汇编简明英语语言学习知识教育教案

,.新编简明英语语言学教程Chapterone Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.感谢阅读2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics精品文档放心下载ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.精品文档放心下载3.语言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.精品文档放心下载语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.谢谢阅读语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。感谢阅读Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性,.Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递感谢阅读⑴arbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.谢谢阅读P.S thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophistication感谢阅读anditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimited感谢阅读sourceofexpressions⑵ProductivityAnimalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareableto感谢阅读send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of谢谢阅读structures,ortwolevels.感谢阅读⑷DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.⑸Culturaltransmission谢谢阅读Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.感谢阅读,.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.谢谢阅读6.语言运用performancePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.精品文档放心下载语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics感谢阅读Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.精品文档放心下载8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics谢谢阅读Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.感谢阅读9.语言langueTheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.谢谢阅读10.言语paroleTherealizationoflangueinactualuse.精品文档放心下载11.规定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.感谢阅读12.描述性Descriptive,.Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.谢谢阅读二、知识点1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.精品文档放心下载语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。精品文档放心下载2.几种观点和现象的提出者：⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:Langue和parole的区别感谢阅读⑵U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky感谢阅读in1950针对Saussure’slangue&parole提出Competence和performance感谢阅读⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.精品文档放心下载Hall----language is the institution whereby humans感谢阅读communicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansof感谢阅读habituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.感谢阅读Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof精品文档放心下载,.sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.精品文档放心下载⑷U.S.ALinguistCharlesHockett美国语言学家CharlesHockett提出了语言的识别特征designfeatures精品文档放心下载3.theword’language’precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4.inordertodiscoverthenatureoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguistshastodofirstiftostudylanguagefacts.精品文档放心下载5.languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacts,soit'shardlypossibleforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.判断题感谢阅读6.Fristdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedinlanguages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题感谢阅读1.whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachstudy?谢谢阅读Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmedium感谢阅读oflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.谢谢阅读Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryof感谢阅读,.distinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.谢谢阅读Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.精品文档放心下载Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthe谢谢阅读sentencestructureofalanguage.精品文档放心下载Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.感谢阅读Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.感谢阅读Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.谢谢阅读Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.感谢阅读2.whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?精品文档放心下载Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.谢谢阅读Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureof谢谢阅读,.language,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.谢谢阅读Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis‘arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’.谢谢阅读whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?谢谢阅读Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。谢谢阅读traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.精品文档放心下载传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?whyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.感谢阅读现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?精品文档放心下载,.Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:精品文档放心下载⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.谢谢阅读⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.精品文档放心下载⑶speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.精品文档放心下载6.howisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’s?感谢阅读BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudyTwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.谢谢阅读6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?谢谢阅读⑴langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.谢谢阅读,.1/Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.谢谢阅读2/Thescopeoflinguistics精品文档放心下载语言学的研究范畴Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)谢谢阅读Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（语音学）精品文档放心下载Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音系学）感谢阅读Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.（形态学）感谢阅读Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）谢谢阅读Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（语义学）感谢阅读Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.感谢阅读,.（语用学）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.（社会语言学）感谢阅读Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）精品文档放心下载Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.谢谢阅读Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学）neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学）mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）andcomputationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）谢谢阅读3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念感谢阅读Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写精品文档放心下载,.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.感谢阅读Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.精品文档放心下载Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时感谢阅读Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.感谢阅读Speechandwriting口头语与书面语精品文档放心下载Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:谢谢阅读Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthan谢谢阅读,.thewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.感谢阅读Langueandparole语言和言语TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.精品文档放心下载Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.