南师附中高三英语

南京师大附中2017--2018学年第—学期高三年级期中考试英语试卷命题人：高三英语备课组本试卷分选择题和非择题两部分，共120分。考试用时120分钟。注意事项：答题前，考生务必,将自己的学校，姓名、考试号写在答题纸上。考试结束后，将答题纸交回。第一部分听力（共两节，满分20-分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的,A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间答有关小速和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。WhatisthewomanlookingforA.Acafe.B.Amuseum.C.Apark.Whatdoesthemansayabouttheshoes.Theyareforbowling.Theyareverybright.Theykeepyoufromfallingdown..WheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplaceInapolicestation.Intheprincipal'soffice.Inanelementaryschoolclassroom.WhenwillthelightsgodownA.At7:15.B.At7:25. C.A%7：30.WhatarethespeakersdoingDrivinginacar.Playingwiththesmartphones.Playingacomputergame.第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料答第6、7题。WhatdoesthemanaskthewomanaboutfirstA.Freshfood.B.Snacks.C.LuggageHowmanybagsisthewomancarryingintotalA.Two.B.ThreeC.Four听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。WhichsubjectdoesMr.BrooksprobablyteachA.English.B.Art.C.MathWhatdoesMr.BrooksimplyintheendMelanieshouldgobacktoherscat.Melaniegavethecorrectanswer.HewillpunishMelanieafterclass.听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。Whatistheman’smainconcernabouttheTVA.Thepicturequality.B.Thesoundquality.C.ThescreensizeWhydoesthemanmentionhisfriendsA.BecausetheyallhaveniceTVs.B.BecausetheyjustgotanewTV.C.Becausethey’replanningavacationwiththecoupleHowmuchwillthespeakersprobablyspendonaTVA.Atleast$500.B.Nomorethan$500.C.Nomorethan$300.听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。WhydidthemanmaketheappointmentHealwaysfeelstiredrecently.He’sgoingonatripsoon.Heneedstohaveanannualhealthe*amination.WhenwastheappointmentscheduledforA.Theearlyafternoon.B.Thelatemorning.C.NoonWhatdoesthemansayabouthistossHisbossisawoman.Hisbossisveryunderstanding.Hisbossisonholiday.WhatwillthemandoafterhisappointmentA.Havelunch.B.Giveapresentation.C.Gotothebank听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。HowhighisthehighestmountaininNewZealandA.About3700meters.B.About1600meters.C.Aboutl600meters.WhydidhalfofthenativeanimalsdieBecausepeoplehuntedthemforfood.Becausetheycouldn’tfindenoughfood.Becausetheywerekilledbythenewanimals.WhatisthenicknameforNewZealandersA.Maori.B.Kiwis.C.MountCook.Where,domostNewZealanderslivetodayA.OntheNorthIsland.B.Onfarms.C.OntheSouthIsland.第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节：单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请阅读下面各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Agrammarschool’ssuccessismeasured thenumberofpupilswhohavegotintouniversity.A.inmemoryofB.inhonorofC.infavorofD.intermsofTwitterdoesn’thaveads,andthatiswhythesteadilyincreasingproportionoftheTwitterusersdoesn’t intodollars.A.strikeB.deliverC.translateD.splitIknowthisistoomuchforyouto ,sodonothesitatetocontactmeonthedetailsasyouapplytheseapproaches.A.breakin B.takeinC.bringin D.handin—I’vebeenjustofferedtwojobs.A.YouareaskingforitB.YouarekiddingC.Itcan'tbehelpedD.CongratulationstoyouSofarnoagreementhasbeenreached,sincebothsidesbelievethereisnoroomfor___ontheissueofnuclearweapons.A.competenceB.comprehensionC.compromiseD.conflictI’dlikesomecoffee,andIdon’t thepowderedstuffifit’sallyou'vegot.A.agreetoB.objecttoC.submittoD.applytoThejokesinthefilm,bywhoseironyallare ,arebalancedbetweenwhatworksforchildrenandwhatworksforadults.A.feelingblueB.tickledpinkC.greenwithenvyD.intheblackTheWhiteHorseTemplehasbeenrepairedandhashade*tensionsaddedmanytimes,mostoften timesofwaranddisaster.A.followingB.followsC.followedD.followLifeisabeautifuljourney everychallengeanddefeatintheprocessbecomesalightpostthatsharpensthevisionandshapesthedirectionforward.A.whenB.whereC.whyD.thatThecommitteeisundertakingimportantworktoeducatethepublic,basedontheconsensusofthemembers thebestwaytoprotecttheAcropolisistopreventdamage.A.whereB.thatC.whoseD.when31.