英语语法基础汇总

形容词性从句--定语从句用来修饰名词、代词、句子等，在句中的作用相当于形容词，故称为形容词性从句。2012新程专转本◆限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句：对被修饰词起限制作用，与主句关系密切，一般不可缺少。非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的意思，与主句用逗号隔开。IliveinBeijingwheremyparentsworkedtenyearsago.Hissister,whoworksinWuhan,iscomingtoseehimtomorrow.如：e.g.Thecar

that

isunderthetreeismine.先行词放置于名词之后，修饰名词的从句关系词连接作用1.2.

在从句中充当成分◆限制性定语从句的构成3.

指代先行词◆定语从句的关系词关系代词（在从句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）

指人:who(主格),whom(宾格),whose(所有格)

指物:which(主格,宾格),whose(所有格)

指人或物:that,as关系副词（在从句中作状语）

where(onwhich)when(inwhich)why(forwhich)1.Theman(who/whom/that)mymothersawinthestreetismyteacher.(指人）2.Thebookwhich/thattellsusabouttheearthisinteresting.（指物）

3.Shelivesinahousewhosewindowfacessouth.

4.DoyouknowtheboywhosefatherisanEnglishteacher?

5.Ihaveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.

6.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)Ijoinedthearmy.7.Iwon’tforgetthefactorywhere(inwhich)myfatherworked.

8.Tellmethereasonwhyyoucamelate.◆只用that不用which的情况1）先行词为不定代词，如：

all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone,等

e.g.We’lldoallthatwecoulddotohelpyou.2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,oneof,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast,few,just修饰时。ThistrainisthelasttrainthatwillgotoBeijing.3)先行词被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时。ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatI’veeverread.4)先行词既有人又有物的时候。Thepeopleandthehappytime

thatIhadinthatvillageinfluencedmealot.5)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个用that。Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfamilywhichproducedthingsandthatcouldcausepollution.1)在非限定性定语从句中e.g.Brucewenttowardthefire,

whichwasstillsmoking.◆只用which不用that的情况2)介词之后ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.3)先行词本身是that时Whatisthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?4)引导词后面有插入语的情况Hereisthebookwhich,asyouknow,Ilikebest.1)关系代词在从句中作宾语e.g.Haveyoureceivedthebook(that)Isentyoulastweek?◆关系词的省略2)关系代词在从句中作表语e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.3)关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，并且介词在句末e.g.Thisistheartist(whom)Ispoketoyouabout.1.关系代词在从句中作主语e.g.Theclassroomthatisonthefourthfloorispoorlyequipped.

2.关系副词不可省略e.g.IhavecometoexplainthereasonwhyIwasabsentfromthemeeting.◆不能省略关系词的情况◆介词+关系代词1)固定搭配e.g.Thisistheevidencewithwhichthecaseisconnected.3)介词词组+关系代词e.g.Wearrivedatahill,ontopofwhichstoodatower.2)先行词e.g.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhich\whenIjoinedtheparty.◆介词+关系代词5)介词+关系代词+代词/数词e.g.Hehaswrittenmanybooks,ofwhichmostareinChinese.6)介词+whosee.g.HeistheverymaninwhosepocketIfoundmylostmoney.4)

代词/数词+of+关系代词e.g.Hehaswrittenmanybooks,mostofwhichareforchildren.Wehavemanystudents,twoofwhomhavewonprizesofinternationalcompetitions.◆关系词的选择（三步法）1.找出先行词2.看先行词在从句中的功能（主语/宾语/状语）3.选择关系词1)Thepeople_____________youmetinthecampusarefromAustralia.2)Thiswasthetime______________sheleftforBeijing.3)Theplace_______heoftenvisitsisalwaysfullofartists.who/whom/thatwhen/atwhichwhichas引导非限定性定语从句和which的区别：①如果指代前一句话的意思,二者可以互换.e.g.Helefther,as/whichwasstrange.◆

as和which②as引导的从句可以放在句首，句中和句尾。Aseveryoneknows,TomisgoodatEnglish.Theearth,asweknow,movesaroundthesun.③as有“正如….”