精品文档放心下载Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用谢谢阅读ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.精品文档放心下载Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguage谢谢阅读,.rules.,.ChapterTwoPhonology一、定义1.宽式音标Broadtranscription谢谢阅读Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.精品文档放心下载2.窄式音标Narrowtranscription谢谢阅读Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.感谢阅读3.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.谢谢阅读4.浊音VoicingSoundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.精品文档放心下载5.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.谢谢阅读6.辅音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.感谢阅读,.7.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.感谢阅读8.音位变体AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.谢谢阅读9.音素phoneAphoneticunitorsegment.itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,it’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.精品文档放心下载10.最小对立对MinimalpairWhentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.感谢阅读11.超切分特征SuprasegmentalThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.谢谢阅读12.互补分布complementarydistribution P35谢谢阅读Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.精品文档放心下载13.语言的语音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage谢谢阅读,.Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.精品文档放心下载在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。感谢阅读14.爆破音stopsWhenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.精品文档放心下载theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]谢谢阅读二、知识点1.statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.感谢阅读ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.精品文档放心下载3.Phonetic组成Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学longestestablished,mostlydeveloped谢谢阅读⑵Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学⑶Acousticphonetics声学语音学感谢阅读,.4.articulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeech精品文档放心下载Pharyngealcavity–咽腔Oral...– 口腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstream精品文档放心下载foundhereNasal…–鼻腔5.Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.感谢阅读6.Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationof[k]and[g],thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesound[j];theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesounds[t]and[d].精品文档放心下载7.nasalconsonants:[m]/[n]/[η]感谢阅读APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.10.Sequentialrules例子感谢阅读Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthree谢谢阅读,.rules:⑴thefirstphonememustbe/s/谢谢阅读⑵thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/⑶thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w谢谢阅读11.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:Fallingtone;Risingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-falltone谢谢阅读三、问答题1.whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?howdotheycontributetothestudyofspeechsound?感谢阅读Articulatory—describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.Auditory-–studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,reachestheimportantconclusionthatphoneticidentityisonlyatheoreticalideal.感谢阅读Acoustic-–studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,thewaysoundtravelfromthespeakertothehearer.发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。谢谢阅读听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的理想。谢谢阅读声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的精品文档放心下载,.传播方式。2.howaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?精品文档放心下载ByplaceofarticulationandBymannerofarticulation感谢阅读3.howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferentbetweensay[i]and[i],[p]and[ph],aphoneticianoraphilologist?why?感谢阅读语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?感谢阅读Phonetics—description ofallspeechsoundsandtheirfind精品文档放心下载differences.Phonology—descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticular感谢阅读languagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.精品文档放心下载4.what’saphone?howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Phone—aspeechsound,aphoneticunit.感谢阅读Phoneme---acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.谢谢阅读Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.精品文档放心下载,.5.whatisaminimalpairandaminimalset?whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminimalsetinalanguage?为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要?精品文档放心下载Minimalpair—twosoundcombinationsidenticalineverywayexceptinonesoundelementthatoccursinthesameposition.除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合.精品文档放心下载Minimalset—agroupofsoundcombinationswiththeabovefeature.谢谢阅读一组具有上述特征的语音组合.Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,aphilologistcanidentifyitsphonemes.感谢阅读通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家能辨别出它的音位.谢谢阅读6.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?感谢阅读Broadtranscription—onelettersymbolforonesound.Narrowtranscription—diacriticsareaddedtotheone-letter感谢阅读symbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.谢谢阅读7.explainthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule.感谢阅读有序规则Sequentialrules,.Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.精品文档放心下载同化规则AssimilationrulesTheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby’谢谢阅读copying’afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthe谢谢阅读twophonessimilar.省略规则DeletionruleIt’saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.谢谢阅读ChapterThreeMorphology一、定义,.1.词素MorphemeThebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.感谢阅读2.自由词素FreeMorphemeFreemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.精品文档放心下载3.黏着词素BoundmorphemesBoundmorphemesarethesemorphemesthatcanotbeusedbythemselves,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.精品文档放心下载4.词根RootRootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.感谢阅读5.词缀AffixThecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.精品文档放心下载6.曲折词缀inflectionalaffixes感谢阅读Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.精品文档放心下载7.派生词缀Derivationalaffixes感谢阅读Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixes精品文档放心下载,.throughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.感谢阅读8.词干StemAstemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.精品文档放心下载9.形态学规则Morphologicalrules精品文档放心下载Theyarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.精品文档放心下载10.前缀PrefixPrefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,exceptionsaretheprefixes‘be-‘and‘en(m)-‘11.后缀Suffix谢谢阅读Suffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.3.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainstOver-generalization.感谢阅读二、知识点Inflectionalmorphology1.MorphologyDerivationalmorphologyFreemorphemes,.Morphemes