—What'sthatnoise—Oh,I totellyouthenewwashingmachineisbeingtestednow.A.wasforgettingB.hadforgottenC.forgotD.forgetJapanandIndiadecidedtoseekcooperationinrecyclingandfinding forraremetalsandminerals.A.suppliesB.substitutesC.suggestionsD.subjectsAsfarasleadershipisconcerned,nooneshoulde*pectwinconfidenceofthePeople hecomestothemwithcleanhands.A.unlessB.asC.thoughD.onceAutomakershavereplacedtheconventionalengineswithbatterypoweredelectricmotors,which increasesthefueleconomyofthevehicle.A.randomlyB.frequentlyC.equallyD.dramatically35.—Maryworksreallyhardandshedoeswellinhertests.—Well, .A.youreapwhatyousow B.that’sherfeetofclayC.sheistheappleofoureye D.that’sthehandwritingonthewall第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）请阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Jason,ourson,WaSbornwithcerebralpalsy（脑瘫）.MywifeMargaretandIoften36himashefacedchallengesinhisearlyyears.Itwas37toseehimregularlychosenlastforbaseball,buthewasahappychildandwelllikedbyhispeersthroughoutelementaryschool.Hismostdifficulttimecamewhenhebeganhighschool.Oneafternoon,Jasonreturnedhome38.Hethrewhisbagonthefloorandshouted:"I’mnevergoingtoschoolagain!”Hewas39foodthatotherkidshadthrownathimontheschoolbusonthewayhome.Jasonlatertolduswhathadhappened.Afewdaysearlier,Jasonhad40theschoolrunningteam.Thatday,afewolderstudentsmadefunofhisperformanceonthetrack,andmadehimthe41oftheirone-sidedfoodfight.I42theprincipalaboutthehumiliationonthebusanditneverhappenedagain.Jasonstayedontheteam,43theharassment（骚扰）continued.OnedayinOctober,wehadsnowand44rain.Astheotherkidse*ercisedinthegym,theynoticedonelonerunner-Jason-45aroundthesnow-coveredtrack.Afewdayslater,Jasonhadsomethingtotellus,“Mom,Dad,sitdown,”hesaid.Iwasready46.Hetoldusthateachmonth,studentschosean“athleteofthemonth”.Thecoachwouldlistthetopathletes,andstudents47thewinner.Jason'snamehadneverbeenlisted.Butthatday,oneofthestudentssaid:“Sir,Iwouldliketonominate（提名）Jasonforathleteofthemonth.”Thecoachlooked48.“Heworksharderthananyofus,Sir,”thestudentcontinued.“Wewillhavetohavesomeone49thenomination,“thecoachreplied.TearsformedinJason'seyesashetoldUSWhathappenedne*t.“Mom...Dad.,everyoneintheclass50theirhand.”HismotherandI,alsointears,lookedonasheproudlydisplayedhis51.WheneverI52,Ithinkofthisstory.Iremindmyselfthatchallengesarenotovercomebyforce,butbyPatienCe,53—,andfaith.Jasonisinuniversitythesedaysandoftenholdsthehighest54inhisclass.Heisalsotrainingmmartialarts.Ihaveno55he/llweara36.A.punishedblackbeltsomeday,B.comfortedandwearitproudly.C.criticizedD.persuaded37.A.heart-warmingB.risk-takingC.heartbreakingD.breathtaking38.A.insilenceB.intearsC.insecretD.inrags39.A.blessedwithB.decoratedwithC.associatedwithD.coveredwith40.A.signedupforB.madeupforC.cheeredupforD.stoodpfor41.A.inspirationB.passionC.targetD.element42.A.condemnedB.complainedC.calledD.consulted43.A.asthoughB.eventhoughC.incaseD.inthat44.A.fineB.acidC.thrillingD.freezing45.A.playingB.joggingC.readingD.walking46.A.forthebetterB.forthebestC.fortheworseD.fortheworse47.A.votedforB.competedforC.wishedforD.compensatefor48.A.delightedB.surprisedC.worriedD.discouraged49.A.listB.rankC.secondD.register50.A.heldoutB.held,upC.putoutD.putup51.A.permitB.certificateC.qualificationD.reward52.A.saluteB.prayC.despairD.rela*53.A.determinationB.wisdomC.braveryD.honesty54.A.valueB.incomeC.standardD.mark55.A.ideaB.ambitionC.doubtD.wonder第三部分：阅读理解（共15小题：每小题2分，满分30分）请阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中•选