汇编简明英语语言学习知识教育教案第二版练习进步题参考材料规范标准答案

,.《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案Chapter1 IntroductionHowdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.精品文档放心下载答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,thelinguistshastocollectandobservelanguagefactsfirst,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Thehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation,thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.谢谢阅读Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?答：Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsare:感谢阅读phonetics:itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;谢谢阅读phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;精品文档放心下载morphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords;感谢阅读,.syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages;谢谢阅读semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage;精品文档放心下载pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.谢谢阅读Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?谢谢阅读答： Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguageover精品文档放心下载theyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguisticsdiffers谢谢阅读fromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways.谢谢阅读Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.感谢阅读Second,modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.谢谢阅读Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendedtoemphasize,maybe精品文档放心下载over-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofits谢谢阅读permanence.Then,modemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnot感谢阅读forcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.精品文档放心下载4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?谢谢阅读答： Inmodemlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityovera谢谢阅读diachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofa谢谢阅读languageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficult谢谢阅读todescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.精品文档放心下载Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?感谢阅读,.答： Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.感谢阅读Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimary精品文档放心下载mediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewof感谢阅读linguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageis感谢阅读always“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenin感谢阅读today'sworldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnot感谢阅读written.Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwriting精品文档放心下载intermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.Andalso,speechisalwaystheway精品文档放心下载inwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwriting islearned感谢阅读andtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Formodernlinguists,spokenlanguage谢谢阅读revealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe谢谢阅读“revised”recordofspeech.Thustheirdataforinvestigationandanalysisare感谢阅读mostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.谢谢阅读HowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?精品文档放心下载答： Saussure'sdistinctionandChomsky'sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastin精品文档放心下载thatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisa感谢阅读matterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychological感谢阅读pointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.精品文档放心下载Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?谢谢阅读答：Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombined精品文档放心下载,.accordingtorules.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnection谢谢阅读betweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.精品文档放心下载Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesis感谢阅读sound.Fourth,languageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunication感谢阅读systemsotherformsoflifepossess.精品文档放心下载WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.感谢阅读Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?答：Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagearetermeddesignfeatures.Theyinclude:精品文档放心下载ArbitrarinessLanguageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetween感谢阅读meaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedto谢谢阅读refertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.谢谢阅读2)ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstruction感谢阅读andinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceand精品文档放心下载understandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhave精品文档放心下载neverheardbefore.3)DualityLanguageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthe谢谢阅读basiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.But谢谢阅读,.thesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberof感谢阅读unitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.感谢阅读4)DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,real谢谢阅读orimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inother精品文档放心下载words,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate精品文档放心下载situationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.精品文档放心下载5)CulturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.,wewereallborn谢谢阅读withtheabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenot感谢阅读geneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.精品文档放心下载Whatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguage?Thinkofyourownexamplesforillustration.精品文档放心下载答： Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:thedescriptive精品文档放心下载function,theexpressivefunction,andthesocialfunction.精品文档放心下载Thedescriptivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbe谢谢阅读assertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.Forexample:“Chinaisalarge精品文档放心下载countrywithalonghistory.”