RootBoundmorphemes

InflectionalaffixesAffixesPrefixDerivationalaffixes2.somewordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.Suffix感谢阅读4.Compoundfeatures:⑴orthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.感谢阅读⑵Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.谢谢阅读⑶semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponent精品文档放心下载,.ChapterFour Syntax一、定义1.句子sentenceAstructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.感谢阅读2.语言运用Linguisticcompetence精品文档放心下载Thesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.精品文档放心下载3.谓语PredicateThepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledpredicate.感谢阅读4.定式子句FiniteClauseAclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsstructurallyalone.感谢阅读5.从属子句EmbeddedClause(EC)精品文档放心下载Inacompletesentence,theincorporatedorsubordinate精品文档放心下载,.clauseisnormallycalledanEC.谢谢阅读6.主要子句MatrixClauseInacomplexedsentence,theclauseintowhichitisembeddediscalledamatrixclause.谢谢阅读7.层次结构Hierarchicalstructure谢谢阅读Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.精品文档放心下载8.语法关系Grammaticalrelations谢谢阅读Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence.谢谢阅读9.句法类型SyntacticcategoryAwordorphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunctionsuchasthesubjectorobject.谢谢阅读10.表层结构S-structureAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.谢谢阅读11.深层结构D-structureAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationbeforetheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.感谢阅读12.普遍语法GeneralgrammarAsystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsofsome精品文档放心下载,.generalprinciplesandparametersaboutnaturelanguage.精品文档放心下载13.移动α规则MoveαAgeneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.感谢阅读14.句法移位Syntacticmovement感谢阅读Syntacticmovementoccurswhenaconstituentmovesoutofitsoriginalplacetoanewposition.谢谢阅读15.转换原则Transformationrules感谢阅读Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.感谢阅读16.X标杆理论X-bartheoryAgeneralandhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasesstructurerulesintoasingleformat:X”→（Spec）X(Compl).感谢阅读一种泛指的、高度抽象的图示，它把所有的词组结构规则概括为一种程式精品文档放心下载X”→（Spec）X(Compl)a:Spec

X”X’

b:X”X’