一类的含义如：ashasbeensaidabove,asanybodycanseeaswehadexpected,asitappears④在thesame…as…/such….as….中as引导的是限制性定语从句.e.g.Manyofthesportsarethesameastheywerewhentheystarted. Theresultwasnotsuchasheexpected.◆

as和which状语从句2012新程专转本状语从句的分类状语从句在复合句中作主句的状语，可表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句通常由从属连词引导,从属连词把主句和状语从句连接成为一个复合句.1.时间状语从句1).常用引导词：

在…..前:before;在……后:after

当……时:

when,as,while,

一……就:assoonas,instantly,immediately,directly,themoment,theinstant,thesecond,

nosooner…than,scarcely/hardly…when

自从:since,eversince,once(一旦)

每当:eachtime,everytime,whenever,theday(那天)，(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime,bythetime,thefirsttime,anytime1.时间状语从句2）while,when,as的用法区别a.when引导的从句动作和主句动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。b.as,while强调从句动作和主句动作同时发生c.as,when指时间点或时间段，但while不可以表示时间点，它引导的从句要用延续性动词d.表示“随着…”，只能用as。e.表示“一边…一边…”，用as。。1.连词：where，wherever2.比较:a.Hishousestandswherethreeroadsmeet.(地点)b.Hishousestandsattheplacewherethreeroadsmeet.(定语)2.地点状语从句1)引导词:because,since,for,as

2)区别:

①because

语气最强，一般置于主句之后。

②回答why时只能用because。

③在强调结构”Itis/was…that”中，只能用because。④在“not…but…”结构中，用because。⑤since表示新出现的原因，语气比because弱，一般位于句首。

⑥as表示双方已知的原因，语气比since弱，一般放在句首。⑦for

表示一种推断的理由，只能放在主句之后，并用逗号隔开。3.原因状语从句

如：1.---Whydid’tyouphonemelastnight?---BecauseIdidn’twanttodisturbyou.2.Sinceyouhavenolicense,youarenotallowedtodrive.3.Ashewasnotwellenough,Ihadtogowithouthim.4.Thedaybreaks,forthebirdsaresinging.3.原因状语从句

条件状语从句引导词：

if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等

如：Let’sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.4.条件、方式状语从句

2.方式状语从句引导词：

as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough

如：DoinRomeasRomansdo.Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasiftheyneverexisted.目的:that,sothat,so…that,inorderthat结果：that,so…that,such…that注:

目的状语从句的谓语里常有can,couldmay,might,will,would等1.连词:I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.HespokeslowlysothatIunderstoodhim.2.比较:5.目的、结果状语从句such+adj.+不可数名词/复数可数名词+thatIt’ssuchniceweatherthatallofuswanttogotothepark.such+a/an+adj.+单数可数名词+that=so+adj.+a/an+单数可数名词+thatMikeissuchanhonestworkerthatweallbelievehim.Mikeissohonestaworkerthatweallbelievehim.somany/few/much/little+n.+thatMr.Greenhadsolittleeducationthathewasunabletogetajob.3.句型:5.目的、结果状语从句though,although,evenif,eventhough,whether…or…,疑问词+ever,nomatter+疑问词等注:though/although不能和but连用，但能和yet,still连用。1.引导词:6.让步状语从句如：We’llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.

Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.

Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Eventhoughheismybrother,Idon’ttrusthim.尽管……(事实上他是我弟弟)Evenifheweremybrother,Iwouldnottrusthim.即使……(其实他不是我弟弟)2.比较:6.让步状语从句Importantaswateristous,wecannotliveonitalone.Foolasheis,hewillnotdosuchathing.Shoutashemight,hecouldnotmakehimselfheard.3.as,though引导的倒装句型:------adj./n./v.+as+主谓+主句6.让步状语从句练习1.—Ourholidaycostalotofmoney.—Didit?Well,thatdoesn’tmatter______you

enjoyedyourself.A.unless B.incaseC.asfaras D.aslongas3.______youunderstandtherule,youwillhaveno

