公文文体与翻译

公文文体与翻译1.TypesofspeechesInformativeSpeechPersuasiveSpeechArgumentativeSpeechDemonstrationSpeechPolicySpeechResearchPaperTopicsforinformativespeechThebiographyofyourfavoriteactorHowtomakepizzaThehistoryofcomicbooksHowtochangeyourcar’soilThestoryofhowyourschoolwasfoundedHowtopickabottleofwineThehistoryofyourhometownHowtoswingagolfclubTrendsinthestockmarketHowtodriveastick-shiftHistoryofafavoriteproductbrandHowtoshootabasketballDescriptionoflifeinanothercountryHowtoweaveabasketInformativeSpeakingsupportingmaterialtoenhancetheaudience’sunderstandingofyourtopic.Someformsofsupportinclude:ExlesStatisticsFactsExpertopinionsExles

It’sawholedifferentexperiencewhenthespeakerusesanexlethatillustratestheabstractidea.StatisticsStatisticscanbeinterestingandinformativeifusedcorrectly.Thekeyistopickstatisticsthatareparticularlystartlingorshocking.Aslongasthestatisticsaddtothequalityofthespeech,andtheydon’tmisrepresentthesituation,theycanbeusedliberally.Facts

A“fact”isanybitofinformationthatbeverifiedasbeing“true”.Wheneveryoupresentfactsinaspeech,youshouldcitethesourceofthosefactssothattheaudiencebelievesthemtobecredible.ExpertOpinion

Expertopinion,however,canandshouldbeusedinaninformativespeech.Expertopinioninvolvesusing

excerpts

andquotationsfrompeoplewhoarehighlyrespectedinthefieldaboutwhichyouarespeaking.PersuasivespeechInordertoholdtheattentionoftheaudience,thespeakershouldrememberseveralthings.usingdescriptivelanguagetocreatevividmentalpictureswillkeeptheaudienceentertained.stirringemotionintheaudiencewillprovokethemtocareaboutthesubject.Afterall,iflistenersdon’tcareaboutatopicthey’reunlikelytostayfocusedorformanopiniononit.findinganangleForexle,mostpeopleagreethatsmokingcigarettesisbadfortheirhealth,andwillmostlikelybeboredbyaspeechonthistopic.Ifthespeakerwishestoaddressatobaccotopic,perhapstheyshouldnarrowthefocusofthespeechtocontroversiallaws,highertaxes,ormethodstopreventsmokinginyouth.Choosingafresh,newangleonafamiliartopicwillhelpthespeakertocreateacaptiveaudience.structure3maincomponentsofpersuasivespeechstructure:IntroductionBodyConclusionIntroductionGrabattention

Doorsaysomethingshocking,intriguing,ordramatictogetattentionoftheaudiencefromtheveryfirstminutes.StateyourtopicAnnouncewhatyourspeechisabout,andyourposition.PreviewstatementIntroducemainpointsofyourspeech.BodyIntroduceyourtopicYouneedtoexplainyourtopictothosepeoplewhodonotknowaboutit.Donotgointothedetails,simpledefinitionisenough.Thisspeechelementisrequired.ExplainyourpointThisiswhereyouexplainyourviewindetail.StateyourpointStateaReasonGiveanExleRestatethePointConclusionSummary.Restatethesisandmainpoints.Calltoaction.ThreetacticsTheAncientGreekphilosopherAristotleidentifiedthreetacticswhichpersuasivespeakershadavailabletopersuadeanaudience,whichhecalledEthos,Pathos,andLogos.

2300多年前的古希腊哲学家Aristotle（亚里斯多德）在他的《雄辩的艺术》(TheArtofRhetoric)这本书里就曾经论述过：一次成功的演说只有包含了“ethos,logosandpathos”这三方面才会有效果和说服力。ETHOS

——representsthecharacterorimage从词源来说ethos源于希腊语词ethikos，表示“moralorshowingmoralcharacter”。亚里斯多德认为一个演说者在开始阶段必须在听众中建立一种“道德可信度”，即moralcredibility。Ethos(人格):Aristotlesaidthatifanaudiencewasn’tparticularlyinterestedinandwillingtothinkaboutthetopicathandthataspeakercouldbepersuasivesimplybydemonstratingtotheaudiencethattheyweresomeonewhowasbothcredibleandtrustworthy.Pathos（情格）:PATHOS

——representstheemotioninargumentpathos最初源于希腊语，其原始含义表示“tosuffer,endure”。当人有了情绪（如愤怒、同情、恐惧等），身体就在suffer和endure。我们会说情绪致病也是这个道理。pathos引出一个医学词根path-就表示“disease”，故pathology就是“病理学”，其同源词还有pathetic（可怜的—生病时的痛苦状态）、sympathy（同情—与对方一同感受病痛）等等。

AfewexlesofPathosappeals:a.AppealtoFear–Thespeakerarousesfearintheaudiencebydescribingsomethingbadthatcouldhappen,thentellstheaudiencethatthecanberelievedofthatfearbysimplydoingwhatthespeakerdesires.b.AppealtoSocialSupport–Thespeakertellstheaudiencethattheirperspectiveisapopularone.Theaudienceissupposedtothinkthatbecausethepositionissopopular,itmusthavesomemerit.c.AppealtoScarcity–Thespeakershowstheaudiencehowtheycangetsomemoreofascarcecommodity(usuallytimeormoney)bydoingwhatthespeakerdesires.d.AppealtoAuthority–Thespeakertellstheaudiencethatpeople“intheknow”supportthespeaker’sperspective.Logos(罗格斯，理性)LOGOS

