历年考研试题及答案

学习文档仅供参考学习文档仅供参考历年考研试题及答案【篇一：历年考研阅读真题】t＞满招损，谦受益，时乃天道。〔历年考研真题〕考研英语阅读理解电子教材 0unit1(1994) 2unit2〔1995〕 9unit3〔1996〕 16unit4〔1997〕 23unit5〔1998〕 31unit6〔1996〕 39unit7〔2010〕 47unit8〔2001〕 55unit9〔2002〕 63unit10(2003) 70unit11〔2004〕 77unit12〔2005年真题〕 84unit13〔2006年真题〕 90unit14〔2007年真题〕 97unit15〔2008年真题〕 104unit16〔2009年真题〕 111unit17〔2010年真题〕 118答案 124unit1(1994)passage1theamericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.privatebusinessmen.strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.thus,intheamericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.intheamericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbysellerproducers.iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.if,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers.whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheamericaneconomicsystem.theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.intheamericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.inline7,para.1,thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesmeans .americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomesamericanstendtooverstatetheirincomesamericanswanttohavetheirincomesincreasedamericanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomesthefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthatproducerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproductionconsumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducersproducersdecidethepricesofproductssupplyanddemandregulatepricesaccordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby .privatepropertyandrightsconcernedmanpowerandnaturalresourcescontrolownershipofproductiveresourcesfreecontractsandpricesthepassageismainlyabout .howamericangoodsareproducedhowamericanconsumersbuytheirgoodshowamericaneconomicsystemworkshowamericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitspassage2onehundredandthirteenmillionamericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.theytheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.formanyofusthecashlesssocietyisnotonthehorizon—itsalreadyhere.whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers.theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.numerousothercommericalenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto .withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishesobtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledoenjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeepercashmoneywhereverhewishestofromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat.inthefuturealltheamericanswillusecreditcardscreditcardsaremainlyusedintheunitedstatestodaynowadaysmanyamericansdonotpayincashitisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbeforethephraseringupsales(line2,para.2)mostprobablymeans makeanorderofgoodsrecordsalesonacashregistercallthesalesmanagerkeeptrackofthegoodsinstockwhatisthispassagemainlyabout?approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.passage3exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential.theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareofthe【篇二：历年考研真题小作文范文参考】xt>2012考研英语一小作文参考范文parta51.directions:someinternationalstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.writethenanemailinthenameofthestudentsuniontoextendyourwelcomeandprovidesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.youshouldwriteabout100wordsonanswersheet2.donnotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.use“liming”instead.donotwritetheaddress.