furtherdifficulty.A.WhileB.OnceC.ThoughD.Unless2.—ShallMarycomeandplaycomputergames?—No,______shehasfinishedherhomework.A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.onceDCB练习4.Afteryouusedthedictionary,pleasejustputit

back______itbelongs.A.whereB.towhichC.whatD.that6.ThefansinChicagoadmireMichaelJordan_____heisno

longerfightingfortheChicagoBulls.A.sinceB.evenifC.howeverD.when5.—Didthedoor-keeperletyouin?—No.______ItriedtotellhimIwasyourrelative,he

justdidn’tbelieveme.A.Evenif B.HoweverC.Nomatter D.WhetherABB练习7.Theyweresurprisedthatachildshouldworkoutthe

problem______theythemselvescouldn’t.A.onceB.thenC.whileD.if9.Foodshortagewilllongbeaworldproblem______much

hasbeendonetosupplyenoughforeveryone.A.althoughB.nomatterC.sinceD.before8.Americanseat______vegetablesperpersontodayasthey

didin1910.A.morethantwiceasmanyB.morethantwiceC.astwiceasmanyasD.twiceasmanyasCAA练习10.______sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.A.NosooneritgrewdarkthanB.HardlydiditgrowdarkthatC.ItwasdarkafterD.Itwasnotuntildarkthat12.Howlongdoyousupposeitis______hearrivedthere.A.whenB.beforeC.afterD.since11.______theInternetisbridgingthedistancebetween

people,itmayalsobebreakingsomehomesorwillcause

otherfamilyproblems.A.WhenB.WhileC.IfD.AsDBD练习13.Tomoftenhastobecalledtwoorthreetimes______

hecomesdownstairstohavedinner.A.untilB.whenC.afterD.before15.Theirtent,______lightasafeather,remainedfirminthe

stormlastnight.A.asifB.evenC.thoughD.if14.Itwasaweek______theboygot______again.Hewas

senttohospitalatonce.A.before;tobehurt B.since;tobehurtC.before;hurt D.since;hurtDDC练习16.______yourdaughterhasrecoveredandyoursonhas

passedthecollegeentranceexamination,youhave

nothingtoworryabout.

A.BecauseB.NowthenC.SolongasD.Nowthat18.

—

Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?—Ifindrecordsareoften______orbetterthanan

actualperformance.A.asgoodasB.asgoodC.aswellasD.aswell17.

______thelivingstandardimproves,peoplewilltake

greaterinterestintravelingathomeandabroad.

A.Becauseof

B.With

C.During

D.AsDDB练习19.Quitetheoppositeinfact,Iliketolive______muchtraffic

andnoise.A.inwhichthereis B.intheplacethereisC.wherever D.wherethereisD练习22.Johnknockedatthedoorfornearlyfiveminutes_____

hisfriendopenedit.A.whenB.beforeC.untilD.while24.—DidyouremembertogiveTomthekeytothebike?—YesIgaveittohim______Isawhim.A.whileB.onceC.suddenlyD.themoment23.Iwashalfwaybacktothecottagewheremymotherlived

______Susancaughtupwithme.A.beforeB.whereC.whenD.thatBCD练习25.Somepeoplewastealotoffood______othershaven’t

enoughtoeat.A.howeverB.whenC.asD.while27._thereissomethingelsetodiscuss,I’lldeclarethe

meetingclosed.A.AsB.WhileC.SinceD.Unless26.______theEgyptianpeoplewerewarlike,theyfoundtime

forpeacefulgames.A.AsifB.EventhoughC.OnceD.AssoonasDBD练习

30.Thepatientsdon’thavetowaitallday_____thedoctor

worksfast.A.ifB.whetherC.unlessD.that29._____,youmustn’tgoagainstrules.A.NomatterwhattodoB.WhatevertodoC.Whatyoudo D.WhateveryoudoDAThat'sall名词性从句2012新程专转本一.相关概念1.名词：表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。2.名词的作用：名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语。3.名词性从句：由句子充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语和同位语的结构就名词性从句。4.名词性从句的种类：根据名词性从句在句子中所充当的不同成分，名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。二.主语从句1.主语从句的连接词1).连接词:that,whether例:(1).Thathewillwiniscertain.==Itiscertainthathewillwin.(2).Whetherhe’lljoinusinthediscussionisofgreatimportance.==Itisofgreatimportancewhetherhe’lljoinusinthediscussion..2).连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever例:(1).Itisnotyetdecided