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AInspiringyoungminds!TOKN0WMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgoodfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.WhatisSospecialaboutTOKNOWmagazineIWell,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomple*ideasattractiveandaccessibletochildren,whoIcanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy---andtheywillsoondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjustamagazine.What'sinsideEverymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,e*perimentsandcreativethingstomake——themagazine,alsoe*ploresphilosophyandwellbeingmakesureyoungreadershaveabalancedtakeonlife.SoundstoogoodtobetrueTakealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandrecommendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear!Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterbo*everymonthThefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope£55RestofWorld£65AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,apassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope£60RestofWorld£70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin.28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback..WhyisTOKNOWaspecialmagazineItentertainsyoungparentsItprovidesseriousadvertisements.Itpublishespopularsciencefictions.Itcombinesfunwithcomple*concepts..SubscribersofTOKNOWwouldget__freebirthdaypresentsfullrefundwithin28daysmembershipoftheTOKNOWclubchancestomeetthee*pertsinpersonBWhenwetalkaboutAmericansbarelyintoadulthoodwhoareburdenedwithunbearablelevelsofdebt,theconversationisalmostalwaysaboutstudentloandebt.Butthere'sagrowingbodyofevidencesuggestingthattoday'syoungadultsarealsodrowningincredit-carddebt—andthatmanyofthemwilltakethisdebttotheirgraves.Morethan20%overspenttheirincomebymorethan$1.0.0everysinglemonth.Sincetheyhaven'tbuiltuptheircredithistoriesyet,it'sasafebetthattheseyoungadultsarepayingrelativelyhighinterestratesontheresultingcreditcarddebt.Althoughmanyyoungpeopleblame"socializing"asabarriertosavingmoney,mostofthenaren'tknockingback$20drinksintrendy（时尚的）lounges.They'restrugglingwithmuchmoredailyfinancialdemands.Toadisturbinglylargee*tent,theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncreditcardstomakeituntiltheirne*tpayday.Thisobviouslyisn’tsustainableinthelongrun,andit'sgoingtoputahugedragontheirspendingpowerevenaftertheyreachtheirpeakearningyears,becausethey'llstillbepayinginterestonthatbottleoforangejuiceorbo*ofSPaghetti（意式面条）theyboughtadecadeearlier.AnewstudyoutofOhioStateUniversityfoundthatyoungadultsareaccumulatingcreditcarddebtatamoreraPidratethanotheragegrouPs,andthatthey'resloweratPayingitoff."Ifwhatwefoundcontinuestoholdtrue,wemayhavemoreelderlyPeoPlewithsubstantialfinancialProblemsinthefuture,"warnsLuciaDunn,ProfessorofeconomicsatOhioState."IfourfindingsPersist,wemaybefacedwithafinancialcrisisamongelderlyPeoPlewhocan'tPayofftheircreditcards."DunnsaysalotoftheseyoungPeoPlearenevergoingtogetoutfromundertheircreditcarddebt."ManyPeoPleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatPayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife,whichcouldhavelossimPlicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks.,58.WhatisthemainideaofthefirstParagraPhManyyoungAmericanswillneverbeabletoPayofftheirdebts.CreditcardsPlayanincreasinglyimPortantroleincollegelife.Creditcardsaredoingmoreharmthanstudentloans.TheAmericancreditcardsystemisundercriticism.WhydoyoungPeoPlehavetoPayahigherinterestontheircreditcarddebtTheytendtoforgetaboutthedeadlines.Theyhaven'tdevelopedacredithistory.Theyareoftenunabletopaybackintime.Theyareine*periencedinmanagingmoney.WhatdoesLuciaDunnthinkmightbeariskforthecreditcardissuingbanksTheygobankruptasaresultofover-lending.Theyloselargenumbersoftheirregularclients.Theirclientsleavetheirdebtsunpaidupondeath.Theirinterestrateshavetobereducednowandthen.2013年12月六级CTensofthousandsofancientpicturescarvedintotherocksatoneofFrance’smostimportanttouristsitesarebeinggraduallydestroyed.Scientistsandresearchersfearthatthe36,000drawingsonrocksinMontBegointheFrenchAlpsarebeingdamagedsorapidlythattheywillnotsurviveforfuturegenerations.Themountain,believedtohaveoncebeenasiteforprayer,isscattered（散布）with4,000-year-olddrawingscutintobarerock.Theyincludepicturesofcowswithhorns,cultivatedfields（耕地）andvariousgodsandgoddesses.Butasthepopularityofthesiteincreases,thepicturesarebeingruinedbythoughtlessgraffiti（涂鸦）.JeanClottesisthechairmanoftheInternationalCommitteeonRockArt.Hesays,“Peoplethinkthatbecausethepictureshavebeentheresolongtheywillalwayscontinuetobethere.Butifthedamagecontinuesatthisratetherewillbenothingleftin50years.”Hedescribesseeingtouristsstampingonthedrawings,wearingawaytherockanddefinition（清晰）oftheartworkastheydoso.Somevisitors,hesays,evencutoffpartstotakehomeassouvenirs.“Whenpeoplethinktheycan’ttakeagoodenoughphotograph,theyrubthedrawingstogetaclearerpicture,”hesaid.“Thedrawingsarepolishedbytheweather,andifthesunisshiningandthevisitorscan’tseethemproperlytheysimplyrubthemtomakethemlookfresher.”Otherresearchersdescribehowpeoplearrivecarryinglongstickswithsharpendstoscratch（刮）theirowndrawings,oreventheirnames,intherocks.Bute*pertsaredividedoverthebestwaytopreservethedrawings.HenrydeLumley,directoroftheMuseumofNaturalHistoryinParis,believesthattheonlywaytosavethesiteistoturnthewholemountainintoa“no-go”area,preventingthepublicfromgoingtheree*ceptonguidedtours.Otherwise,hesays,notonlywillthesitebecompletelydestroyedbutimportantresearchworkwillbereduced.Clottesdisagrees,“ThemeasuresuggestedbyHenrydeLumleyisthemostsevere,andwhileitisthemosteffective,itisalsocertaintobringaboutprotestsfrompeoplewholivethere,”hesaid.“ThesitewasclassifiedasahistoricmonumentyearsagobytheMinistryofCulture,andwemustdoasmuchaspossibletosavewhatisthere.”DavidLavergne,theregionalarchitect,alsowantstoavoidclosingthesite.“HenrydeLumley’sideaisn’tideal,”hesaid.“Ourdepartmentfeelsthatthebestsolutionistoletpeoplelookatthesite,butbecausetheareaisverybigitisdifficulttopreventvisitorsfromdamagingit.Iwouldpreferthateveryonewasabletolookatit,butthemainproblemismoney.Wedonothavethefundstoemploythenecessarynumberofguards.Wemayhavetoconsiderchargingafee.Itdoesn’tseemtobepossibletogetthegovernmentsupport.”InNice,AnnieEchassou*,whoalsoworkedonresearchingthesite,isalarmedthatasthemountainbecomeseasiertoreach—touristscannowavoidthethree-and-a-half-hourwalkbyhiringvehicles—thedamagewillincreaserapidly.Shethinksthattheonlysolutionistoropeofftheareaandprovideguides.“Youcan’tsaytheplancan’tgoaheadbecausethereisnomoney,”shesaid.“Thatisnotgoodenough.MoneymustbeprovidedbecausetheMinistryofCulturehasclassifiedthisareaasahistoricsite.Ifwedon’ttakesteps,wewillberesponsibleforlosingthedrawingsforthene*tgeneration.”JeanClottessaysthatpeoplewhovisitthemountain .A.donotbelievethedrawingsareold.B.believetheyareallowedtopaintthereC.thinkthedrawingsshouldbeleftaloneD.thinkthedrawingswillnotdisappear62.HenrydeLumleyiseagerto .A.setupresearchprojectsC.keepoutindividualvisitorsB.protectpublicrightsD.bantrafficintheareaWhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageMontBego,scatteredwithgodsandgoddesses,isaplaceforworship.BTheolddrawingsarebeingruinedmainlybynaturalforces.Currently,admissiontothesitewiththeolddrawingsisfree.Nowtouristshaveeasieraccesstothemountainduetopublictransport.ThispassageaboutMontBegoisintendedto .A.advertisetheclosingofthesiteB.warnvisitorsaboutthedangersofthesiteC.encouragescientiststovisitthesiteD.describefearsforthefutureofthesiteDJohnBlanchardstoodupfromthebench,straightenedhisarmyuniform,andstudiedthecrowdofpeoplemakingtheirwaythroughGrandCentralStation.Helookedforthegirlwhoseheartheknew,butwhosefacehedidn’t,thegirlwiththerose.HisinterestinherhadbegunthirteenmonthsbeforeinaFloridalibrary.Takingabookofftheshelfhefoundhimselfintrigued,notwiththewordsofthebook,butwiththenotespenciledinthemargin.Thesofthandwritingreflectedathoughtfulsoulandinsightfulmind.Inthefrontofthebook,hediscoveredthepreviousowner’sname,MissHollisMaynell.Withtimeandefforthelocatedheraddress.ShelivedinNewYorkCity.Hewroteheraletterintroducinghimselfandinvitinghertocorrespond.Thene*tdayhewasshippedoverseasforserviceinWorldWarII.Duringthene*tyearandonemonththetwogrewtoknoweachotherthroughmail.Eachletterwasaseedfallingonafertileheart.Aromancewasbudding.Blanchardrequestedaphotograph,butsherefused.Shefeltthatifhereallycared,itwouldn’tmatterwhatshelookedlike.WhenthedayfinallycameforhimtoreturnfromEurope,theyscheduledtheirfirstmeeting--7:00PMattheGreatCentralStationinNewYork.“You’llrecognizeme,”shewrote,“bytheredroseI’llbewearingonmylapel.”Soat7:00hewasinthestationlookingforagirlwhoseheartheloved,butwhosefacehe’dneverseen.I’llletMr.Blanchardtellyouwhathappened:Ayoungwomanwascomingtowardme,andherfigurelongandslim.Herblondehairlaybackincurlsfromherdelicateears;hereyeswereblueasflowers.Herlipsandchinhadagentlefirmness,andinherpalegreensuitshewaslikespringtimecomealive.Istartedtowardher,entirelyforgettingtonoticethatshewasnotwearingarose.AsImoved,asmall,attractivesmilecurvedherlips.“Goingmyway,sailor”shemurmured.AlmostuncontrollablyImadeonestepclosertoher,andthenIsawHollisMaynell.Shewasstandingalmostdirectlybehindthegirl.Awomanwellpast40,shehadgrayinghairtuckedunderawornhat.Shewasmorethanplump,herthick-ankledfeetthrustintolow-heeledshoes.Thegirlinthegreensuitwaswalkingquicklyaway.IfeltasthoughIwassplitintwo,sokeenwasmydesiretofollowher,andyetsodeepwasmylongingforthewomanwhosespirithadtrulyaccompaniedmeandupheldmyown.AndthereshestoodHerpale，plumpfacewasgentleandsensible，hergrayeyeshadawarmandkindlytwinkle.Ididnothesitate.Myfingersgrippedthesmallwornblueleathercopyofthebookthatwastoidentifymetoher.Thiswouldnotbelove,butitwouldbesomethingprecious,somethingperhapsevenbetterthanlove,afriendshipforwhichIhadbeenandmusteverbegrateful.Isquaredmyshouldersandsalutedandheldoutthebooktothewoman,eventhoughwhileIspokeIfeltchokedbythebitternessofmydisappointment.I’mLieutenant（中尉）JohnBlanchard，andyoumustbeMissMaynell.Iamsogladyoucouldmeetme;mayItakeyoutodinner”Thewoman’sfacebroadenedintoatolerantsmile.“Idon’tknowwhatthisisabout,son,”sheanswered,“buttheyoungladyinthegreensuitwhojustwentby,shebeggedmetowearthisroseonmycoatAndshesaidifyouweretoaskmeouttodinner,IshouldgoandtellyouthatsheiswaitingforyouinthebigrestaurantacrossthestreetShesaiditwassomekindoftest!”It’snotdifficulttounderstandandadmireMissMaynell'swisdom.Thetruenatureofaheartisseeninitsresponsetotheunattractive,“Tellmewhomyoulove,”Houssayewrote,“AndIwilltellyouwhoyouare.”65.Theunderlinedphrase“intrigued”inParagraph2means“ ”.A.satisfiedwithB.fascinatedbyC.encouragedbyD.frustratedwithHowdidJohnBlanchardknowofMissHollisMaynellTheylivedinthesamecity.Theywerebothinterestedinliterature.JohncameacrossHollisinaFloridalibrary.JohnknewHollis’snamefromalibrarybook.HollisrefusedtosendBlanchardaphotobecause .sheboughttrueloveisbeyondappearanceshewasn’tconfidentaboutherappearanceshewasonlyamiddle-agedwomanshehadnevertakenanyphotobeforetheyknewWhatwastherealMissHollisMaynelllikeShewasaplumpwomanwithgrayinghair.Shewasaslightlyfatgirl,withblondehairShewasayoung,prettygirlwearingagreensuitShewasamiddle-agedwomaninherforties.WhenBlanchardwentovertogreetthewoman,hewas .A.disappointedbutwell-behavedB.e*citedandconfidentC.annoyedandbad-manneredD.shockedbutinspiredWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassageA.Don’tJudgeaBookbyitsCoverB.TheSymbolofRoseC.LoveisBlindD.ATestofLove第四部分任务型阅读（共10小题；每小分，满分10分）请阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填1个单词。