怎样区别一般过去时与现在完成时

普通过去时与现在完毕时区别专项与练习一、现在完毕时1.现在完毕时的构成现在完毕时是由助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词阐明该谓语是属于现在时范畴。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是重要的谓语动词，阐明句子的意义。2.现在完毕时的使用方法现在完毕时表达过去某时发生的行为对主语现在产生的影响。Wearegoodfriends.(现在的状况）Iknewhimin1997.（过去的动作）Wehaveknowneachothersince1997.（现在完毕时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）（1）表达动作发生在过去某个不拟定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和成果。常被just、already、yet，twice,ever,never,threetime等副词修饰。如：-Haveyouhadlunchyet?-Yes,Ihave.I'vejusthadit.IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.（2）表达从过去某一时刻开始始终持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表达一段时间的状语。如：Hehastaughtheresince1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）Ihaven'tseenherforfouryears.我有四年没见到她了。提问普通用howlongHowlonghaveyoulivedhere?注意：在表达某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不同的。如：Ilivedhereforaweeklastsummer.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。Ihavelivedhereforaweekbynow.到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周。Iwilllivehereforaweeknextyear.明年我会在这里住一周。3.现在完毕时的时间状语（1）现在完毕时属于现在时范畴，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,lastSunday,in1990,threeyearsago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，能够和某些表达不拟定的时间状语连用。a.用副词already和yet。already普通用于必定句中，yet普通用于否认句和疑问句中。如：Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.我们已完毕作业了。Theyhaven'tfinishedtheirhomeworkyet.他们还没有完毕作业。b.用表达成说话为止的过去时间状语，如sofar,uptonow,inthepastfewyears等。例如：Hehasbeentherethreetimesinthelastfewdays.c.用涉及“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now,today,thismorning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Haveyoumethimtoday?-No,Ihaven't.Howmanytimeshaveyoubeentherethisyear?（2）现在完毕时能够和带有since或for等表达“一段时间”的状语连用,表达动作或状态从某一时刻开始，始终持续到现在。如：Ihaven'tseenhimfortwoyears.但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表达“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：arrive→beherebegin(start)→beondie→bedeadcomeback→bebackleave→beawayfallill(sick,asleep)→beill(sick,asleep)getup→beupgoout→beoutfinish→beoverputon→wear或beonopen→beopenjoin→bein或beamemberof…close→beclosedgotoschool→beastudentborrow→keepbuy→havecatch(acold)→have(acold)gettoknow→knowbegintostudy→studycometowork→work等如：Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.他从军三年了。Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父亲逝世二年了。Thefilmhasbeenonfortenminutes.电影已开始十分钟了。WehavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.我们（开始）学英语已三年了。4.几点注意事项（1）终止性动词现在完毕时的否认式，已变成一种能够延续的状态，因此能够和表达一段时间的状语连用。如：Ihaven'tleftheresince1997.自从1997年以来，我始终没有离开过这儿。（2）如单纯表达一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完毕时。如：Itistwoyearssincehisfatherdied.=Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父亲逝世已有两年了。（3）havebeen(to)与havegone(to)的区别：havebeen(to)表达“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；havegone(to)表达“去某地了（说话时某人不在本地）”，惯用于第三人称，前者可与once,never,severaltimes等连用，后者则不能。如：TheyhavebeentoBeijingtwice.他们去过北京两次。HehasgonetoBeijing.他去北京了。二、现在完毕时与普通过去时的区别现在完毕时用来表达之前已发生或完毕的动作或状态，其成果确实和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而普通过去时表达过去的事实，不表达和现在的关系。IhavejustbeentoLondon.Iwenttherelastmonth.1.过去时表达过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完毕时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2.过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完毕时普通与含糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。普通过去时的时间状语:yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately现在完毕时的时间状语for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,3.