(10points)dearfriends:asamemberofstudentsunioniamwritingonbehalfofouruniversity,weareverypleasedtoknowthatyouaremakingavisit.welcometoourschool.weareallstudents,campuslifeisveryimportantinourlife,soweareveryinterestedofyourcampuslife,firstiwanttointroducemycampuslifeforyou.ouruniversityhasabiglibrary,allkindsofbooksinit,soifwehavetime,manystudentswillgotheretoreadbooks,inordertoimproveknowledgeandexpandhorizon.manyactivitieswillbeheldinourschoolonceamonth,suchasreading、singing、lecture、scienceandtechnology.wealsohavemuchchancetocontactwithsocietytoliftingourcapacity.weareveryhappytolivethere.thankingforyourvisiting,wealsowanttoknowyourcampuslife.yourssincerelyliming2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)parta47.directions:supposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinestoretheotherday.writeanemailtothecustomerservicecenterto1)makeacomplaint,and2)demandapromptsolution.youshouldwriteabout100wordsonanswersheet2.donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.use“zhangwei”instead.dearsirormadam,iamanhonestcustomerwhooftenbuystheproductsfromyouronlinestore.ijustboughtanelectronicdictionaryfromyourstoretheotherday.ifeelbadtotroubleyoubutiamafraidthatihavetomakeacomplaintaboutthequalityofit。thereasonformydissatisfactionisthatifoundtheelectronicdictionarycan’treachmysatisfaction.inthefirstplace,theoutlookisquitedifferentfromwhatitisplacedonline.inaddition,thenumberofthevocabularycontainedinitistoosmall.thepurposeiwanttobuyitisthatiintendtotakepartinthecattiexam.i’dliketobuyanelectronicdictionarywithalargevocabulary.obviously,theoneiboughtisnottheexactoneiamexpectedtoobtain.underthesecircumstances,ifinditunacceptabletousethisone。iappreciateitverymuchifyoucouldchangeanothersatisfyingoneforme.andiwouldliketohavethismattersettledbynextfriday.thankyouforyourconsiderationandiwillbelookingforwardtoyourfavorablereply。yourssincerely,zhangwei2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语小作文题目及范文directions:writealettertoafriendofyourstorecommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesandgivereasonsforyourrecommendation.youshouldwriteabout100wordsonanswersheet2.donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.use”liming”instead.donotwritetheaddress.(10points)dearfriends:recentlyalotofnewmovies,youconcern?irecentlysawamovieisespeciallysuitableforyou.itsnameisifyouaretheone.firstofallithasverypowerfulcast.storylineisverytight.characterslanguageisclassicandthought-provoking.but,imostlikeitbecauseitsmorals.dearfriends,doyoutolovetheunderstandingofwhat?loveisromantic,iscostly,issimple,orplain?ithinkinthismoviecanbereflected.perhapsnowwestillcantclearlove,butloveisalreadybrimmingwithourlives,isapartoflife.iwanttowatchthemovie,wecanunderstandalot.dearfriends,doyoualsoseethismovie,remembertowriteandtellmehowyoufeel.missyou!2011考研英语(二)小作文supposeyourcousinliminghasjustbeenadmitedtoauniversitywritehim/heraletterto:(1)congratulatehim/her,and(2)givehim/hersuggestionsonhowtogetpreparedforuniversitylifeyoushouldwriteabout100wordsonanswersheet2.donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use“zhangwedearcousin,ihavelearnedthatyouaresuccessfullyadmittedtoyourtargetuniversity,soiamwritingtopresentyoumyheartycongratulations.thereareseveralfactorsaccountingforthisletter.ononething,iwouldliketosuggestthatyoumakefullpreparationsforthefirstlessonofyouruniversitylife,thecomingmilitarytraining,whichisfairlyenergy-demandingandphysicallychallenging.foranother,englishwillstillbeveryimportantwhenyouareacollegestudent.thusitisstronglyrecommendedthatyoucontinuetolearnenglishduringthisvacation.itismysincerehopethattheaboveadvicewillbeofanyhelptoyou.andwishyouasplendiduniversitylife!yourssincerely,zhangwei2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题小作文范文解析parta51.directions:oticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization.thenoticeshouldincludethebasicqualificationforapplicantsandtheotherinformationwhichyouthinkisrelevant。youshouldwriteabout100wordsonanswersheet2.donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.usepostgraduate'associationinstead。(10points)真题解析2010年考研英语(一)小作文考察了告示这种题型。在2009年10月22日教育部考试中心出版的《考试大纲》和《考试分析》中并未提到告示，但从2004年考研大纲改革以来，历年教育部考试中心出版的《大纲解析》一书中均详细讲解了告示的写法。2009年8月25日出版的《大纲解析》中将小作文明确分为书信类应用文和告示类应用文两大题型，详尽分析了告示的写作方法，并提供了六篇告示范文。这再次证明了考研写作的反押题倾向，命题者重在考查考生的实际英语水平，经常与考生预测逆向思维，反其道而行之。针对2011年及之后的考研写作复习，希望考生扎扎实实提高英语写作实力，杜绝侥幸和押题心理，对于书信、摘要、告示、备忘录、报告等大纲提及的题型均应仔细复习，以不变应万变。大家如果参加过新东方的培训，我的强化班和基础班写作讲义中均提供了告示范文。拙著《2010考研英语高分写作》94页至99页详尽解析了告示的写法，并提供了六篇范文；118页小作文十大必背范文第九篇即告示。下面提供的参考范文即综合了该书97页和118页的两篇范文。考生平时只要认真复习，告示并不难写。值得注意的是，近两年考研小作文考题均源于近年大学英语四级写作真题。