中国历史文化概况（英文石版）unit 6 education and employment 预览

Text

A

Ancient

Education

in

ChinaText

B

Innovation

of

Education

in

Ming

&

QingDynastiesSupplementary

Reading

China"s

EmploymentSituation+整体上掌握Text

A和Text

B两篇文章的内容，包括背景资料，单词，相关专有名词等。+完成Text

A和Text

B的课后题目。+浏览Text

C。7/23/2019+

导读： 春秋时孔子兴办私学，“有教无类”。突破了官府对文化教育的垄断，扩大了教育对象的范围。西汉武帝时推行儒学教育，在长安兴办太学，还令天下郡国设立学校，初步建立起地方教育系统。隋唐科举制度的完备推动了教育事业的发展，自此，从中央到地方，已建立起了一整套学校体制。宋代学校制度更为完备，在中央有太学、国子学等，宋代私人讲学的书院兴起。书院注重依照封建伦理观念培养学生的道德品行，在学习方法上也鼓励讨论、辩难和让学生自讲心得，风气比较活跃。明朝强化了前代的科举制度。为了严厉控制士人的思想，实行八股取士，这体现出君主专制的强烈色彩。明代中期以来，书院比较兴盛，明朝后期东林书院以其评识朝政的活动而著名。清朝前期的科举和学校，基本承袭明代的制度，在教育方面进一步加强思想控制和文化专制。7/23/2019+

In

the

Spring

and

Autumn

Period

(770BC

-476BC),

private

schools

prevailed

andmany

scholars

of

different

schools

ofthought

spread

their

teaching

in

this

way.++

Confucius,

the

great

educator,

devoted

allhis

life

to

the

private

school

system

andinstructed

most

students.+

It

is

said

that

over

three

thousand

disciplesfollowed

him,

among

whom

there

were

72sages

who

went

on

to

broaden

theacceptance

of

the

philosophy

set

out

bytheir

master

-

Confucianism:

a

philosophyembracing

benevolence

in

living,

diligencein

learning,

and

so

on.Besides

that,

other

schools

such

as

Taoism,also

taught

widely

and

this

led

afterwards

to

"ahundred

schools

of

thought"

in

the

WarringStates

Period.

During

the

succeeding

years,private

schools

continued

to

exist

althoughthere

were

times

when

state

educationbecame

fashionable.+

During

the

reign

of

Emperor

Wudi,the

governmentintroduced

a

system

which

was

named

"taixue".

Usually

thestudents

were

provided

with

a

free

diet

and

mainly

studiedthe

classical

Confucian

books.

Following

examinations,

thowith

good

marks

would

directly

be

given

official

titles.+

The

Nine

Grades

of

Rank

in

the

Regime

System

(orJiupin

zhongzheng

system),

employed

the

followmethod:

in

each

state

and

county

there

was

officacting

as

"Zhongzheng"

with

authority

to

decidepeople

were

ranked

in

the

local

precincts

accorto

ability.+

The

system

of

theImperial

Examination,or

Keju

in

Chinese,became

the

method

bywhich

talented

peoplewere

recognized

andselected

for

futurepositions

in

civil

service.+

The

imperialexaminationscomprised

two

partsnamely

an

arts

examand

the

wushu

exam.The

artsexamination

includescomposition,

studyof

books,

laws,calligraphy,

paintingsand

so

on.+

In

the

Song

Dynasty

subjects

raised

by

government

had

beenmuch

less

than

that

in

the

Tang

Dynasty,

but

the

examinationfor

"jin

shi"

was

still

fashionable.

Meanwhile,

regardlessform

and

content,

the

system

underwent

great

innovation.+

Firstly

the

extension

of

matriculation

was

broadened.+

Secondly,

the

frequency

of

exams

was

limited

to

a

fixed

"oncevery

three

years".+

Thirdly,

the

great

reformer

Wang

Anshi

(1021

-

1086)advocated

an

innovation

which

was

much

more

practical.+

Finally,

examinees"

names

were

closely

covered

on

theirpapers

which

were

then

exchanged

among

different

localexaminers.+

In

the

Song

Dynasty,

few

governmental

schools

were

erected,

but

it

wasthe

vogue

for

scholars

to

set

up

numerous

private

educationalorganizations

-

"shu

yuan".