whowilldothatjob.(2).Whosebagitiscannotbetold.(3).Whathewantsisabook.(4).Whateverhesaidwasright.(5).Whoevergotheremustgetreadyby6o’clock.3).连接副词:when,where,why,how,howmany,howmuchhowlong,howsoon,howoften例:(1).Whenwe’llstarttomorrowwillbetoldsoon.(2).Wherewecanbuycomputersisweneedtofindout.(3).Whyhecamehereisnotknown.(4).Howwecanprotectenvironmentneedstobediscussed.(5).Howmanypeoplediedinthewarwillneverbeknown.(6).Howoftenhe’llgotoseehisgrandmotherdependsonthetimehecanspare._____hediditwasquiteclear/obvious.WhyInone’sownhomeonecando_______onelikes.

what______theycametotheislandinterestsmanyscientists.HowIhavenoidea________hewillreturn.when________dictionaryitbelongstohasnotbeenfoundout.Whose_______heisactuallythinkingaboutpuzzledhismother.What用适当的wh-词完成下列句子:2.注意点1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后.例:正:Whenhewillcomeisnotknown.

误:Whenwillhecomeisnotknown.2).连接词that在从句中无实际意义,但不能省略.例:正:Thathewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.

误:Hewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.3).whether可以引导主语从句,但if不能.4).whoever,whatever,whichever等词可以引导主语从句,但nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等不能.例:正:Whateverhedoeshasnothingtodowithme.

误:Nomatterwhathedoeshasnothingtodowithme.5).为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.例:Itiswellknown/reported/thought/said/…that…

Itisclear/necessary/certain/true/doubtful/…that…

Itisapity/ashame/anhonour/…that…

Itdoesn’tmatterwhether…/Itseemsthat…

Ithappensthat…三.宾语从句1.宾语从句的引导词:

与引导主语从句的连接词相同.2.注意点1).宾语从句一律用陈述句的语序.2).引导宾语从句的连词that也无实际意义,多数情况下可以省略.3).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句但:(1).当whether后紧跟ornot时,不用if.

例:Idon’tknowwhetherIwillstayornot.(2).介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.例:IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.4).that在宾语从句中的省略与保留(1).在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that从句(真正宾语)的句型中不省略.例:Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.(2).由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中,that不省略.例:Hetoldmethathewouldcome

and

thathewouldcomeontime.四.表语从句1.表语从句的引导词:

基本上与主语从句的引导词相同.在连系动词seem,look之后还可用asthough(asif).例:(1).ThatiswhereIwasbornandgrewup.(2).Energyiswhatmakesthingwork.(3).Thatiswhathetoldus.(4).Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain.2.注意点1).表语从句一律用陈述句的语序.2).表语从句的引导词that无实际意义,但不能省略.3).表语从句只能用whether,而不能用if引导.4).误:Thereason…isbecausethat…正:Thereason…isthat…

或This/it/that/isbecause…例如:今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上行人太多.

正:Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisthattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.

或:Hewaslatethismorning.Thatwasbecausetherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.五.同位语从句1.同位语从句的引导词:that2.同位语从句和定语从句的区别:如果that作从句中的某一成分,则是定语从句,如果that不作从句中的任何成分,则是同位语从句.

例:(1).Ihadnoideathat

itwassolate.(主系表结构,that不作从句中的成分,同位语从句)(2).Istill

remembertheplacethatwevisited

lastyear.(主谓宾结构,that作从句中的宾语,定语从句)3.that引导的同位语从句前面的名词常见的有:

idea,fact,news,belief,thought,doubt,suggestion,proof,message,order,conclusion,desire,theory,truth,word等.1._____isknowntousallisthatthe2008OlympicGameshastakenplaceinBeijing.A.It

B.What

C.AsD.Which2.______wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.A.It B.ThisC.

