美国超验主义英语介绍

RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生HenryDavidThoreauAmericanTranscendentalism美国超验主义2021/5/91Abroad,philosophicalmovementinNewEnglandduringtheRomanticera（peak：1836-1855）thefirstAmericanintellectualmovement.StartedbyagroupofpeopleintheTranscendentalClubinthe1830swhopublishedtheirviewsinthejournal

TheDialHistoricalbackground2021/5/92

Transcendentalistbelievedinstinctorintuitionisthedeepestlevelofman’ssoul.Theytriedtofindtruththroughfeeling,ratherthanthroughlogic.Sotheywritenotinalogicalway.Wecansaytheyformedamovementoffeelings&beliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy.

BriefIntroduction2021/5/93''Theworldshrankitselfintoadropofdew.''世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水"Believeyourself""Apersonmustbeabletobecomewhathewantstobe"Mottos2021/5/94Themajorfeaturesof

Transcendentalists

1.emphasisonSpiritortheOversoul

---Oversoulisaunitary（统一的）powerofgoodness，omnipresent（无所不在的）andomnipotent（无所不能的），fromwhichallthingscameandofwhicheveryonewasapart。

2.

theimportanceoftheindividual

3.

natureisthesymbolofSpiritorGod2021/5/951.至善absolutegood2.纯洁无暇unspottedinnocenceofnature3.人具有神性humanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfollyCreeds2021/5/96Sources

1.欧洲浪漫主义文学【theromanticliteratureofEurope】

2.新柏拉图主义【neo-Platonism】

3.德国理想主义哲学【Germanidealisticphilosophy】

4.东方神秘主义【Orientalmysticism】2021/5/97

Weaknesses

Thetranscendentalistmovementhadasmallmembershipandonlylastedforafewyears.Thetranscendentalismwasneverasystematicphilosophy.Itborrowedfrommanysources.ThefailureoftranscendentalismasamoralforceinAmericanlifewasitsdenialofitsrealspiritualorigin.

2021/5/98爱默生RalphWaldoEmerson梭罗HenryDavidThoreau2021/5/99RalphWaldoEmerson2021/5/910RalphWaldoEmerson

(1803-1882)

philosopher,lecturer,essayist,andpoet,leadingtheTranscendentalistmovement

achampion（拥护者）ofindividualism

aprescient（有先见之明的）criticofthecountervailing（对抗性的）pressuresofsociety.2021/5/911Nature.ItistheBibleoftranscendentalists.ItcontainsalmosteverythingEmersonwantstosayintherestofhislife.Hislaterworksweremostlytoillustratethebook.

“AmericanScholar”:American’sdeclarationofintellectualindependence.(todevelopAmerican’sownculture)

Emerson'swork2021/5/912HenryDavidThoreau1817-18622021/5/913

HeisbestknownforhisbookWalden,areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings,andhisessay,CivilDisobedience,anargumentforindividualresistancetocivilgovernmentinmoraloppositiontoanunjuststate.2021/5/914

WaldenItwasn’tasuccessfulbookatthetimeitwaspublishedandhasbeenvirtuallyforgottenuntil20thcentury.Itisthecarefulrecordingofday-to-daylifeatWaldenpoundandreflectiononhowonecanlivesimplyandtruly

Itillustrateshisdesiretobeindependentandfindtruthforhimself.2021/5/915“IwenttothewoodsbecauseIwishedtolivedeliberately,tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflife,andseeifIcouldnotlearnwhatithadtoteach,andnot,whenIcametodie,di