurope-形容词卩序数词5_6.7.Chinaisacountry,现在分词ddinpIhavenothingtovat,todo不定丈here.I'hosewAro刑Wt&若。to王1仏宅aretosigntheirhere.从旬状语状语表示地点从旬状语状语表示地点、时间、原因、7\)目的.结果、条件.让步、伴随情况等心1・Th£仃罟h畧耳vim他处Hiebettnm.地点状诰Ileftthevillagefiveyearsago.时间状培3*JarrivedlatebecauseofthetrafficJmti石原典状诺WeTllsenda£~戸的状帖Ihcfishcaneatapersonin（wominutes,leavingonlybones结展狀话Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,sin^itt^anddancing.伴噩状话Tfhegoes9sowillI磊件状语&Thoughheisachild^heknowsalot.让涉状话4Q宾语乖卜足语。英语有些及物动词，除了耍仃宾悟之夕I,还耍加I】宾语补足语，才能使柯子的意义完整.I_Tlieyeleetedmepf龙IietE&m.*词Wetrytomakeourcountry幵玄容冋3-Wefoundeverythingingoalnrti&rtlier^,」Ishouldadviceyou3琴电t小罕dialedtoda不心成Isawhimgol*■冀观在廿问aohig^Th&yfhumltheheit氏空ZEgftirt.寸心门#过去竹询宾语和宾语补足语一起构成部徊祐主语补足语如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语戚为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语Iwaselectedcaptahioftheteam・2・Ourcountrywillbemadestring.与宾语补足语一样（八）同位语同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况We><jun£；peopleshouldrespecttheold.名；KIHeiiimseliyvilidotheexperiment.fA^i^Heistheoldestamongthemfour,数词Hetoldmethenewsthatourvypnthe輙从句summar[句子成分详解表]旬于成分意；Z充出词类例旬主堵耋丞旬于说的是什么人或什么名.代，数，不定式，动名词"短语或甸于WestudyLuHusiiizQiHQMiddleSebool.谓诰说呗斗信僦ftz.是什么或僞么样动饲或动词饲组Sliein-dnucingoinidertinetree-表示戲作行为的对象冋主虽Butliofuslike-EuglLsh.与联嘉动词连审.一超构咸谓话・遠明主语的性烦或将征同主语Herlatherisnchemist.EllsuidssULiJidJ・用来修怖名诃裁代询堆，代+觀+名+副，介耐垣语或旬了Wehiav^窖,hut1芒嘩筍0血驚pvery油更外修饰动词+形容词副诃.表不动作发生的时问h地点,原因』目的’方式.驻果尊翠词.介词短语或包FlohwotJl^wuryh曲rxLTheyheLd翼pMrl>LnHuIL/wulhI宾语朴足语逻辑」：叨宾语足上谓天系形容词，名词，介诃短语等Shealwsayskeep耳Chehiotiseclean.主语谓语是基础”宾表定状补舖助q宾主来自名代数.动词作谓不可无!Exercises:分析句子成分Timefliesfast.Therewillbeagoodmealforusatouraunt's.Theriverosetenfeetinthenight.heardhimshout.5.Heboughtsomesweetsforhisson.prefermycoffeehot.Don'tworryaboutme;justtakecareofyourself.Youcanrelyonhimtodoanythingthatisnecessary.Alotofnoiseisgoingonoutside.Thelittlegirlcandressherselfnow.11.Itwasapitythatyoudidn'twatchthatwonderfulmatch.feltmyheartbeatrapidly.Doyouwanttocometotheparty?Weshoulddosomethingtohelpthestudentsindifficulties.Howlonghaveyouworkedinthehospital?三、英语简单句的构成三、英语简单句的构成4.这个4.这个11划ITF明是可行的oThe卩1目1>turruxlout/*pr<yv疋<1〔tob乡］pra^tig承I’■基本句型：主语+系动词+表语（主系表）■主语+不及物动词+（其他成分）■主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）■主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语■主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补1.主语+系动词+表语)Ourcityr0Tth壯腎ofsomeimnrtantrailways.主语诵动词表语)T］屁uitvwillhecomericth仝语系动词表语-在这类结构中最常用的系动词是=凉变化"类.hecome/nirn/grow/go官taste/smell/fccl/look/sound"持续”类:stay/keep/remain.其他：(似T1)tuju七(证明足］turnout/prove(iobe)Exercises1,你的故事听起来很有捷。Ybustorysound^ci^cryintrFc^tiii^.2-把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的。PutthEjlshingo尸wingob吕cl*3_这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。Th#hof<!；&¥will厂cm肆in/sl肆k亡cp鼻百e、*<1已¥氣2•土语+谓语)Buildinghasstarted.主语谓语)Thetrainlegesat7:40・主语谓语•动词副词搭配:Theteacherteacheswell.Thechildwalksveryslowly,•动词介词搭酉己二Itiegirllookedatthepicture^rhechildrenrailtotheforest.Exercise-我每天起的很早.走到小花园'坐在凳了上。EverydayIgetupearly^walktotheparkandsitonthebench.主语+谓语+宾语1.Thehos旨employedfivemoreworkers.主语谓语宾语1VI屮brother書ofth亡vegetablegardenFewstudentsliketakingexains>Heforgottoclosethedoor.4*1hopeIcamspeyk:EntUiEhExercise1-他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则"HedrovesofastthathtBrokethetrafficrules.2_他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。Hetookoutabeeranddrankitupquickly*他许诺给我亠个礼物。Hepromisedtogivemeagift.