What

D.As4.______wantstostayinahotelhastopaytheirownway.A.AnyoneB.TheoneC.Whoever

D.Who5.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom______theirparentsspeakathome.A.what

B.thatC.whichD.oneBCCA6.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate

theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.A.whichB.that

C.what

D.who7.Thelasttimewehadgreatfunwas_____wewerevisitingtheWaterPark.A.whereB.how

C.when

D.whyPeopleinChongqingareproudof__theyhaveachievedinthepasttenyears.A.thatB.which

C.what

D.how9.Allpeople,___theyareoldoryoung,richorpoor,havebeentryingtheirbesttohelpthoseinneedsincethedisaster.A.evenifB.whether

C.nomatterD.howeverCCCB10.Ashisbestfriend,Icanmakeaccurateguessesabout___hewilldoorthink.

A.what

B.whichC.whom D.that11.Ithasbeenproved___eatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife.

A.if B.because C.when D.that12.Studentsarealwaysinterestedinfindingout_______theycangowithanewteacher.A.howfarB.howsoonC.howoftenD.howlongADA非谓语动词2012新程专转本非谓语动词不定式（todo)分词动名词（-ing)过去分词(-ed)现在分词(-ing)-ing分词-ed分词不定式的时态和语态时态、语态主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing/动词不定式(todo)1不定式做主语2不定式做表语3不定式做宾语4不定式做宾语补足语5不定式做定语6不定式做状语7不定式用法注意事项TheInfinitive（不定式）Subject(主语）Object（宾语）Predictive（表语）attribute（定语）Adverbial（状语）Complement（补语）Todothatsortofthingisfoolish.Itisfoolishtodothatsortofthing.Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.Allyouhavetodois(to)finishitquicklyWefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Thepatientwaswarnednottoeatoilyfoodaftertheoperation.Heliftedastoneonlytodropitonhisownfeet.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.1.不定式做主语一般用it当形式主语，把真正的主语不定式后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.完成那个任务花去了我五分钟。Itisverydifficultforhimtofinishthepaperinsuchashorttime.

在如此短的时间内完成试卷对他来说很难。

2.不定式作表语通常表示预定要发生的动作，结构为“be+todo”。Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清扫房间。Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生。3.不定式作宾语1)“动词+不定式”afford（负担得起）,agree（同意）,dare（敢于）decide（决定）,happen（碰巧）,hesitate（犹豫）,fail（不能）,guarantee（保证）,tend（倾向）,manage（设法）,

pretend（假装）,offer（提供）,plan（计划）…Heofferedtohelpme.Thestudentfailedtopasstheexam.

2)“动词+疑问词+不定式”有些动词可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接副（代）词，一起充当宾语。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不可以是why。1.Couldyoutellmewhethertogoforapicnic?

2.Mymothershowedmehowtopreparemeals.

3)“动词+宾语+不定式”不定式可以做宾语补足语，常见的动词有：advise,allow,appoint,arrangefor,ask,consider,expect,forbid,force,invite,judge,like…1.Theofficerorderedhismentofire.长官命令士兵开火。2.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.

父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。4）“it作形式宾语”当不定式为直接宾语，且带有宾语补足语时，应将不定式置于补足语后面，而用it代替它。Ifounditimpossibletoanswerallthequestionswithinthetimegiven.我发现在规定的时间内答完所有的问题是不可能的。4.不定式做定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，往往表示未发生的动作。Ihavealotofworktodo.我有许多事要做。Therewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。5.不定式作状语1）作目的状语，常用结构为”todo,onlyto,inorderto,soastodo,so(such)…asto…Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.我来仅仅是向你告别。他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.2）作结果状语常用enoughto，sufficientto，onlyto，neverto，so+形容词/副词+asto引导。Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒来发现箱子不见了。我要开门，却发现门被里面锁住了。Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.Hesearchedtheroomtofindnothing.他搜索了房间，没发现什么。3）作原因状语Shesmiledtoseethestudentssohappy.