感谢阅读Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,精品文档放心下载prejudices,andvalues.Forexample:“Iwillnevergowindow-shoppingwithher.”感谢阅读Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetween精品文档放心下载people..Forexample:“Weareyourfirmsupporters.”感谢阅读,.Chapter2 SpeechSoundsWhatarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimaryandwhy?谢谢阅读答：Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.感谢阅读Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismoreprimarythanwriting,for谢谢阅读reasons,pleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.谢谢阅读2.Whatisvoicingandhowisitcaused?精品文档放心下载答： Voicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsandafeatureofallvowelsandsome谢谢阅读consonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.感谢阅读3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?精品文档放心下载答： Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscription.Thisis精品文档放心下载thetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneral精品文档放心下载purposes.Thelatter,i.e.thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththe精品文档放心下载diacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionneededandusedby感谢阅读thephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacritics谢谢阅读theycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryfortheir谢谢阅读purpose.Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol[l]isusedforthesounds[l]inthefour谢谢阅读wordsleaf[li:f],feel[fi:l],build[bild],andhealth[helθ].Asamatteroffact,the谢谢阅读sound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.The[l]in[li:f],谢谢阅读occurringbeforeavowel,iscalledadear[l],andnodiacriticisneededtoindicateit;谢谢阅读,.the[1]in[fi:l]and[bild],occurringattheendofawordorbeforeanother感谢阅读consonant,ispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“leaf”.Itiscalleddark精品文档放心下载andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[?]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[helθ],thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsoundθ],[itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l],andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[helθ].感谢阅读Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowordspitandspit.Inthewordpit,thesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofair,butinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpit,the[p]soundissaidtobeaspiratedandinthecaseofspit,the[p]soundisunaspirated.Thisdifferenceisnotshowninbroadtranscription,butinnarrowtranscription,asmallraised“h”isusedtoshowaspiration,thuspitistranscribedas[ph?t]andspitistranscribedas[sp?t].精品文档放心下载4.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?谢谢阅读答： Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerof谢谢阅读articulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.Intermsofmannerof谢谢阅读articulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:stops,感谢阅读fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasalsandglides.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,it谢谢阅读canbeclassifiedintofollowingtypes:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,感谢阅读velarandglottal.5.WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?精品文档放心下载,.答： Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,central,andbackaccordingtowhich感谢阅读partofthetongueisheldhighest.Tofurtherdistinguishmembersofeachgroup,谢谢阅读weneedtoapplyanothercriterion,i.e.theopennessofthemouth.Accordingly,we精品文档放心下载classifythevowelsintofourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-open精品文档放心下载vowels,andopenvowels.Athirdcriterionthatisoftenusedintheclassificationof谢谢阅读vowelsistheshapeofthelips.InEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowels感谢阅读areunfoundedvowels,i.e.,withoutroundingthelips,andallthebackvowels,with谢谢阅读theexceptionof[a:],arerounded.Itshouldbenotedthatsomefrontvowelscanbe精品文档放心下载pronouncedwithroundedlips.感谢阅读A.Givethephoneticsymbolforeachofthefollowingsounddescriptions:感谢阅读voicedpalatalaffricatevoicelesslabiodentalfricative精品文档放心下载voicedalveolarstopfront,close,shortback,semi-open,longvoicelessbilabialstopB.Givethephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds:谢谢阅读1)[t]2)[l]3)[?]4)[w]5)[?]6)[?]答：A.(1)[?](2)[f](3)[d](4)[?](5)[?:](6)[p]B.(1)voicelessalveolarstop(2)voicedalveolarliquid(3)voicelesspalatalaffricate(4)voicedbilabialglide(5)back,close,short(6)front,open,.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferencebetween,say,[l]and[?],[ph]and[p],aphoneticianoraphonologist?Why?感谢阅读答：(1)Bothphonologyandphoneticsareconcernedwiththesameaspectof谢谢阅读language––thespeechsounds.Butwhilebotharerelatedtothestudyofsounds,,感谢阅读theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itis感谢阅读interestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyare感谢阅读produced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,感谢阅读howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonology,ontheotherhand,aimstodiscoverhow精品文档放心下载speechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedto谢谢阅读conveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.精品文档放心下载Aphonologistwillbemoreinterestedinit.Becauseoneofthetasksofthephonologistsistofindoutrulethatgovernsthedistributionof[l]and[?],[ph]and[p].谢谢阅读Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?谢谢阅读答：Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearand精品文档放心下载produceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Aphonemeisnotany谢谢阅读particularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneina谢谢阅读certainphoneticcontext.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemein感谢阅读differentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.For感谢阅读example,thephoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedasdark[?],clear[l],etc.which精品文档放心下载,.areallophonesofthephoneme/l/.