The

four

most

reputed

"shu

yuan"

were

namedBailudong

Institute

of

Jiangxi,

Songyang

Institute

and

Yingtianfu

Institof

Henan,

and

Yulu

Institute

of

Hunan.+

Central

government

managed

to

found

schools

called"guozijian",

and

strengthened

their

function

to

be

the

onlyroad

by

which

people

could

take

the

exams.

There

were

intotal

three

stages

leading

to

realizing

the

dream

of

becominan

official:

provincial

examination

(xiangshi),

metropoliexamination

(huishi)

by

the

Board

of

Rites,

and

Palaceexamination

(dianshi)

by

the

emperor

himself.+

The

provincial

and

metropolitan

examiners

testedonly

"eight-legged"

essays

and

people

easily

realizethat

the

quality

of

that

sort

of

essay

was

the

key

toachieving

a

pass.+

As

the

tight

hold

on

affairs

held

by

the

Qing

Dynastybecame

more

and

more

unpopular,

the

educationsystem

also

needed

fresh

ideas

and

input

as

it

was

adisservice

to

the

country.

A

trend

appeared

towardsthe

way

in

which

the

positions

of

court

officials

coube

purchased

and

this

sometimes

even

gave

rise

tounlawful

pass

to

the

degraded

system.+

It

is

interesting

to

note

that

one

of

characters

depicted

innovel

"Fan

Jin

Zhong

Ju"

is

quite

a

typical

victim

of

thedeclining

system.+1.

Taoism(道教):refers

to

a

philosophical

orreligious

tradition

in

which

the

basic

concept

isestablish

harmony

with

the

Tao(道),which

is

themechanism

of

everything

that

exists.

Taoism

had

noonly

a

profound

influence

on

the

culture

of

China,but

also

on

neighboring

countries.

While

thephilosophical

Taoism

is

not

institutionalized,

threligious

Taoism

is

institutionalized

and

presentmultiple

countries.

Taoist

philosophy

is

deeplyrooted

in

contemporary

China,

and

is

an

unavoidablpart

of

modern

Chinese

life.7/23/2019+2.Northern

and

Southern

Dynasties（南北

朝）：The

Southern

and

Northern

Dynastieswas

a

period

in

the

history

of

China

thatlasted

from

420

to

589

AD.Though

an

age

ofcivil

war

and

political

chaos,it

was

also

aof

flourishing

arts

and

culture,advancemein

technology,and

the

spreading

of

MahayanBuddhism

and

Daoism.The

period

saw

large-scale

migration

of

Han

Chinese

people

to

thlands

south

of

the

Yangtze

River.7/23/2019+3.Wang

Anshi(王安石):A

Chinese

economist,statesman,chancellor

and

poet

of

the

Song

Dynasty

who

attemptedcontroversial,major

socioeconomic

reforms.These

refoconstituted

the

core

concepts

and

motives

of

the

Reformiwhile

their

nemesis,Chancellor

Sima

Guang,led

theConservative

faction

against

them.

In

economics,

his

refexpanded

the

use

of

money,

broke

up

private

monopoliesand

introduced

some

forms

of

government

regulation

andsocial

welfare.

In

military

affairs,

he

supported

the

uslocal

militias;

and

in

education

and

government,

he

expathe

examination

system

and

tried

to

suppress

nepotism.Though

successful

for

a

while,

he

eventually

fell

out

ofof

the

emperor.7/23/2019+4.Manchu

ethnic

group(满族):The

Manchu

people

or

Manare

an

ethnic

minority

of

China

who

originated

in

Manchur(northeastern

China).

For

centuries,

the

Manchu

ethniciacculturated

with

the

majority

Han

ethnicity

of

China.

MManchu

today

speak

Standard

Chinese,

while

the

Manchulanguage

is

only

spoken

by

elderly

people

in

remotenortheastern

China

and

a

few

scholars;

there

are

around

tthousand

speakers

of

Xibe,

a

closely

related

language

spin

the

Ili

region

of

Xinjiang.

In

recent

years,

however,has

been

a

resurgence

of

interest

in

Manchu

culture

amongboth

ethnic

Manchus

and

Han.