看到学生们这么高兴她笑了。Heopenedhismouthwideasiftospeak.

他张开嘴像是要说些什么.(=Shesmiledbecauseshesawthestudentssohappy.)(=Heopenedhismouthwideasifhewouldspeak.)4）作方式状语省略to的不定式（1）cannotbut（只得）cannothelpbut（不得不，只得）hadbetter（最好还是）hadrather（宁愿）wouldrather（宁愿）wouldsooner（宁愿）may(just)aswell（还是...的好）must(just)aswell（幸好）ratherthan（而不是）whynot（为什么不）wouldyouplease（请您...）helpsb.(to)dosth.e.g.Hecouldn'tbutaccepttheterms.

donothing/anything/everything...but/

except结构不带to。LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。IhavedonenothingexceptdowhatIshould.我只能做我应该做的事。医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.省去to的不定式（2）当谓语动词是感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,hear,listento,smell,feel,find和使役动词let,have,make时，作宾语补语的不定式可以省去to。如果这些动词为被动形式，则要保留to。Iheardhimlockthedoor.我听到他锁门了。Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.老板让他们整夜干活。(被动语态）-ing分词1-ing分词做主语2-ing分词做表语3-ing分词做宾语4-ing分词做宾语补足语5-ing分词做定语6-ing分词做状语7-ing分词用法注意事项分词的时态和语态类别及物动词不及物动词形式主动被动主动一般式doingbeingdonedoing完成式havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone-ing分词的一般式表示分词的动作与主句谓语的动作同时发生，它的主动语态的形式为-ing分词，被动语态的形式为“beingdone”。Everybodydislikesbeinglaughedat.谁都不喜欢被人嘲笑。Livinginthedowntown,wefoundalotofamusements.Havingreceivedhisletter,shewenttothenearestnetbartogosurfing.-ing分词的完成时

表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语的动作之前，它的主动语态的形式为“having+-ed分词”，被动语态的形式为“havingbeen+-ed分词”。Havingbeengiventhisinformation,Ericsatdownagaintowait.得到此消息后，埃里克又坐下来等着。-ing分词的完成进行时表示分词的动作从过去开始，一直到说话时仍未结束，它的主动语态形式为“having+been+-ing分词Havingbeenwritingthisbook,Ihavenotimeforotherthings.我一直在写这本书，没有时间做其他事情。Teachingismyfull-timejob.WritinganEnglishcompositionisnoteasy.It’suselesstakingthiskindofmedicine.1.作主语（1）动名词Myjobisteaching.=Teachingismyjob.Herfull-timejobislayingeggs.=Layingeggsisherfull-timejob.（2）现在分词Theplayisexciting.≠Excitingistheplay.Thestoryhetolduswasveryinteresting.≠Interestingwasthestoryhetoldus.2.作表语Isuggestedaskinghisbrotherforsomemoney.Shekeepsbuyingexpensiveclothes.

3.作宾语acknowledge（承认，自认），admit（承认）advise（建议）anticipate（预期，期望）appreciate（感激，欣赏）consider（考虑）

deny（否认）delay（延迟）endure（忍受）enjoy（享有，喜爱）finish（完成）forbid（禁止）fancy（幻想，爱好），favor（偏爱）imagine（设想）include(包括），involve（卷入，包含）

keep（继续不断）mind（介意）postpone（延迟）practise（实行，实践）prohibit（禁止），permit（允许）

agreeto（同意）adaptto（适应）

applyto（适用于）approveof（同意）beaccustomedto（习惯于）beafraidof（害怕）befondof（喜欢）begoodat（擅长）beintenton（专心于）beinterestedin（感兴趣）beopposedto（反对的）besickof（厌恶）besuccessfulin（成功）betiredof（厌倦）beworriedabout（不开心）can‘thelp（禁不住）