谢谢阅读Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.感谢阅读答：Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalled精品文档放心下载sequentialrules.TherearemanysuchsequentialrulesinEnglish.Forexample,ifawordbegins精品文档放心下载witha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.Thatiswhy[lbik][lkbi]are感谢阅读impossiblecombinationsinEnglish.Theyhaveviolatedtherestrictionsonthe感谢阅读sequencingofphonemes.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeature谢谢阅读ofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Assimilationof精品文档放心下载neighbouringsoundsis,forthemostpart,causedbyarticulatoryorphysiological感谢阅读processes.Whenwespeak,wetendtoincreasetheeaseofarticulation.This精品文档放心下载“sloppy”tendencymaybecomeregularizedasrulesoflanguage.感谢阅读WeallknowthatnasalizationisnotaphonologicalfeatureinEnglish,i.e.,it精品文档放心下载doesnotdistinguishmeaning.ButthisdoesnotmeanthatvowelsinEnglishare感谢阅读nevernasalizedinactualpronunciation;infacttheyarenasalizedincertain精品文档放心下载phoneticcontexts.Forexample,the[i:]soundisnasalizedinwordslikebean,green,谢谢阅读team,andscream.Thisisbecauseinallthesesoundcombinationsthe[i:]soundis感谢阅读followedbyanasal[n]or[m].感谢阅读Theassimilationrulealsoaccountsforthevaryingpronunciationofthe精品文档放心下载alveolarnasal[n]insomesoundcombinations.Theruleisthatwithinaword,the精品文档放心下载,.nasal[n]assumesthesameplaceofarticulationastheconsonantthatfollowsit.感谢阅读WeknowthatinEnglishtheprefixin-canbeaddedtomaadjectivetomakethe感谢阅读meaningofthewordnegative,e.g.discreet–indiscreet,correct–incorrect.But谢谢阅读the[n]soundintheprefixin-isnotalwayspronouncedasanalveolarnasal.Itisso感谢阅读inthewordindiscreetbecausetheconsonantthatfollowsit,i.e.[d],isanalveolar精品文档放心下载stop,butthe[n]soundinthewordincorrectisactuallypronouncedasavelarnasal,谢谢阅读i.e.[?];thisisbecausetheconsonantthatfollowsitis[k],whichisavelarstop.Sowe精品文档放心下载canseethatwhilepronouncingthesound[n],weare“copying”afeatureofthe谢谢阅读consonantthatfollowsit.精品文档放心下载Deletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographically谢谢阅读represented.Wehavenoticedthatinthepronunciationofsuchwordsassign,谢谢阅读design,andparadigm,thereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingby谢谢阅读the letterg.Butintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,and谢谢阅读paradigmatic,the[g]representedbythelettergispronounced.Therulecanbe感谢阅读statedas:Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.Giventherule,谢谢阅读thephonemicrepresentationofthestemsinsign–signature,resign–resignation,精品文档放心下载phlegm–phlegmatic,paradigm–paradigmaticwillincludethephoneme/g/,精品文档放心下载whichwillbedeletedaccordingtotheregularruleifnosuffixisadded.精品文档放心下载Whataresuprasegmentalfeatures?HowdothemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglishfunctioninconveyingmeaning?感谢阅读答： Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled感谢阅读suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress,精品文档放心下载,.intonation,andtone.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.There精品文档放心下载aretwokindsofstress:wordstressandsentencestress.Forexample,ashiftof感谢阅读stressmaychangethepartofspeechofawordfromanoun,toaverbalthoughits精品文档放心下载spellingremainsunchanged.Tonesarepitchvariationswhichcandistinguish精品文档放心下载meaningjustlikephonemes.感谢阅读Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmost谢谢阅读everylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish.Whenspokenindifferent感谢阅读tones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.精品文档放心下载Chapter3 Morphology1.Dividethefollowingwordsintotheirseparatemorphemesbyplacinga “+”谢谢阅读betweeneachmorphemeandthenext:精品文档放心下载a.microfile e.telecommunication谢谢阅读b.bedraggled f.forefather精品文档放心下载c.announcement g.psychophysics感谢阅读d.predigestion h.mechanist精品文档放心下载答：a.micro+file b.be+draggle+ed精品文档放心下载c.announce+ment d.pre+digest+ion感谢阅读e.tele+communicate+ion f.fore+father谢谢阅读g.psycho+physics h.mechan+ist精品文档放心下载Thinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.谢谢阅读,.Model:-orsuffix:-ormeaning:thepersonorthingperformingtheaction谢谢阅读stemtype:addedtoverbsexamples:actor,“onewhoactsinstageplays,motionpictures,etc.”谢谢阅读translator,“onewhotranslates”精品文档放心下载答：(1)suffix: -ablemeaning: somethingcanbedoneorispossible谢谢阅读stem

type:addedtoverbsexamples: acceptable,“canbeaccepted”精品文档放心下载respectable,“canberespected”谢谢阅读(2)suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstemtype: addedtoadjectives感谢阅读examples: freely.“adverbialformof‘free’”感谢阅读quickly,“adverbialformof'quick'”.感谢阅读(3)suffix: -eemeaning: thepersonreceivingtheaction精品文档放心下载stemtype: addedtoverbsexamples: employee,“onewhoworksinacompany”谢谢阅读interviewee,“onewhoisinterviewed”谢谢阅读,.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.谢谢阅读Model:a-prefix:a-meaning:“without;not”stemtype:addedtoadjectives感谢阅读examples:asymmetric,“lackingsymmetry”asexual,“withoutsexorsexorgans”感谢阅读答：(1)prefix: dis-meaning: showinganopposite谢谢阅读stemtype: addedtoverbsornouns感谢阅读examples: disapprove,“donotapprove”感谢阅读dishonesty,“lackofhonesty”.精品文档放心下载(2)prefix: anti-meaning: against,opposedto谢谢阅读stemtype: addedtonounsoradjectives精品文档放心下载examples: antinuclear,“opposingtheuseofatomicweaponsandpower”精品文档放心下载antisocial,“opposedorharmfultothelawsandcustomsofan精品文档放心下载organizedcommunity.”(3)prefix: counter-meaning: theoppositeofstemtype: addedtonounsoradjectives.感谢阅读,.examples: counterproductive,“producingresultsoppositetothose感谢阅读intended”counteract,“actagainstandreducetheforceoreffectof(sth.)”感谢阅读Theitalicizedpartineachofthefollowingsentencesisaninflectionalmorpheme.Studyeachinflectionalmorphemecarefullyandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.感谢阅读Suemovesinhigh-societycirclesinLondon.谢谢阅读AtrafficwardenaskedJohntomovehiscar.感谢阅读TheclubhasmovedtoFriday,February22nd.