现在完毕时可表达持续到现在的动作或状态，动词普通是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时惯用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。举例：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经懂得了。）Whydidyougetupsoearly?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）ShehasreturnedfromParis.她已从巴黎回来了。Shereturnedyesterday.她是昨天回来了。HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.(是团员的状态可持续)HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)Ihavefinishedmyhomeworknow.---WillsomebodygoandgetDr.White?---He'salreadybeensentfor.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,last,week,in1960）时，不能使用现在完毕时，要用过去时。（错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.三、练习题1.A.用already或yet1)Havetheytakendowntheoldpictures______?No,theyhaven’t_____.2)Mostofushavefinishedourcompositions_____.3)Hesaidhehadn’tvisitedtheexhibition________.B.用since或for1)Wehavelearnedfivelessons_____thebeginningofthisterm.2)MrsLiaohasbeeninhospital______lastweek.3)Ihavestayedatmyaunt’s_____twoweeks.C.用havegone或havebeen1)Wherearetheboystudents?They_____totheschoolfactory.2)Isyourfatherin?No,he___toShenzhen.____heever___therebefore?Yes,he___thereseveraltimes3)HeaskedmeifI_____toHangzhoubefore.ItoldhimthatIwantedtogothereforavisitasI__never____tothatcitybefore.2.选择填空1.Mother____meanewcoatyesterday.I_______iton.Itfitsmewell.A.hadmade…havetriedB.made…havetriedC.hasmade…triedD.made…tried2“He____todrawhorsesalready”.“When______he?”“Lastyear“A.learned…hasB.learned…didC.haslearned…hasD.haslearned…did3.Tom_____upintothetree.Look,he____highupthere!A.hasgot…isB.hasclimbed…wasC.got…wasD.climbed…is4.____you_____thetextyet?Yes,we____ittwohoursago.A.Did…copy…didB.Have…copied…haveC.Have…copied…didD.Did…copy…had5.“Why______she_______angry?”“Becausehe_____atherjustnow.”A.did…get…shoutedB.has…got…shoutedC.did…get…hasshoutedD.has…got…hasshouted6.______you__________thefilmbefore?Where_____you____it?A.Have…seen…did…seeB.Did…see…did…watchC.Have…seen…have…seenD.Did…see…have…seen7.You____mewaitingfortwohours.I____foryousincefive.A.kept…waitedB.havekept…waitedC.kept…havewaitedD.havekept…havewaited8.Where______John_______?Tothelibrary.He_________thereforanhour.A.has…been…hasgoneB.has…gone…hasbeenC.did…go…wentD.did…be…went9.______thebabystill_____?No,it_______crying.A.Has…cried…hasstoppedB.Is…crying…stoppedC.Did…cry…stoppedD.Is…crying…hasstopped10.I_______theway.I________hereforquitemanyyears.A.knew…havelivedB.knew…liveC.know…havelivedD.know…live11._____youever_____America?Yes,Ihave.A.Have…gonetoB.Have…goneinC.Have…beentoD.Have…beenin12.Mybrother____collegeforoverthreeyears.A.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.hasbeeninD.hasbeenat13.He________theArmybytheendof1989.He______inthearmysincethen.A.joined…isB.hasjoined…hasbeenC.hadjoined…isD.hadjoined…hasbeen14.BythetimeI_____backthey____uptensatellites.A.came…havesentB.came…hadsentC.come…havesentD.hadcome…sent15.Jack____overfivelessonsbyseveno’clock.Thenhe____arest.A.went…tookB.went…hadtakenC.hadgone…tookD.hadgone…hadtaken16.We____outbythattimethathe____aspyforalongtime.A.hadfound…hadbeenB.hadfound…wasC.found…hadbeenD.found…was17.Beforethenews____him,he____toknowaboutit.A.reaches…hasgotB.reached…hadgotC.reached…gotD.hadreached…got18.I_____himasecondletterbeforeI____fromhim.A.wrote…heardB.wrote…hadheardC.hadwritten…heardD.havewritten…hear19.People____thatthesoldiers_____fighting.A.say…hadstoppedB.said…hasstoppedC.say…stoppedD.said…hadstopped20.We____inagoodharvestbecausewe____enoughrain.A.didn’tget…hadhadB.got…hadhadC.hadgot…hadhadD.got…hadn’thad21.They_______forfivehourswhenthey______inNewYork.A.flew…arrivedB.hadflown…hadarrivedC.flew…hadarrivedD.hadflown…arrived22.She