can‘tresist（禁不住）contributeto（有助于）counton（依靠）dependon（决定于）feellike（想要）giveup（放弃）

havedifficulty(in)（在某方面有困难）havetrouble(in)（在...有困难）holdoff（拖延）insiston（坚持）lookforwardto（期望）lookforwardto（期望）objectto（反对）persistin（坚持）preventfrom（阻止）putoff（推迟）relyon（依靠）resortto（求助）

succeedin（获得成功）thinkabout（考虑）thinkof（考虑）worryabout（担心）4.作宾语补足语宾语补足语与宾语之间是主动关系。形式为“动词+宾语+doing”表示“致使，带来”等意义的动词bring（引起），catch（碰上），get，have，leave（使...处于某种状态），keep，set（使得，引起），start（引起）Thefarmercaughttheboysstealinghisapples.那个农民正好抓住那些在偷他苹果的男孩。Herquestionssetmethinking.

她的问题使我陷入了沉思。Inoticedhimslippingawaybeforetheendofthemeeting.我发现他在会议结束前就溜了。

2）表示感觉和心理状态的动词see，hear

，feel，smell，listento，lookat，watch，

notice，find，discover，observe，think，wish，want5.作定语⑴表示性质或用途，此时-ing分词为动名词。awashingmachine＝amachineforwashingaswimmingpool＝apoolforswimming

（2）表示动作，此时-ing分词为现在分词。a

developingcountry＝acountrywhichisdevelopingasleepingboy＝aboywhoissleeping（3）如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词之前；如果是短语，放在被修饰的名词之后。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.6.作状语-ing分词作状语，可以表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随（方式）等。分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，它们之间是主动关系。Hearingthecryforhelp,herushedout.（时间）

Beingill,hewenthome.

（原因）Workingharder,youwillpasstheexamination.(条件）6.作状语-ing分词作状语，可以表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随（方式）等。分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，它们之间是主动关系。Itrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthatcountry.（结果）Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasn‘ttriedherbest.（让步）Hereadamagazinewaitingforthebus.（伴随）

-ed分词1-ed分词做表语2-ed分词做宾语补足语3-ed分词做定语4-ed分词做状语1.作表语表示主语所处的状态，用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词，表示某人对某事的感觉或者体验，解释为“感到...”。confused（感到困惑的）delighted（感到高兴的）disappointed（感到失望的）dissatisfied（感到不满的）embarrassed（感到窘迫的）encouraged（感到鼓舞的）excited（感到激动的）interested（感到高兴的）pleased（感到愉快的）puzzled（感到费解的）satisfied（感到满意的）surprised（感到惊异的）worried（感到担心的）e.g.Themanlookedquitedisappointed.

Hishairisnearlyallgone.2.作宾语补足语宾语补足语与宾语之间是被动关系。感官，心理状态：feel,find,hear,help,keep,notice,observe,see,smell,watchthink,understand“致使”意义：make,get,have,set,start3)希望，要求，命令：like,want,wish,orderWefoundhishairstylechangedcompletely.

我们发现他的发型完全改变了。Imademyselfunderstoodeasily.

我使自己很容易就被人理解了。3.作定语1)前置定语，表示被动和完成。Mrs.Brownislookingforausedcar.布郎夫人想买辆二手车。What’sthelanguagespokeninGermany？在德国说哪中语言。2)后置定语，表示被动和完成，相当于一个定语从句。4.作状语修饰主句的谓语动词，相当于状语从句，表示时间，条件，原因，伴随等。其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。Heated,metalsexpand.受热时，金属会膨胀。Wheneverpraised,sheblushes.无论何时受到表扬，她都会脸红。1.Heaskedmetohelphimrepairhisradio,butIdon’tknow___.todoitB.howtoC.whattodoitD.howtodo2.Hisvoicemademe_____terrible.TofeelB.feelC.feelsD.felt3.Myparentstoldme____peoplewhentheyareintrouble.neverlaughatB.nottolaughatdon’tlaughatD.notlaughat4.It’sbadmanners____rudetopeople.tobeB.are