——representsthelogicalargument

Logos这个希腊语词所代表的意思就是逻辑性和条理性。在前苏格拉底时代的哲学里，logos表示“人类对宇宙认识的理论”；在犹太教信奉的旧约圣经里，logos表示“thewordofGod”，翻译过来就是“创造万物的力量”，是上帝与人类交流的媒介。Your“claim”isthepositionyousupport,your“evidence”isthevariousfacts,stories,statistics,experttestimony,andotherbackingthatdemonstratesthatyourpositionisthepositionwhichtheaudienceshouldalsosupport.“三段论”(Syllogisms)亚里斯多德在书中更多的是强调运用“三段论”(syllogisms)的逻辑推理法来阐明自己的观点。E.g.Manismortal.Socratesisaman.Socratesismortal.这种三段论是由大前提，小前提，最后推导出结论。Exlesofpublicspeeches1.FirstInauguralAddressbyJ.F.Kennedy2.ToastbyR.Nixonin1972

FirstInauguralAddress

肯尼迪总统就职演说

Weobservetodaynotavictoryofparty,butacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizinganend,aswellasabeginning;signifyingrenewal,aswellaschange.ForIhaveswornbeforeyouandAlmightyGodthesamesolemnoathandourforbearsprescribednearlyacenturyandthreequartersago.今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端；意味着延续也意味看变革。因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在170多年前拟定的庄严誓言。Inyourhands,myfellowcitizens,morethaninmine,willrestthefinalsuccessorfailureofourcourse.Sincethiscountrywasfounded,eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.ThegravesofyoungAmericanswhoansweredthecalltoservicesurroundtheglobe.公民们，我们方针的最终成败与其说掌握在我手中，不如说掌握在你们手中。自从合众国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾受到召唤去证明他们对国家的忠诚。响应召唤而献身的美国青年的坟墓遍及全球。Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain,notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,yearinandyearout,"rejoicinginhope;patientintribulation"，astruggleagainstthecommonenemiesofman:tyranny,poverty,disease,andwaritself.现在，号角已再次吹响---不是召唤我们拿起武器，虽然我们需要武器；不是召唤我们去作战，虽然我们严阵以待。它召唤我们为迎接黎明而肩负起漫长斗争的重任，年复一年，从希望中得到欢乐，在磨难中保持耐性，对付人类共同的敌人---专制、社团、疾病和战争本身。Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.Myfellowcitizensoftheworld,asknotwhatAmericawilldoforyou,butwhattogetherwecandoforthefreedomofman.因此，美国同胞们，不要问国家能为你们做些什么、而要问你们能为国家做些什么。全世界的公民们，不要问美国将为你们做些什么，而要问我们共同能为人类的自由做些什么。Finally,whetheryouarecitizensofAmericaorcitizensoftheworld,askofusherethesamehighstandardsofstrengthandsacrificewhichweaskofyou.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove,askingHisblessingandHishelp,butknowingthathereonearth,God'sworkmusttrulybeourown.最后，不论你们是美国公民还是其他国家的公民，你们应要求我们献出我们同样要求于你们的高度力量和牺牲。问心无愧是我们唯一可靠的奖赏，历史是我们行动的最终裁判，让我们走向前去，引导我们所热爱的国家。我们祈求上帝的福佑和帮助，但我们知道，确切地说，上帝在尘世的工作必定是我们自己的工作。Exle2

SpeechatawelcomingbanquetIn1972,USpresidentRichardM.NixonvisitedChina,belowwashisSpeechataWelcomingBanquetMr.PrimeMinister,Iwishtothankyouforyourverygraciousandeloquentremarks.Atthisverymomentthroughthewonderoftelecommunications,morepeopleareseeingandhearingwhatwesaytothemthanonanyothersuchoccasioninthewholehistoryoftheworld.总理先生，我要感谢您做得如此盛情和意味深长的讲话。此时此刻，通过电讯的奇迹，在观看、在聆听我们的讲话的人数是空前的。Yet,whatwesayherewillnotbelongremembered.Whatwedoherecanchangetheworld.Asyousaidinyourtoast,theChinesepeopleareagreatpeople,andtheAmericanpeopleareagreatpeople.Ifourtwopeoplesareenemies,thefutureofthisworldwesharetogetherisdarkindeed.Butifwecanfindcommongroundtoworktogether,thechangeforworldpeaceisimmeasurablyincreased.也许，我们在这里的讲的不会长留于人们的心中，但我们在这里所做的事却能改变世界。正如您在祝酒词中所说的，中国人民是伟大的人民，美国人民是伟大的人民。如果我们两国互相敌视，那么我们共同拥有的这个世界的前途就会暗淡无光。但是，如果我们能找到相互合作的共同立场，那么实现和平的机会就将无法估量地大大增加。

Whatlegacyshallweleaveourchildren?Aretheydestinedtodieforthehatredswhichhaveplaguedtheoldworld,oraretheydestinedtolivebecausewehadthevisiontobuildanewworld?Thereisnoreasonforustobeenem