SpecX’XcomplX

complement,.NP’thestudentwholikeslinguistics’consistsofDet,Nand谢谢阅读SwithDetbeingtheSpecifier,Nthehead,Sthecomplement.精品文档放心下载NP(…)有冠词、名词和子句组成，冠词是指示语，名词是核心词，子精品文档放心下载句是补足语。二、知识点1.syntax这个单词源于Greek,本义是arrangement.谢谢阅读2.我们把syntax的学习看作asystemofrulesthatgoverntheformationofgrammaticalsentence.精品文档放心下载3.Amajorgoaloflinguisticsistoshowwithaconsistentandexplicitgrammaticaltheoryhowsyntacticrulesaccountforthisgrammaticalknowledge.谢谢阅读4.判断题：thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.感谢阅读5.判断题:Afiniteverb,informallycalledthemainverbofasentence,expressesexistence,actionoroccurrencewhichislimitedbyperson,number,tenseandmood.感谢阅读一个限定动词被非正式称为句中主要动词，表达了人称、数、时态、语气限定的存在、行动或事件。感谢阅读6.句子的分类 simplesentence,.Typesofsentences coordinateorcompoundsentenceComplexsentence谢谢阅读简单句---Itconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.感谢阅读并列句合成句-Itcontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas“but”,”and”.ect.复合句—Itcontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.谢谢阅读复合句的特点：⑴Anembeddedclausefunctionsasagrammaticalunitinitsmatrixclause谢谢阅读⑵MostembeddedclausesrequireanintroductorywordcalledaSubordinator,suchas”that”精品文档放心下载⑶Anembeddedclausemaynotfunctionasagrammaticallywell-formedsentenceifitstandsindependentlyasasimplesentenceunlessitsformchanges.感谢阅读子句是一个语法单位，大部分子句要带一个被称为从属连词的引导词，如果子句作为秒年第秒年句单独存在，它可能不是一个合乎规范的句子，除非改变他的形式。感谢阅读7.whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.谢谢阅读8.Thehierarchicalnatureofsentencestructure句子结构层次特感谢阅读,.点sentencesareorganizedwithwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphraseNPorverbphraseVP,groupedtogether.精品文档放心下载9.ThepointsatwhichthetreebrachesatvariouslevelsarecalledBranchingnodes分叉点感谢阅读10.Inadditiontotheuseofstructuraltreediagrams,linguistsmayshowthehierarchicalstructureofsentencesbyusingbracketsandsubscriptlabels.谢谢阅读11.句法类型Major…主要词类open,canaddnewwordsLexicalcategory名、动、形、副词N,V,Adj,AdvSyntacticMinor…次要词类close,wordsarefixedCategories限定、助动、介、代、连、叹Det,Aux,Prep,Pron,Conj,Int谢谢阅读PhrasalcategoryApartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectinasentence.感谢阅读,.12.短语类型NounPhrase NPPhrasal VerbPhrase VPCategories PrepositionPhrase PP精品文档放心下载AdjectivePhrase AP13.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachmounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb,inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsrefervirtuallyto’who’does’what’to’whom’.谢谢阅读14.weusuallyrefertothegrammaticalrelationsassubjectofanddirectobjectof.精品文档放心下载15.Combinationalrulesmustbesmallinnumbersoasnottocreateextraburdensonthehumanmemory.alsotheserulesmustbepowerfulenoughtoyieldallthepossiblesentences,andruleouttheimpossibleones谢谢阅读组合规则一定不能太多，以免给人的记忆带来过多的负担，用这些规则必须能组合出所有可能的句子，而排除不可能的句子。感谢阅读16.rulesangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,andsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperties.Itcapturestheabilityoflanguagetogeneratemoreconstituentstoasentenceandenablesspeakerstorepeatsyntacticconstituentswithinthesamesentence.精品文档放心下载,.循环性体现了语言中的句子能有更多的成分，使说话者能在同一句子中重复一些句法成分。感谢阅读17.移位类型Syntactic NP-movement=t’sinvolvingthemovementofa谢谢阅读nounphrase.Movement 名词短语的移位WH-movement=Itchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.感谢阅读陈述变疑问句AUX-…=themovementofanauxiliaryverbtothesentenceinitialposition.精品文档放心下载助动词移位到句首的移位18.普遍语法的广义原则GeneralPrinciplesofUniversalGrammar:CaseCondition和AdjacencyCondition谢谢阅读格条件---anounphrasemusthaveCaseandCaseisassignedbyVorPtotheobjectposition,orbyAUXtothesubjectposition.感谢阅读名词词组必须有格，宾语的格是由动词或介词决定，而主语的格由助动词决定。谢谢阅读相邻条件—acaseassignorandaCaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother,itexplainswhynootherphrasal谢谢阅读,.categorycanintervenebetweenaverbanditsdirectobject.格分派者和格接受者要相邻。这解释了为什么任何别的词组类不能插到动词和它的直接宾语之间。感谢阅读19.UniversalGrammarisbelievedtocontainaparameterwith谢谢阅读thevalves增and减setontheAdjacencycondition.with谢谢阅读English-typelanguages,theAdjacencyParameterissettothe谢谢阅读增value,whileforFrench-typelanguage,theparameterisset谢谢阅读to减value.三、问答题1.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledconstituentstructuretreediagramforeachofthefollowingsentences.精品文档放心下载⑴thetoweronthehillcollapsedinthewind⑵MarypromisedJohntoseethedoctor.精品文档放心下载Chapt