浙江万里学院专业英语期末复习题目

Unit1Generalize：toinferfrommanyparticulars概括Perspective：thewayinwhichasituationorproblemisjudgedsothatproperconsiderationisgiventoeachpart合理观察，视角Approach：themethodusedindealingwithoraccomplishing方法Contingency：apossibilitythatmustbepreparedfor；afutureemergency可能事件，可能出现的情况Confrontation：discordoraclashofopinionsandideas观点或思想的不和或冲撞Characteristic：afeaturethathelpstoidentify，tellapart，ordescriberecongnizably；adistinguishingmarkortrait特性Popularity：thequalityorstateofbeingpopular，especiallythestateofbeingwidelyadmired，accepted，orsoughtafter普及Complement：toserveasacomplementto补足名词解释：Classicalapproach（toManagement）：alsocalledclassicalschool，abodyofliteraturethatrespresentstheearlistattemptstodefineanddescribethefieldofmanagement。Theapproach’smainfocusisonformallyprescribedrelationships..itsprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgearepersonalobservationandcasestudies.（管理学）古典（研究）方法Contingency（orsituational）approach（toManagement）：ananalysisofmanagementthatemphasizesthefactthatwhatmanagersdoinpracticedependsonagivensetofcircumstancesorthe“situation”andthatthereisnosingle“bestway”tomanage、（管理学）权变情景（研究）方法问题：Q:Whydomanagementanalysisandpracticerequireasystemapproach？giveapracticalexampleofthisapproachA：itviewsanorganizationasagroupofinterrelatedpartswithasinglepurpose翻译：现代管理学始于20世纪早期，当时正统派的理论家，经济学家和产业工程师提出了经典分析法以增强个人和组织的生产力。tThemoderneraofmanagementbeganearlyinthe20thcenturywhenclassicaltheorists，economistsandindustrialengineersofferedaclassicalapproachtoincreasetheproductivityofindividualsandorganizations.例如，一种管理理论强调：使员工满意更有助于解决员工流动量大的问题，而不是解决延迟生产问题。Forexample，amanagementtheorythatemphasizesemployeesatisfactionmanybemorehelpfulindealingwithahighemployeeturnoverthatwithdelaysinproduction.例如，严格的计划，清楚的解释工作，集中领导和严密的时间控制都可以提高生产力，并且使员工感到满意。Forexample，rigidplans，clearlydefinedjobautocraticleadershipandtightcontrolshaveattimesresultedinhighproductivityandsatisfiedworkers.Unit2Conform:toactorbeinaccordoragreement;comply使和谐一致Affordable：thatcanbeafforded买得起Informercial：acommercialtelevisionprogramorrelativelylongcommercialsegmentofferingconsumerinformation，suchaseducationalorinstructionalmaterial，relatedtothesponsor’sproductorservice商业信息片Franchise：authorizationgrantedtosomeonetosellordistributeacompany’sgoodsorservicesinacertainarea特许经营权Pervasive：havingthequalityortendencytopervadeorpermeate渗透性的Stakeholder：onewhohasashareoraninterest，asinanenterprise股东Flourish：tobeinaperiodofhighestproductivity，excellent，orinfluence活跃Analogue：somethingthatbearsananalogysomethingelse类似情况名词解释Managementpyramids：organizationalstructurecomprisingtop，middle，andlowermanagement管理结构，科层式组织结构First-linemanagers：thoseatthelowestmanagementhierarchy，whosupervisetheoperatingemployeesandimplementtheplanssetatthehighermanagementlevels；alsocalledsupervisorymanagers一线管理者问题：1Q：whatarethethreelevelsofmanagement？A：top，middleandbottommanagementlevelsQ：whyareinterpersonalskillsimportanttomanagersinthetext？A：becausemanagersatalllevelsuseinterpersonalskilltogetthingsdonethroughpeople翻译与其他人的沟通，和他们一起高效率的工作，激励他们，领导他们，这些都是在人际关系方面所需要的能力。Alltheskillsrequiredtocommunicatewithotherpeopleworkeffectivelywiththem，motivatethem，andleadthemareinterpersonalskills为了把梦想变成现实，管理人员必须制定出明确的目的和目标。