2023 全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

#绝密□启用前2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语（一）（科目代码201）考生注意事项.答题前，考生必须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。.考生须把试题册上的试卷条形码粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。.考试结束后，将答题卡和试题册按规定一并交回，不可带出考场。考生姓名： 考生编号：SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C],or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)CaravanseraiswereroadsideinnsthatwerebuiltalongtheSilkRoadinareasincludingChina,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Theyweretypically__1__outsidethewallsofacityorvillageandwereusuallyfundedbygovernmentsof__2__.Thisword“Caravanserais”isa__3__ofthePersianword“karvan”,whichmeansagroupoftravellersoracaravan,andseray,apalaceorenclosedbuilding.ThePermcaravanwasusedto__4__groupsofpeoplewhotravelledtogetheracrosstheancientnetworkforsafetyreasons,__5__merchants,travellersorpilgrims.Fromthe10thcenturyonwards,asmerchantandtravelroutesbecomemoredeveloped,the__6__oftheCaravanseraisincreasedandtheyservedasasafeplaceforpeopletorestatnight.TravellersontheSilkRoad__7__possibilityofbeingattackedbythievesorbeing__8__toextremeconditions.Forthisreason,Caravanseraiswerestrategicallyplaced__9__theycouldbereachedinaday’straveltime.Caravanseraisservedasaninformal__10__pointforthevariouspeoplewhotravelledtheSilkRoad.__11__,thosestructuresbecameimportantcentersforculture__12__andinteraction,withtravelerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,__13__talkingknowledgewiththem,greatly__14__thedevelopmentofseveralcivilizations.Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand__15__inthetradeofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad.__16__,itwasfrequentlythefirststopmerchantslookingtoselltheirwaresand__17__suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis__18__thataround120,000to15,000caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,__19__onlyabout3,000areknowntoremaintoday,manyofwhicharein__20__.

1.A.displayedB.occupiedC.locatedD.equipped2.A.privatelyB.regularlyC.respectivelyD.permanently3.A.definitionB.transitionC.substitutionD.combination4.A.classifyB.recordC.describeD.connect5.A.apartfromB.insteadofC.suchasD.alongwith6.A.constructionB.restorationC.impressionD.evaluation7.A.doubtedB.facedC.acceptedD.reduced8.A.assignedB.subjectedC.accustomedD.opposed9.A.sothatB.evenifC.nowthatD.incase10.A.talkingB.startingC.breakingD.meeting11.A.BythewayB.OnoccasionC.IncomparisonD.Asaresult12.A.heritageB.revivalC.exchangeD.status13.A.withregardtoB.inspiteofC.aswellasD.inlinewith14.A.completingB.influencingC.resumingD.pioneering15.A.aidedB.investedC.failedD.competed16.A.RatherB.IndeedC.OtherwiseD.However17.A.goinforB.standupforC.closeinonD.stockupon18.A.believedB.predictedC.recalledD.implied19.A.untilB.becauseC.unlessD.although20.A.ruinsB.debtC.fashionD.seriesSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfOurtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40Points)Text1TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthetemperaturewillbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonthasofficialsdebatehowclimatechangeistaughtinTexasschools.PatHardy,aconservativememberoftheboardwhosympathiseswiththeviewsoftheenergysector,isresistingproposedchangestosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewouldemphasisetheprimacyofhumanactivityinrecentclimatechangeandencouragediscussionofmitigationmeasures.Mostscientistsandindependentexpertssharplydisputeherviews.“WhatmillionsofTexaskidslearnintheirpublicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenbythepoliticalideologyofpartisanboardmembers,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship,”saysDanQuinn,seniorcommunicationsstrategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profitgroupthatmonitorspubliceducation.“Theycasuallydismissthecareerworkofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion.”SuchdebatesreflectsfiercediscussionacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,asresearchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreaterfocusonteachingaboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschool.AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupofscientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimatechangeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+orhigher.Amongthe10worstperformersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowestgrade(F)andhasadisproportionateinfluencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.GlennBranch,thecentre’sdeputydirector,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelsciencestandardsisonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionstolocalschoolboards.Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitssciencestandards,“thatdoesnotmeanitwillbetaught”,hesays.Anotherissueisthat,whileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsandatsomeages—suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschools—itisnotaswellrepresentedincurriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidelytaught,suchasbiologyandchemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudiescourses.Branchpointsoutthat,evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooksreflectscientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthatconveymoreslantedperspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyincludematerialssponsoredbylibertarianthink-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedto .forecastapolicyshiftinTexasschoolsstresstheconsequencesofclimatechangeindicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeetingdrawthepublic’sattentiontoenergyshortages.WhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?sheexaggeratestheexistingpanic.shedeniesthevalueofscientificworksheshowsnoconcernforpre-teens.sheexpressesself-contradictoryviews.ThestudymentionedinParagraph5 .climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschoolspolicymakershavelittledriveforscienceeducationTexasisreluctanttorewriteitssciencetextbooksenvironmentalteachinginsomestateslackssupervisionAccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUS .callforregularrevisionrequireurgentapplicationhavelimitedinfluencecatertolocalneedsItisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschools .agreetomajorpublicdemandsreflectsteachers’personalbiasmaymisrepresenttheenergysectorcanbeswayedbyexternalforcesText2CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Nowwithrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylowinventory,there’sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.TheStateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould’vemadeitillegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,”saidNickTaylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshiretowns,“employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahardtimefindingaplacetolive,”Taylorsaid.However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOofalocalassociationofrealter.“Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,”Castlesaid,“andsoit’sacyclicaleffect.”Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,anexpertonaffordablehousingpolicy.“Ithinkindividualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit’stheirvacationhomeanyway,andit’sjustempty,whycan’tyoumakemoneyoffit?”Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations.“Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn’tadeveloperwho’sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?”Hornsaid.Attheendof2018,governorCharlieBakerofMassachusettssignedabilltoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestatemandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy.Bostontookthingsevenfurther,requiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity’sInspectionalServicesDepartment.Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitstrugglingcitiesandtowns,but“ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.ItsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowlyItshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol..ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedto .curbshort-termrentalspeculation.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket..ComparedwithCastle,Taylorismorelikelytosupport .A.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers..WhatdoesHornemphasizeinParagraph5?Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.Theefficientoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.Thenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses..Hornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis .A.anirrationaldecision.anunfeasibleproposal.anunnecessarymeasure.aninadequatesolution.Text3Ifyou’reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstones,thebiggestbookretailerintheUK,insearchoftheDuchessofSussex’snewchildren’sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaroundabit,thesamemaybetrueofThePresident’sDaughter,thenewthrillerbyBillClintonandJamesPatterson.BothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekbyPenguinRandomHouse(PRH),acompanycurrentlyinvolvedinastand-offwithWaterstones.Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPRHconfirmedthatithadintroducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel”.ThetrademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections”.PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:“WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherintheUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwearedoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusy.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018.”Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butit’sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstaff’spassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.ItcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster—thereductioninthenumberofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmoreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpower,”saysliteraryagentAndrewLownie.“Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmallpublishers.”Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublisherstobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers..TheauthormentionstwobooksinParagraph1topresent .anongoingconflict.anintellectualconcept.aprevailingsentiment.aliteraryphenomenon..WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?Tomakethemeasilynoticeable.TocomplywithPRH’srequirement.TorespondtoPRH’sbusinessmove.Toarrangetheminasystematicway..WhatmessagedoesthespokespersonforWaterstonesseemtoconvey?Theircustomersremainloyal.Thecreditlimitwillberemoved.C.Theirstockisunderestimated.D.Thebookmarketisratherslack..Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?Salesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably.Lesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism.Waterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthors’books.D.Waterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue..WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie’sview?Smallpublishersoughttosticktogether.Bigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance.Thepublishingindustryishavingahardtime.Themergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend.Text4Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearcherspublishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythetitle'simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersofscientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.Recently,anotherexpressionofthispredatorybehaviorhasemerged:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticles.Theadventofelectronicpublishingandauthors'needtofindoutletsfortheirpapersresultedinthousandsofnewjournals.Thebirthofpredatoryjournalswasn'tfarbehind.Thesejournalscanactasmilkcowswhereeverysinglearticleinanissuemayciteaspecificpaperoraseriesofpapers.Insomeinstances,thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthecontentofthearticleandthecitations.Thepeculiarpartisthatthejournalthattheeditorissupposedlyworkingforisnotprofitingatall—itisjustprovidingcitationstootherjournals.Suchpracticescanleadanarticletoaccruemorethan150citationsinthesameyearthatitwaspublished.Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual—actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant—wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,acitationdatabase,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“international”journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.Scopusitselfhasallthedatanecessarytodetectthismalpractice.Redflagsincludealargenumberofcitationstoanarticlewithinthefirstyear.Andforauthorswhowishtosteerclearofcitationcartelactivities:whenaneditorareviewer,orasupportserviceasksyoutoaddinappropriatereferences,donotobligeanddoreporttherequesttothejournal.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby howmanycitationstheirworkscontainhowmanytimestheirpapersarecitedtheprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwiththestatustheyhaveinscientificcirclesThesupportserviceconsultanciestendto .recommendjournalstotheirclients.listcitationpatternstheirclients.askauthorstoincludeextracitationsD.advisecontributorstociteeachotherTheFunctionofthe“milkcow”journalsisto .A.boostcitationcountsforcertainauthorshelpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcostC.instructFirst-timecontributorsincitationD.increasethereadershipofnewjournals.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusFromthelasttwoparagraphs?ItFosterscompetitionamongcitationprovidersIthasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitationsD.ItestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulationWhatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulators?TakelegalactionDemandanapology.SeekprofessionaladviceRevealtheirmisconductPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Handfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsA,EandHhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Lastyearmarkedthe150thanniversaryofaseriesofYellowstonephotographsbytherenownedlandscapephotographerWilliamHenryJackson.Jacksonsnappedthe1st-evershotsoficoniclandmarkssuchastheTetons,OldFaithfulandtheColoradoRockies.Onalate19th-centuryexpeditionthroughtheYellowstoneBasinthatwasconductedbytheheadoftheU.S.GeologicalandGeographicalSurveyoftheTerritories,FerdinandV.Hayden.Theteamincludedameteorologist,azoologist,amineralogist,andanagriculturalstatistician.Twocenturiesago,theideaofpreservingnature,ratherthanexploitingit,wasanovelonetomanyU.S.settlers.Oneoftheturningpointsinpublicsupportforlandconservationefforts—andrecognizingthemagnificenceoftheYellowstoneregioninparticular—cameintheformofvividphotographs.AsaneffectiveWashingtonoperator,Haydensensedthathecouldcapitalizeontheexpedition’sstunningvisuals.HeaskedJacksontoprintoutlargecopiesanddistributedthem,alongwithreproductionsofMoran’spaintings,toeachmemberofCongress.“Thevisualization,particularlythosephotographs,reallyhithomethatthisissomethingthathastobeprotected,”saysMurphy.Throughoutthetrip,Jacksonjuggledmultiplecamerasandplatesizesusingthe“collodionprocess”thatrequiredhimtocoattheplateswithachemicalmixture,thenexposethemanddeveloptheresultingimageswithaportabledarkrooms.Thecrudetechniquerequirededucatedguessesonexposuretimes,andinvolvedheavy,awkwardequipment—severalmenhadtoassistinitstransportation.Despitethesechallenges,Jacksoncaptureddozensofstrikingphotos,rangingfrommajesticimageslikehisnow-famoussnapshotofOldFaithful,tocasualportraitsofexpeditionmembersatthecamp.Whileveteransofpreviousexpeditionswroteatlengthaboutstunningtrailsights,thesevividphotographswereanotherthingentirely.Thewell-documentedYellowstonejourneyofficiallybeganinOgden,UtahonJune8,1871.Overnearlyfourmonths,dozensofmenmadetheirwayonhorsebackintoMontanaandtraversedalongtheYellowstoneRiverandaroundYellowstoneLake.Thatfall,theyconcludedthesurveyinFortBridger,Wyoming.ThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognizedthearea’sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That’swhyHayden’sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafullerunderstandingoftheYellowstoneRiverregion,fromitshotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourageofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomasMoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeautyandsharingitwiththeworld.ThebillprovedlargelypopularandsailedthroughCongresswithlargemajoritiesinfavor.Inquicksuccession,theSenateandHousepassedlegislationprotectingYellowstoneinearly1872.ThatMarch,PresidentUlyssesS.GrantsignedanactintolawthatestablishedYellowstoneastheworld’sfirstnationalpark.Somelocalsopposedthedesignation,thedecisi