2009年1月10日考研小作文真题源于2008年12月20日四级真题“limitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbags”。而2010年的考研小作文题目再次来自于2006年6月17日四级写作真题。该题如下：directions:forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteaposterrecruitingvolunteers.youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1.校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动，现招募志愿者，2.本次志愿者活动的目的、内容、安排等，3.报名条件及联系方式。在2009年8月25日出版的《大纲解析》中，教育部详细讲解了告示的格式：标题应放在首行正中央；日期应放在标题右下方，不应空行；正文应写1-3段，5-7句即可；落款写在中间偏后位置，与正文之间不需空行。考生无需过于紧张，即使格式错误，只要没有跑题、语言基本正确、结构比较清晰，即可取得理想成绩。volunteerswantedjanuary9,2010toimprovestudents’abilityandeichextracurricularactivities,thepostgraduate’associationisrecruitingvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalizationtobeheldonapril7,2010inbeijing.tobeginwith,applicantsshouldhavechinesenationality,astrongprofessionalspirit,cheerfulpersonalityandbeagedunder35.inaddition,candidatesmusthaveoutstandingskillsatenglishlisteningcomprehensionandtheabilitytospeakchineseandenglishfluently.finally,studentswithrelevantprofessionalexperiencearepreferred.thosepostgraduateswhoareinterestedintakingpartinitmaysignupwiththemonitoroftheirclassesbeforefebruary1,2010.everybodyiswelcometojoininit。postgraduate’association参考译文招募志愿者2010年1月9日为提高同学们的能力并丰富课外活动，研究生会现招募2010年4月7日在北京举办的一次国际全球化会议的志愿者。首先，应聘者必须具有中国国籍、较强的职业精神、令人愉快的个性，年龄在35岁以下。其次，申请人需具有卓越的英文听力水平以及流利的中英文演讲能力。最后，具有相关职业经验的学生优先考虑。有兴趣参加的研究生请于2月1日之前在本班班长处报名。欢送大家积极参加。2009年考研小作文51.restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“whitepollution”isstillgoingon.writealettertotheeditor〔s〕ofyourlocalnewspaperto1〕giveyouropinionsbrieflyand2〕maketwoorthreesuggestionsyoushouldwriteabout100words.donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.useliminginstead.youdonotneedtowritetheaddress参考范文dearsir，nowadays，thereexistsanincreasinglyseriousenvironmentalproblem.whitepollutionhasbecomeacommonconcernofthepublic.accordingtoasurvey，insomeareasthebanontheuseofplasticbagsarenotverysuccessful，sowhitepollutioncontinues.〔开头写的太罗嗦，其实就简单的说白色污染再继续，所以写信要给建议〕inmyhumbleopinion，youwouldbewisetotakethefollowingactions.thefirstactionisthat，yournewspaperwouldstrengthentoreporttheproblemaboutthebadofplasticbags.thesecondactionisthat,yournewspapershouldpersuadepeoplenottouseplasticbags.thelastactionisthatyournewspapershouldallowthegovernmenttoformulatesomepoliciestobanontheuseofplasticbags.〔这个中间段落结构上虽然清晰，但是结构句式却乏善可陈，没有任何句式的变化，唯一的优点就是在词汇上，就是我紫色画出来的部分〕ihopeyouwillfindtheseproposalsuseful，andiwouldbereadytodiscussthismatterwithyoutofurtherdetails.yourssincerelyliming2008年考研小作文试题51.directions：youhavejustcomebackfromcanadaandfoundamusiccdinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntobob，yourlandlordthere.writehimaletterto1〕makeanapology，and2〕suggestasolution.youshouldwriteabout100wordsonanswersheet2.donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.use“liming”instead.donotwritetheaddress.〔10points〕参考范文dearbob,iamwritingtoexpressmyapologytoyou.【篇三：上大新传历年考研真题】=txt>2001年传播学理论考研试题一、填空题〔〕。.〔〕在其名著《舆论》中用“铅版”一词阐述了传播与“我们头脑中的图象”之间的关系。.传播的实现必须具备四个最基本的条件，即传播者、信息、〔〕和受传者。.〔〕聚集。.〔〕理论认为，自由是伴随着义务的.享有特权地位的报刊对社会负有不可推卸的责任。.《大众传播模式论》一书的作者是〔〕和凯文?温德尔。.传播者是传播过程的控制者，所以对传播者的研究在国外也叫〔〕。.“两极传播论”认为，观念首先由传播媒介传给人群中比较活跃的〔〕，然后再由他们传给不太活跃的其他人。.香农认为，但凡在一种情况下能减少〔〕的任何事物都可以称为信息。.体语有三种类型，一是动态的动作，二是静态的姿势，三是利用语言的特点以表达意思的〔〕。〔〕.传播的双向互动性，传播权利的普及和平等以及传播的个性化和个人化等特点。.麦克卢汉提出的媒介理论，包括媒介有冷热之分，媒介是人体的延伸和〔〕等观点。.克拉帕认为，受众的心理特征和选择过程，群体以及群体标准和习俗〔〕，使大众传播主要是作为一种激活，强化和维持受众原有态度和观点的力量用。〔〕主持的“士兵观看电影”研究，揭示了劝服的重要特征，并为战后的劝服研究铺平了道路。.传播的研究方法可以分为定性分析和定量分析两大类，其中后者包括实地调查、控制实验和〔〕。二、判断题.戴元光等编著的《传播学原理与应用》是我国第一本传播学专著蒹教材。.世界上第一家成功的商业电台是1906年12月24日在美国马莎诸塞州开始播音的kdka广播电台。.威廉斯蒂芬森认为，人类的讲话只不过是一种工具，本质上与绳子.棍子.盒子等工具没有什么区别。.新闻传播者既包括记者.摄影摄象和节目主持人等人员，也包括编辑.导演.导编.总编等人员。.“观念的自由市场”和“真理的自我修正过程”这两个观点是从弥尔顿的思想发展而来的。.香农提出的传播模式用“噪音”这个概念表示信息在传播过程中受到的干扰。.选择出来的事实是选择者个人意见及其所属阶级意见的反映。.印刷和电子媒介在使人类社会脱离所谓“部落化阶段”及至成为“地球村”的同时，也使参与传播的双方即传播者和受众从此天涯海角，人各一方。.人们用各种符合进行思维和交流的过程，也就是编码和译码的过程。.狭义的广播仅指声音广播，而广义的广播则除此之外还包括电视广播。.麦克卢汉的媒介理论，不少观点都师承加拿大学者英尼斯。域。.坎特利尔主持的广播剧《火星人入侵地球》事件的研究有假设干重要发现，其中也涉及两极传播的问题。.内容分析是一种对传播内容进行客观.系统和定性描述的研究方法。三、简答题30分.拉斯伟尔提出的传播模式是什么？6分奉献？10分33.受众具有那些特征？8分34.