精品文档放心下载Thebranchesofthetreesaremovingbackandforth.精品文档放心下载答：(1)thethirdpersonsingular精品文档放心下载thepasttensethepresentperfectthepresentprogressiveDeterminewhetherthewordsineachofthefollowinggroupsarerelatedtooneanotherbyprocessesofinflectionorderivation.感谢阅读a)go,goes,going,goneb)discover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverabilityc)inventor,inventor’s,inventors,inventors’谢谢阅读d)democracy,democrat,democratic,democratize谢谢阅读答：(略)6.Thefollowingsentencescontainbothderivationalandinflectionalaffixes.精品文档放心下载,.Underlineallofthederivationalaffixesandcircletheinflectionalaffixes.谢谢阅读Thefarmer’scowsescaped.精品文档放心下载Itwasraining.Thosesocksareinexpensive.精品文档放心下载Jimneedsthenewercopy.Thestrongestrowercontinued.精品文档放心下载Shequicklyclosedthebook.谢谢阅读Thealphabetizationwentwell.谢谢阅读答：(略)Chapter4 Syntax1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoform感谢阅读sentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.精品文档放心下载2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?精品文档放心下载Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.精品文档放心下载specifiers,heads,andcomplements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrase感谢阅读structurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:谢谢阅读NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...,.PP→(Deg)P(NP)...Thegeneralphrasalstructuralrule(XstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP):谢谢阅读TheXPrule: XP→(specifier)X(complement)谢谢阅读3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword'scategory?精品文档放心下载Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilar谢谢阅读functionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.精品文档放心下载Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely精品文档放心下载meaning,inflectionanddistribution.Aword'sdistributionalfactstogetherwith感谢阅读informationaboutitsmeaningandinflectionalcapabilitieshelpidentifyits感谢阅读syntacticcategory.4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?感谢阅读Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththe精品文档放心下载helpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructures.感谢阅读Conjunctionexhibitsfourimportantproperties:精品文档放心下载Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.谢谢阅读Acategoryatanylevel(aheadoranentireXP)canbecoordinated.谢谢阅读Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.谢谢阅读Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.精品文档放心下载5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?感谢阅读Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.感谢阅读,.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.感谢阅读TheroleofeachelementHead:Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.精品文档放心下载Specifier:Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpsto感谢阅读makemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksa谢谢阅读phraseboundary.Complement:Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesand谢谢阅读locationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.精品文档放心下载Modifier:Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.感谢阅读6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?感谢阅读Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPrulein精品文档放心下载accordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure谢谢阅读(orD-structure).Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthe精品文档放心下载sentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure感谢阅读(orS-structure).7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences. a)The old谢谢阅读lady got off the bus carefully.感谢阅读Det A N V P Det N Adv,.b)The car suddenly crashedonto the riverbank.精品文档放心下载Det N Adv V P Det Nc)The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.谢谢阅读Det A N Aux V Det N P Det N精品文档放心下载d)This cloth feels quite soft.谢谢阅读Det N V Deg A（以下8-12题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图,仅供参考）谢谢阅读Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeach.谢谢阅读a)richinmineralsXP(AP)→head(rich)A+complement(inminerals)PPb)oftenreaddetectivestories感谢阅读XP(VP)→specifier(often)Qual+head(read)V+complement(detectivestories)NP精品文档放心下载c)theargumentagainsttheproposals感谢阅读XP(NP)→specifier(the)Det+head(argument)N+complement(againsttheproposals)PP感谢阅读d)alreadyabovethewindow谢谢阅读XP(VP)→specifier(already)Deg+head(above)P+complement(thewindow)感谢阅读NPThefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures（.划底线的为动词的修饰语，谢谢阅读,.斜体的为名词的修饰语）Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.谢谢阅读Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.精品文档放心下载Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.谢谢阅读Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.精品文档放心下载Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.（划底线的为并列的范畴）精品文档放心下载Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.精品文档放心下载Helenputonherclothesandwentout.谢谢阅读Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.精品文档放心下载Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.（划底线的为补语从句）谢谢阅读YouknowthatIhatewar.GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.精品文档放心下载ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.感谢阅读Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.精品文档放心下载Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesesentences.（划底线的为关系从句）谢谢阅读Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.谢谢阅读Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved感谢阅读,.c)Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.谢谢阅读Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachofthesesentences.谢谢阅读Wouldyoucometomorrow?(surfacestructure)youwouldcometomorrow(deepstructure)精品文档放心下载WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?(surfacestructure)精品文档放心下载Helenbroughtwhattotheparty (deepstructure)谢谢阅读Whobrokethewindow?(surfacestructure)whobrokethewindow(deepstructure)精品文档放心下载Chapter5 Sem