上语+谓语+间接宾语十1耳接宾语1)Hehasfetchedussomenewtextbooks,主语谓语间接宾语直按宾语2)Grandmacookedus旦nicemeaL卞语谓语「口」接宾语貞接宾语3)Themantoldthegirlthathewantstotestherthesubject-4>TheboyaskedmeifIcouldspeakChinese.可接双宾语的常见动词有匸ask?answer,give,offer,send,bring,pass,tell,show,tcach^promise*顺便问•下，她把钱付络你了吗？Bytheway,liasshepaidyoumoney?*下学期谁教你们生物？Whowillteachyoubiology?_・Mr.White告诉我为什么他要出国。Mr,Whitetoldmewhyhewentabroad・丄语十谓语+宾语十宾语补足语)ThuvJIIk黑七「豎did_n*lnll(>wrIlienito_d<>this-主语谓语宾语宾语补足语)£willkeeptheboxintheshade,3〉WefoundhimaverygoodpupiL4>Sheletme苹inth叱company*Exercise•他总是把他的卧室收玛得十于淨净。Fieailwai岁言邑hi强「oomcltaaii•玖建攻他多垂卢书。》,Isuggesthimreadingmorebooks*他修了机器。Hehadhismachinerepaired.・我们选他牛巩坟。.XV七madt;himmonitcm课堂练习：分析下列句子的句型结构Youareastudent.Hefelthappytoday.Whatyousaidmademehappy.CouldyougivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell?Afterhefinishedhishomework,hewentaway.Helikespopmusic.7.Istayedawakeuntil11:30oneeveninginordertohaveagoodlookatthemoonforoncebymyself.8.Annenamedherdiarykittybecauseshethoughtitwasherbestfriend.课后练习一、选择题。Shetriedhard,butshestillcouldn'tmakeusourmind.A.tochangeB.changedC.changeD.changingWhentheoldladyisaloneinthehouse,herdogmakesherfeelandrelaxed.A.healthyB.lonelyC.safeD.angryAsEdisongrew,heneverlosthisinterestinscience.A.theelderB.elderC.theolderD.olderIt'snotpolitetostandbyandlookedattheoldman.A.ismadefunofB.beingmadefunofC.ismadefunD.beingmadefunTheoldmovieremindedthemthewonderfultimetheyhadspenttogether.A.toB.forC.inD.ofI'dliketoyouressaywithyouwhenyouhavetime.A.gooverB.gobyC.goforD.goafterThereportshowedusveryclearlyhowtheplanegotandcrashedintheend.A.intocontrolB.withincontrolC.outofcontrolD.undercontrolMostofthemachinesintheworkshopnextmonth.A.arerepairedB.havebeenrepairedC.wererepairedD.willberepairedWhenapplyingforajob,youhavetoaresume.A.getoffB.handinC.putoutD.takeawayThewinealittlebitterthistime.A.tastesB.soundsC.looksD.feelsThebosstoldhissecretarytothedocumentsforlateruse.A.putawayB.turnonC.makeupD.breakoutWeshouldthisinmind:Don'tjudgeapersonbyhisappearance.A.bearB.putC.placeD.printIfIworkinasmallfactory;itisnotformetogainmuchexperience.A.weeklyB.friendlyC.likelyD.livelyThevillagershaveofferedmuchhelptousandwethinkweshoulddosomethingforthem.A.inreturnB.inplaceC.infashionD.indangerAccordingtothetimetable，thetrainforBeijingat9:10p.m.fromMondaytoFriday.A.wasleavingB.isleavingC.leavesD.hasleftisquitedifficultforMarytopasstheinterview.A.WhatB.ThisC.ThatD.ItMr.BlackislookingforwardtohisChinesepartnersoon.A.seeingB.seeC.beseeingD.haveseenItriedhard,butIcouldn'tfindthetotheproblem.A.solutionB.helpC.replyD.demandEnglish,theyhavetostudyasecondforeignIanguage.A.ExceptB.ExceptforC.BesideD.BesidesShegaveupherasareporterattheageof25.A.careerB.interestC.lifeD.habitThismorningwhenIwaswalkingtomyoffice,Itoseeanoldfriendofmineneartheofficebuilding.A.occurredB.happenedC.managedD.settledwritingalettertothemanager,hedecidedtotalktohiminperson.A.DuetoB.BecauseofC.AsforD.InsteadofItwillonlytakemeaminutetogetyourwatchfixed;itwillbereadyA.bythewayB.rightawayC.atlastD.inthatcaseAsfarasI'mconcerned,Idon'tlikeinthatway.A.tobetreatedB.totreatC.treatedD.treatingSomepeoplewhoareveryintelligentandsuccessfulintheirfieldsfinddifficulttosucceedinlanguagelearning.A.themB.themselvesC.itD.itselfOnlywhenwehurriedtotheairporttheflightwascancelled.A.wefoundB.didwefindC.havewefoundD.wehavefoundThisnovelisworthreading,becauseitgivesadetaileddescriptionofthehistoricalin1949.A.accidentsB.casesC.eventsD.things,afriendofMrs.Blackfoundthewatchshehadlosttwodaysbefore.A.EspeciallyB.UsuallyC.GenerallyD.FortunatelyThenewspapertwopeoplewerekilledintheaccident.A.saysB.talksC.callsD.asksHesaid,“Ialotofnewwordsbytheendoflastyear.”A.hadalreadylearntB.wouldhavealreadylearntC.havealreadylearntD.alreadylearntShetoldusbrieflyabouthowtheysucceededinthenewproduct.A.developB.todevelopC.developedD.developingThefatherwasdelightedtohearthechildthat.A.tosayB.tohavesaidC.sayD.saidIt'sreportedthatthepolicearetheareaforthecriminal.A.processingB.searchingC.operatingD.handlingThegeneralmanagersatthere,tothereportfromeachdepartment.A.tolistenB.listenC.beinglistenedD.listeningThemanagershowedthenewemployeetofindthesupplies.A.whatB.whereC.thatD.whichNoonehasbeenabletoprovethatfishisbetterforthebrainthanmanyotherkindsoffood.A.someB.soC.asD.anyMaryfoundextremelydifficulttopasstheexamination.A.itB.thisC.thatD.WhatMoreandmoreChinesepeoplearewildlifeconservationandenvironmentalprotection.A.certainofB.concernedaboutC.capableofD.crazyaboutWenowknowthataboutallthekindsofseaweedareanimals.A.onefourthB.onefourthofC.onefourofD.theonefourthScientistscouldseemanythingsthatmostpeoplewouldtosee.A.feelB.failC.fallD.fillThenursetook___ofmybloodtotest.A.anexampleB.aninstanceC.acaseD.asampleLargeandpowerful,theatmosphereconsistsofanoceanofgaseshundredsofmiles.A.highB.higherC.highlyD.heightThesalesdepartmentwasrequiredtoaplaninthreeweeks.A.turnupB.getupC.comeupwithD.putupwith二、用所给词的正确形式填空：Iwonderedwhytheboyoftenavoided(talk)withhisclassmates.AlthoughJohnwasnotexperiencedinbusiness,hediditwith(confident)Therewasastranger(stand)atthedoor.Themainbenefitof(work)withthecompanyistheopportunitytotravelabroad.Itiswell-knownthatsportswill(strength)thefriendshipbetweennations.Itwas(luck)indeedforMr.Foxtohavechangedhisflightandarrived(safe).Markwasalittleupset,forthemanagerdidn'tallowhim(take)hisholidaythefollowingweek..Johnwenttotownyesterdayandhadhiscomputer(repair)there.In1964,theOlympicGamesinTokyobecamethefirstprogram_(transmit)viasatellite.Yourhairneeds(cut).Itistoolong.Ihavenochoicebut(wait).Didyouhaveanydifficulty(get)avisatoBritain?Iaskedhimnot(say)anythingaboutourcontractuntiltheendofthemonth.Thatnewfilmisworth(see)forthesecondtime.Sheiswell-knownforherexcellent(achieve)inhercareer.Johnwenttotownyesterdayandhadhiscomputer(repair)there.In1964,theOlympicGamesinTokyobecamethefirstprogram(transmit)viasatellite.Yourhairneeds(cut).Itistoolong.Ihavenochoicebut(wait).Didyouhaveanydifficulty(get)avisatoBritain?Iaskedhimnot(say)anythingaboutourcontractuntiltheendofthemonth.Thatnewfilmisworth(see)forthesecondtime.Sheiswell-knownforherexcellent(achieve)inhercareer.Somepeopledobelievethatsmokingwill(certain)causelungcancer.Itisnevertoolateforanyone(learn).AsfarasIknow,LilycanspeakEnglish(fluently)thananyotherstudentinherclass.Hiswifewassurehewouldarriveontime.This(certain)madeherrushtopreparethedinner.Yesterdaytheyreceivedawritten(invite)toadinnerfromMr.Black.Themorecarefulyouare,the(well)youwillbeabletocompletethework.Iwonderedwhytheboyoftenavoided(talk)withhisclassmates.I'mgoingtotakethebus(save)money.Wehavetofindnewwaysto(short)theprocessofproduction.Thenewflexibleworkingtimesystemwillenablethe(employ)toworkmoreefficiently.ThephotosofMarstakenbysatellitesare(clear)thanthosetakenfromearth.Goingabroadtohaveaholidaywillbean(excite)experienceforus.Itisquitedifficultforme(decide)whoshouldbegiventhejob.Thesecretaryissoefficientthathisbossthinks(high)ofhim.Thenewswasmade(know)tothepublicatlast