InordertotransformvisiontorealitymanagersmustdefinespecificgoalsandobjectivesUnit3Contrivance：deviceortool，esp，onemadebyanindividualforaparticularpurpose发明物；器械Association：theactofjoiningorthestateofbeingjoinedwithsomebodyorsomething联合，结合，结交Fancy：animage，opinion，orideaimaginedandnotbasedfact无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法Guidelines：themainpointsaboutsomethingwhichistobedealtwith指导方针，行动纲领Maintenance：theactofmaintaining维持，维护，保养，赡养Limitation：thefactorconditionsoflimitingorbeinglimited限制之事实或状态名词解释Operativegoals：thegoalsthatmanyreflectthemodificationorevensubversionofofficialgoalsbyinternalinterestgroups，guideorganizationalactivitiesbyvirtueoftheirspecificity运营目标问题：Q：whatdoyouthinkaboutthestatementthat“organizationsare，bydefinition，socialinventionsorcontrivancs”？A：theybasicalrequirethecoordinatedpresenceofpeople，notthings翻译：组织行为是一个概括性的术语，指的是组织中的个人和团体的态度及行为。Organizationalbehaviorisarathergeneraltermthatreferstotheattitudesandbehaviorsofindividualsandgroupsinorganizations.组织行为学的研究将帮助你作为一个消费者理解为什么一些组织能够迅速有效地提供他们的产品与服务，而别的组织做不到。Thestudyoforganizationalbehaviorshouldhelpyouasaconsumertocomprehendwhysomeoneorganizationsareabletooffertheirproductsandserviceseffectivelyandefficientlywhileothersarenot.Unit4Innovative:markedbyorgiventoinnovations革新的，创新的Medieval：relatingorbelongingtotheMiddleAges中世纪的Hazardous：markedbydanger；perilous带有危险性的，危险的Artificialintelligence：theabilityofamachinetoperformthoseactivitiesthatarenormallythoughttorequireintelligence人工智能Prototype：anoriginaltype，form，orinstancethatservesasamodelonwhichlaterstagesarebasedorjudged原型Outmaneuver：toovercome（anopponent）byartful，clevermaneuvering智胜，在机智，谋略上胜过对手Profitable：yieldingprofit；advantageousorlucrative有利可图的名词解释：Masscustomization：usingmassproductiontechniquestoproducecustomizedgoods.TheCompany’snextgoalistousebatch-of-onemanufacturing,inwhicheveryproductismadetoorderfromscratchandvirtuallynostandardinventoryonhand大规模定制（生产）问题：Q：Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmechanizationandautomation？A：theyturnedtheirattentiontowardeliminatingasmuchcostlymanuallaboraspossiblethroughautomationQ：whatismassproductionandwhatismasscustomization？A：massproductionreducesproductioncostsandmakesproductsavailabletomorepeople；masscustomizationusingmassproductiontechniquestoproducecustomizedgoods翻译：企业追求这些目标是为了维持竞争优势.Companiespursuestheseobjectivesinordertomaintaincompetitiveadvantage使用计算机来辅助设计和施工节省了时间和金钱，因为修改计算机的设计比修改手绘的设计和建造物理模型要快得多.Usingcomputerstoaiddesignandengineersavestimeandmoneybecauserevisingcomputerdesignsismuchfasterthanrevisinghand-drafteddesignsandbuildingphysicalmodelsUnit5Alignment:theactofaligningortheconditionofbeingaligned结盟Verticalintegration：垂直统一管理Nutrition：theprocessofnourishingorbeingnourished，especiallytheprocessbywhichalivingorganismassimilatesfoodandusesitforgrowthandforreplacementoftissues营养Pharmaceutical：oforrelatingtopharmacyorpharmacists制药的Inflammatory：characterizedorcausedbyinflammation发炎的Backwardintegration：后向合并Maturity：thestateorqualityofbeingfullygrownordeveloped成熟名词解释Bargainingstrengthsofsuppliers：thebargainingpowerofsuppliersoverfirmsinanindustryisthethirdmajordeterminantofindustrycompetition。Itislargelythroughincreasedprices。Itsimpactcanbesignificant，particularlywhenalimitednumberofsuppliersservicesanumberofdifferenceindustries供应商的议价能力问题：Q：Whatisindustryanalysis，anyway？andwhatkindsofquestionsmustbeansweredinmakinganindustryanalysis？