The

number

of

Chinese

todaywith

some

Manchu

ancestry

is

quite

large—with

10.68

milmembers

(in

China),

Manchu

is

the

3rd

largest

ethnic

grouChina

after

the

Han

and

the

Zhuang.7/23/2019+导读：就业是民生之本，是人民改善生活的基本前提和基本途径。中国有近１３亿人口，是世界上人口最多的国家。在中国，解决就业问题任务繁重、艰巨、紧迫。中国政府从亿万人民的根本利益出发，高度重视就业问题。中国政府依据《中华人民共和国宪法》，以及《中华人民共和国劳动法》等法律法规，保障劳动者的就业权利，采取各种政策措施积极促进就业，不断满足劳动者的就业需求。中国政府从国情出发，通过实践探索并借鉴国际经验，制定和实施了一系列积极的就业政策。目前，中国已建立起市场导向的就业机制，计划经济时期形成的企业富余人员问题基本得到解决，在经济发展和经济结构调整中就业规模持续扩大，就业结构逐步优化，就业渠道不断拓宽，就业形式更加灵活，总体上保持了就业形势的基本稳定。7/23/2019+

Employment

has

a

vital

bearing

on

people"s

livelihoods.

It

is

thefundamental

prerequisite

and

basic

approach

for

people

to

improve

theirlives.+

China

is

the

most

populous

country

in

the

world.

To

solve

theemployment

issue

in

China

is

a

strenuous,

arduous

and

pressing

task.+

Chinese

government

recognizes

the

importance

of

the

issue

of

employment.

Based

on

the

Constitution

of

the

People"s

Republic

of

China,the

Labor

Law

of

the

People"s

Republic

of

China,

and

other

laws

andregulations,

the

Chinese

government

has

protected

the

workers"

right

toemployment,

and

adopted

various

policies

and

measures

to

promoteemployment

actively

and

steadily

meet

their

needs

for

employment.+

The

Chinese

government

has

explored

and

drawn

oninternational

experiences

and

adapted

them

for

use

in

thdomestic

situation,

formulating

and

implementing

a

numbof

proactive

employment

policies

Currently,

China

hasestablished

a

market-oriented

employment

mechanism;largely

solved

the

problem

of

surplus

enterprise

personnarising

over

the

years

under

the

planned

economy;

and,

inthe

course

of

economic

development

and

economicrestructuring,

expanded

the

employment

scope

continuouAs

a

result,

the

employment

structure

has

gradually

beenoptimized;

the

avenues

for

employment

have

been

steadilybroadened;

the

forms

of

employment

have

become

moreflexible

and

the

employment

situation

has

been

maintainebasically

stable.7/23/2019Text

B

China"s

Employment

Situation+

New

forms

of

employment

mushroomed,

such

asjobs

in

foreign-invested

firms

and

economic

entitiesof

diverse

forms,

part-time

jobs,

temporary

jobs,seasonal

jobs,

work

on

an

hourly

basis

and

jobs

withflexible

working

hours,

and

became

importantavenues

for

the

expansion

of

employment.+

As

far

as

the

employment

structure

isconcerned,

from

1990

to

2003

the

proportionof

those

employed

in

tertiary

industry

rosesteadily;

the

proportion

of

those

employedsecondary

industry

remained

at

around

21.6percent;

and

the

proportion

of

thoseemployed

in

primary

industry

dropped

to

49.percent.7/23/2019Text

B

China"s

Employment

Situation+

In

the

field

of

labor

and

employment,

China

hascarried

out

remarkably

effective

exchanges

andcooperation

with

the

International

LaborOrganization,

the

United

Nations

DevelopmentProgram,

the

World

Bank,

the

Asian

DevelopmentBank,

and

a

number

of

other

internationalorganizations

and

many

countries.+

China

exercises

a

proactive

employment

policy,

and

hasestablished

the

employment

principle

of

"workers

findintheir

own

jobs,

employment

through

market

regulation

andemployment

promoted

by

the

government."

The

ChineseGovernment

has

persisted

in

promoting

employment

by

wayof

developing

the

economy,

adjusting

the

economic

structdeepening

reform,

coordinating

urban

and

rural

economicdevelopment,

and

improving

the

social

security

system.

Iadopted

various

effective

measures

and

done

everythingpossible

to

increase

job

opportunities,

expand

the

scopeemployment,

and

keep

the

unemployment

rate

within

asocially

tolerable

range.7/23/2019Text

B

China"s

Employment

Situation+1.the

Constitution

of

the

People"s

Republic

of

China(中民共和国宪法):The

Constitution

of

the

People"s

RepubliChina

is

the

highest

law

within

the

People"s

Republic

ofThe

current

version

was

adopted

by

the

5th

National

PeoplCongress

on

December

4,1982

with

further

revisions

in

191993,1999,and

2004.Three

previous

state

constitutionsthose

of

1954,1975,and