Oneproblemwithmuchpersonalityresearchisthatite*aminesandrateswhatevertraitstheresearchersareinterestedinatthetime:conscientiousness,emotionalstabilityandsoon.Butwhenwedescribesomeoneinreallife,wedon'tconsideranarray（大量）ofpersonalitymeasures;instead,wefocusonafewdistinctivetraitsthatsumuptheessenceoftheperson.Oneisparticularlyan*ious,anotherisconsistentlyreliable,yetanotherisa“livewire”.Whilewemighthesitatetocharacterizeindividualsalongeverypersonalitydimension,wecanaccuratelyidentifythembytheirkeycharacteristics.InresearchatStanfordUniversity,DarylBenandAndreaAllentestedthisideabyfirstaskingcollegestudentsiftheywereconsistentlyoronlyoccasionallyfriendlyandthenaskingtheirparentsandfriendshowfriendlythestudentswere.BenandAllenobservedhowthestudentsactedundertwospecificconditions:howmuchtheyspokeamongafewpeopleandhowquicklytheystartedupaconversationwithstrangers.Theresearchersfoundthatstudentswhoconsideredthemselvesconsistentlyfriendlywereindeedmorelikelytobefriendlyinbothcircumstancesthanwerethosewhoratedthemselvesonlyoccasionallyfriendly.Beyondthat,thefriendlinessratingsbyparentsandpeersofthestudentswhowereconsistentlyfriendlywereverysimilartothestudents'self-ratingsandpredictedaccuratelyhowtheywouldactintwoconditions.Itseemsthatwecanjudgeourselvesaccuratelyandthatotherscanrateusverywellontraitsthatserveasourtrademarks.Topredicthowsomeonewillbehaveinagivensituation,wemustmatchrequirementsinthesituationwiththetrademarkcharacteristicsofthepersoninvolved.Peoplewhoarestronglyofonetypeoranothershouldreactpredictablyinagivensituation,whilethebehavioroftheothermorediffuse（分散的）personalitiesishardtoanticipate.BenandDavidformalizedthisapproachintheir‘ideal’matchingstrategy.Thetwopsychologistssuggestthatcertain'ideal'approachestolifecanbedescribedandusedtopredictbehaviorundercertaincircumstances.Ifwethenmeasurehowclosetothis‘idealtype’anyactualpersonis,weshouldbeabletoanticipatethelikelihoodthatthispersonwillbehaveinacertainway.Fore*ample,peopleadoptverydifferentstrategiesinagamecalled'ThePrisoner'sDilemma',whichisoftenusedinpsychologicale*periments.Init,participantsmustchoosetobecooperativeorcompetitive.BernandCharlesLordofPrincetonUniversityfoundthatstudents’playingstylescouldbeaccuratelypredictedfromroommatesassessmentsofthem.Thoseratedasmostnegativeandunhelpfulinlifeusuallyemployedacompetitivestrategyratherthanacooperativeone.IdealPersonalityMatchingStrategyPassageoutlineSupportingdetailsIntroductionInreallife,(71) notmeasuredineverypersonalitydimension,individualscanbeaccuratelyidentifiedthroughtheirkeytraits.ResearchSurveyAskingcollegestudentsiftheywere;alwaysfriendly.Askingtheirparentsandpeersabouttheir(72) .(73) Howmuchtheyspokein(74) groups.Howquicklytheystartedto(75) tostrangers.Findings•Students,self-ratedasonlyoccasionallyfriendly,are(76) likelytobefriendlyinbothsituations.•Friendlinessratingsbyparentsandpeers(77) tothestudents/self-ratings.Theapproachto(78) behaviorMatchingwhatis(79) inthesituationwithone'scharacteristicsandmakingitformalized.Benefitandapplicationofthestrategy•The/ideal’matchingstrategycanhelptoanticipateaperson’sbehaviorundercertaincircumstances.•Inthe‘ThePrisoner’sD