A：1，howprofitableistheindustrylikelytobeshort-term？Long-term？2，whatarethemoreimportantindustry’scharacteristics?3,whataretheindustry’sdrivingforce?4,whattheessentialdeterminantsofsuccess?Q:whataretheessentialdeterminantsofsuccessforafirminaparticularindustry?A:thesearecapabilitiesafirmmusthaveorbeabletoachieveinordertobecompetitiveandviablefinancially.翻译一个具有吸引力的产业在决定一个公司的战略---尤其是具有挑战性的战略时扮演着重要的角色。Anattractiveindustryplaysalargeroleindeterminingafirm’sstrategy—particularlyitsaggressiveness.当前的竞争者，潜在的竞争者，供应商和顾客的讨价还价能力和替代产品，这五种互动的竞争力量共同决定了一个产业的长期的吸引力。Therearefiveinteractivecompetitionsforcesthatcollectivelydetermineanindustry’slong-termattractiveness---presentcompetitors,potentialcompetitors,thebargainingpowerofsuppliersandbuyers,andsubstituteproducts.经济衰退期，是他们竞争力最强的时候，许多竞争者被迫退出其所在的产业。Duringtheshakeoutperiod,competitionforcesareattheirstrongest.andmanycompetitorsareforcedtoexittheindustry.Unit6Inventory:thequantityofgoodsandmaterialsonhand库存Obsolete：outmodedindesign，style，orconstruction过时的Interchange：togiveandreceivemutually；exchange计算Simulation：representationoftheoperationorfeaturesofoneprocessorsystemthroughtheuseofanother模拟Multifunction多功能的Flexible：responsivetochange；adaptable可变通的，灵活的Coordinate：toharmonizeinacommonactionoreffort；toworktogetherharmoniously调整名词解释：Inventorycontrol：systemfordeterminingtherightquantityofvariousitemtohaveonhandandkeepingtrackoftheirlocation，use，andcondition库存控制Just-in-timesystem：continuoussystemthatpullsmaterialsthroughtheproductionprocess，makingsurethatallmaterialsarrivejustwhentheyareneedwithminimalornoinventoryorwaste适时制翻译另一方面，如果没有足够的库存供应，会导致生产的延迟和顾客的不满。Ontheotherhand，nothavinganadequatesupplyofinventorycandelayproductionandresultinunhappycustomers如今，许多企业都在寻求新的库存管理的方法。Somanycompaniestodayareseekingnewwaysofmanaginginventory。这就是为什么越来越多的企业，正在改变他们为了生产和服务而购买和使用原料的方法的原因。That’swhymoreandmorecompaniesarechangingthewaytheypurchaseandhandlethematerialstheyusetoproducegoodsandservices.Unit7Grosssales销售总额Discount：areductionfromthefullorstandardamountofapieceordebt折扣Grossprofit：毛利；总利润；利润毛额Advertisingexpense广告费用Invoice：adetaillistgoodsshippedorservicesrendered，withanaccountofallcosts；anitemizedbill发货清单Cancellation：theactoraninstanceofcanceling取消名词解释：Grosssales：thetermgrosssalesisthetotalamountchargedtoallcustomersduringsometimeperiod销售总额Allowance：occurswhenacustomerisnotsatisfiedwithapurchaseforsomereason，thecompanygivesapricereductionontheoriginalinvoice，butthecustomerkeepsthegoodsandservices价格折让问题：Q：whatisthemainpurposeoftheoperatingstatement？A：determiningthenetprofitfigure，andpresentingdatatosupportthatfigure.Q:whatdoesthetermreturnmeanintheoperatingstatement?A:itoccurswhenacustomersendsbackpurchasedproducts.Unit8Utilization：makinguseof利用，使用，Representative：apersonactinginplaceofoneormoreothers代表，代理Energizer：somethingorsomebodythatgivesenergyto使活跃的人或物Compensation：赔偿金，赔偿费，赔偿物Self-esteem：one’sgoodortoogoodopinionofone’sownworth自尊心，自大，自负名词解释：Humanresourcemanagement：utilizationofhumanresourcestoachieveorganizationalobjectives人力资源管理Humanresourceplanning：theprocessofsystematicallyreviewinghumanresourcerequirementstoensurethattherequirednumbersofemployees，withtherequiredskills，areavailablewhentheyareneeded.人力资源规划问题：Q：whoare“line”managers？why？canyougiveanexample？A：forinstance,inamanufacturing